LIKELIHOOD TECHNIQUES FOR INTERLABORATORY CALIBRATION IN THE NATIONAL STREAM SURVEY

Techniques for testing for and estimating relative bias between two laboratories are developed andapplied to a survey of the chemistry of streams in the United States.The design of the quality assuranceprogram allows estimation of linear corrections for bias as well as testing of the hypothesis of linearity,Designs of this type are useful,but improvements are suggested.     

THE THIRD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND AID TO AGRICULTURE COMPREHENSIVE SCIENTIFIC ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF CHINA

The Third National Assembly and Aid to Agricultural Comprehensive Scientific Annual Meeting of the Geographical Society of China was held in the latter half of November 1963 at Hangchow. More than 110 geographical workers from all over the country took part in the meeting. 343 scientific papers were received embracing achievements of studies in the fields of agricultural regionalization, physical regionalization, land     

THE THIRD NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND AID TO AGRICULTURE COMPREHENSIVE SCIENTIFIC ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF CHINA

The Third National Assembly and Aid to Agricultural Comprehensive Scientific Annual Meeting of the Geographical Society of China was held in the latter half of November 1963 at Hangchow. More than 110 geographical workers from all over the country took part in the meeting. 343 scientific papers were received embracing achievements of studies in the fields of agricultural regionalization, physical regionalization, land     

LOCAL LABOR MARKETS: THEORIES AND POLICIES IN THE U.S. DURING THE 1970s∗

Local labor market policies of the federal government are critically evaluated with respect to their target efficiency and underlying theoretical assumptions. Policies of the Economic Development Administration are considered to be target inefficient compared to those of the Comprehensive Employment Training Act. Experimental mobility policies of the Department of Labor appear to be have questionable impact locally as opposed to nationally. Some local hybrid programs offer improved place and people targeting.     

A RESEARCH ON THE BENTHIC ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT, ANTARCTIC OCEAN: Ⅰ. MAXWELL BAY AND ADMIRALTY BAY

Analyzing the information on benthic organisms and geochemistry, obtained from the Chinese First Expedition on Antarctic Ocean and its succeeded works and comparing with that of other oceans, this paper shows that in the circumstances of the researched area benthic organisms are rich. However, the prodsperity of the organisms is limited below 5-10 cm of the profiles in which the environment is mainly dominated by sulfate reducing reaction. On the condition of low temperature in Antarctic Ocean, the solubility of carbonates is higher than that of other latitudes of oceans, but the concentration of calcium in overlying water and pore water of the benthic environment is not higher than that in other oceans, which results in the difficulty for the crustaceas and mollusks to obtain sufficient calcium carbonate to form their solid shell as well as to bring about the lower ratios of these animals both in abundance and biomass in the researched ocean. Futhermore, there is a positive relationship between the dis     

The U.K. Regional Research Laboratory Initiative 1987–1991

Abstract

The Economic and Social Research Council in the United Kingdom (U.K.) established the Regional Research Laboratory (RRL) Initiative in 1987 to improve facilities for data processing in the social sciences. The Trial Phase in 1987, which was modestly funded for 18 months, established four trial sites and a National Co-ordinator. The Main Phase of the Initiative, covering 8 laboratories at 10 locations, was launched in October 1988, following submission and selection of proposals. Although not originally planned as such, the initiative became a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) programme because the best proposals came from geographers and planners skilled in the processing of spatial data and because of interest stimulated by the influential Chorley Report. This article reviews the major aims of the Initiative and the progress reached after two years to September 1990. The initiative was highly effective in stimulating new research and development work that had regional, national and international dimensions. Nevertheless, with the exception of one RLL, funding has not been continued beyond 1991 and the initiative has been replaced by a network of University Departments working to continue the academic work with GIS in the U.K. for the next three years.     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 1

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

THE START AND EARLY HISTORY OF CHEMOMETRICS:SELECTED INTERVIEWS.PART 2

This is a first foray into the historical start and early years of chemometrics from about 1972 onwards.We have gathered interviews with three originators(Kowalski,Wold and Massart)as well as with aselected group of six other well-known chemometricians who gradually became active in the 1970s(Christie,Clementi,Hopke,Martens,Brown and Deming).The interviews include amongst a host ofsubjective recollections a succinct record of the key historical literature as highlighted by the interviewees'own rankings of‘earliest’and‘best’.A discussion of the most general commonalities in these interviews together with other historicalmaterial is presented in the second part of the paper.     

Handling Geographic Information. Report of the Committee of Enquiry Chaired by Lord Chorley,Department of the Environment. (London: HMSO, 1987.) [Pp. 208. ] Price £l14-95. ISBN Oil 752015 2.

ABSTRACT

A wide range of environmental process simulations would benefit from the development of GIS able to cope with the additional dimensions of vertical space and time, and having extended spatial modelling facilities. The results of a project in the first of these areas, namely on the development of techniques for handling four-dimensional (4-D) data, are described. The key topics of data models, visualization and interpolation have been studied. Problems include the large size of some 4-D data sets, the sparseness of sampling in some dimensions compared with others, and the need to combine data sets from different sensors which may be of different dimensionalities and scales. The gridded volume data common to most environmental models are stored in a 4-D bintree form in which all dimensions are treated identically. Simple 4-D objects may also be stored, and links are provided between volume and object databases. The techniques have been implemented within a computational testbed allowing parallel processing to cope with large data sizes.     

THE PACIFIC: A MEDITERRANEAN IN THE MAKING?

ABSTRACT. This article examines the parallels between the developing Pacific Basin and the historical Mediterranean Basin. Humankind's expanding reach in transportation and communication technologies now makes it possible to integrate a basin the size of the Pacific. The Mediterranean provides some insight into the processes involved. Topics include questions of hegemony, “mirror cities” that interact with each other across the basins, and the dynamic tension between cosmopolitanism and localism.     

LABORATORY PROFILE THE LABORATORY FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY,UNIVERSITY OF NIJMEGEN,NIJMEGEN,THE NETHERLANDS

The city of Nijmegen is situated in the East of the Netherlands,close to where the river Rhineenters the country from Germany.It was already known as a strategic point of interest duringthe days of the Roman Empire.Nijmegen has always belonged to the Dutch part of theNetherlands,meaning that it never was occupied by Spain (as the South was).The identity ofa strategically important,fortified and walled city has long dominated Nijmegen and thisreputation remained even up to the second world war.For about a century,Nijmegen has been     

Agroecosystem research in Uppsala,Sweden and Naiman,China: Some observations 1987–2014

The recent economic progress in China has stimulated scientific research in sandy lands in Inner Mongolia,where the Institute of Desert Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences(now CAREERI) has a leading position.Economic progress naturally creates financial resources for research,and also a dire need for solutions to emerging environmental problems following development,where wind-blown dust from Inner Mongolia adds to the severe particle air pollution in many Chinese cities.This paper presents selected results and observations made during Chinese–Swedish cooperation projects spanning 25 years.Results and experiences from sandy land research concerning climate,vegetation,root dynamics,soil carbon balances,etc.are briefly presented.The evolution of the Naiman Desertification Research Station,520 km northeast of Beijing,from 1988 to 2013 is duly noted and commented.An overview of the ICBM soil carbon model concept follows and a few recommendations for future scientific advancement in Chinese arid lands are given.