KGI-XGIS supporting decision making with knowledge-based techniques

The concept of the King George Island Expert GIS (KGI-XGIS) is introduced. KGI-XGIS is a combination of a rule-based expert system and a GIS meant to form an intelligent spatial decision support system. The system provides the spatial knowledge necessary for the environmental impact assessment process as dictated by the ‘Madrid Protocol’ for King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). It also serves as information system to the scientific user community. Topographic maps, remote sensing data, thematic maps based on field surveys and other digital data form the input data to the GIS. Given the sparseness of the available data these must be combined and used in the most efficient way. Therefore expert knowledge of different domains will be coded into a rule-based expert system which is coupled to the GIS. To handle the expert knowledge and the spatial data of different types and different quality the KGI-XGIS incorporates knowledge-based techniques and fuzzy reasoning. The selection of a camp site on the ice free area of Fildes Peninsula and data quality management are used as two examples to demonstrate the capabilities of the system.     

THE COMPILATION OF A DTM AND A NEW SATELLITE IMAGE MAP FOR KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ,ＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ (ＫＧＩ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｅｄｓｉｔｅｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ .Ｉｎｔｏｔａｌ,9ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｉｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｃａｂｉｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ .ＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｅａｓｙａｃｃｅｓｓｖｉａｔｈｅＣｈｉｌｅａｎａｉｒｓｔｒｉｐｔｈｅｎｕｍ ｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｌａｎｄ’ｓｉｎｈａｂｉｔａｎｔｓｒ…     

基于规则知识的空间推理研究

在一般空间推理的基础上 ,提出了空间推理扩展 ,即基于规则知识的空间推理。该方法结合了人工智能的基本原理 ,继承并发展了空间推理的方法学 ,其推理过程建立在空间知识与模型集成的基础上 ,以规则知识为推理控制 ,因而更符合实际 ,具有更大的灵活性。实例验证了本方法的正确性。     

A GIS-based glacier inventory for the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands —A first case study on King George Island

［35］Braun M,Rau F.Using a multi_year data archive of ERS SAR imagery for the monitoring of firn line positions and ablation patterns on the King George Island ice cap (Antarctica).The Workshop of EARSeL Special Interest Group:Remote Sensing of Land Ice and Snow.Dresden,2000(published on CD_Rom in 2001) ［36］Rau F,Braun M,Friedrich M,et al.Radar glacier zones and its boundaries as indicators of glacier mass balance and climatic variability.The Workshop of EARSeL Special Interest Group:Remote Sensing of Land Ice and Snow.Dresden,2000(published on CD_Rom in 2001) ［1］Bahr D B.Global distribution of glacier properties:A stochastic scaling paradigm.Water Resource Research,1997,33(7):1 669～1 679 ［2］Bahr D B,Meier M F.Snow patch and glacier size distributions.Water Resource Research,2000,36(2)：495～501 ［3］Braun M,Schneider C.Characteristics of summer energy balance on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,2000,31:179～183 ［4］Braun M,Rau F,Saurer H,et al.The development of radar glacier zones on the King George Island Ice Cap (Antarctica) during the Austral summer 1996～1997 as observed in ERS_2 SAR data.Annals of Glaciology,2000,31：357～363 ［5］Calvet J,Corbera J,Furada G.Variacion del frente glaciar en Bahia Sur y Punta Siddons entre 1956 y 1991,Isla Livingston,Islas Shetland del Sur.In: López_Martinez,J.: Geología de la Antártida Occidental.III Congreso Geológico de Espana y VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Geología,Salamanca,Espana,1992.283～292 ［6］Doake C S M,Vaughan D G.Rapid disintegration of the Wordie Ice Shelf in response to atmospheric warming.Nature,1991,350(6 316):328～330 ［7］Doake C S M,Corr H F J,Rott H,et al.Break_up and conditions for stability of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf,Antarctica.Nature,1998,391:778～780 ［8］Fox A J,Cooper A P R.Climate_change indicators from archival aerial photography of the Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27:636～642 ［9］Harangozo S A,Colwell S R,King J C.An analysis of a 34_year air temperature record from Fossil Bluff (71° S,68° W),Antarctica.Antarctic Science,1997,9(3):355～363 ［10］Hulbe C L.Recent changes to Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves: what lessons have been learned? Natural Science,1997,1(6) ［11］Jones P D.Antarctic temperatures over the present century——a study of the early expedition record.Journal of Climate,1990,3:1 193～1 203 ［12］Kieffer H and 41 others.New eyes from the skye measure glaciers and ice sheets.EOS,2000,81(24):265,270～271 ［13］King J C.Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula.International Journal of Climatology,1994,14:357～369 ［14］King J C,Harangozo S A.Climate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula since 1945: observations and possible causes.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27:571～575 ［15］Klser H,Arntz W E.RASCAL (RESEARCH on Antarctic Shallow Coastal and Litoral systems).Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Dynamik eines antarktischen Küstenjosystems.Polarforschung,1994,64(1):27～41 ［16］Klser H,Ferreyra G,Schloss I,et al.Hydrography of Potter Cove,a small fjord_like inlet in King George Island,South Shetands.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,1994,38：523～537 ［17］Lucchitta B K,Rosanova C E.Retreat of northern margins of George VI and Wilkins Ice Shelves,Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27：41～46 ［18］Morris E M.Surface ablation rates on Moraine Corrie Glacier,Antarctica.Global and Planetary Change,1999,22：221～231 ［19］Park B K,Chang S K,Yoon H I,et al.Recent retreat of ice cliffs,King George Island,South Shetland Islands,Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27：633～635 ［20］Rakusa_Suszczewski S.The maritime Antarctic coastal ecosystem of Admiralty Bay.Department of Antarctic Biology,Polish Academy of Sciences,Warsaw,1993.216 ［21］Rakusa_Suszczewski S.The hydrography of Admiralty Bay and its inlets,coves and lagoons (King George Island,Antarctica).Polish Polar Research,1995,16(1/2):61～70 ［22］Rau F,Braun M,Saurer H,et al.Multi_year snow cover dynamics on the Antarctic Peninsula using SAR imagery.Polarforschung,2000,67(1/2)：27～40 ［23］Rott H,Skvarca P,Nagler T.Rapid Collapse of northern Larsen Ice Shelf,Antarctica.Science,1996,271:788～792 ［24］Rott H,Rack W,Nagler T,et al.Climatically induced retreat and collapse of northern Larsen Ice Shelf,Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27:86～92 ［25］Skvarca P,Rack W,Rott H,et al.Evidence of recent climatic warming on the eastern Antarctic Penisnula.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27:628～932 ［26］Simes J C,Bremer U F,Aquino F E,et al.Morphology and variations of glacial drainage basins in the King George Island ice field,Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,1999,29:220～224 ［27］Smith A M,Vaughan D G,Doake C S M,et al.Surface lowering of the ice ramp at Rothera Point,Antarctic Peninsula,in response to regional climate change.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27:113～118 ［28］Smith R C,Stammerjohn S E,Baker K S.Surface air temperature variations in the western Antarctic Peninsula region.Antarctic Research Series,1996,70:105～121 ［29］Splettstoesser J.Antarctic Global Warming? Nature,1992,355(6 360):503 ［30］Stark P.Climatic warming in the central Antarctic Peninsula area.Weather,1994,49(6):215～220 ［31］Turner J,Colwel S R,Harangozo S.Variability of precipitation over the coastal western Antarctic Peninsula from synoptic observations.Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(D12):13 999～14 007 ［32］Warren C R.Iceberg calving and the glaciomarine record.Progress in Physical Geography,1992,16(3):253～282 ［33］Wunderle S.Die Schneedeckendynamik der Antarkische Halbinsel und ihre Erfassung mit aktiven und passiven Fernerkundungsverfahren.Freiburger Geographische Hefte,1996,48:172 ［34］Braun M,Saurer H,Vogt S,Simes J C,et al.The influence of large_scale atmospheric circulation on surface energy balance on the ice cap of King George Island.International Journal of Climatology,2001,21(1):21～36     

A GIS-BASED GLACIER INVENTORY FOR THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AND THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS——A FIRST CASE STUDY ON KING GEORGE ISLAND

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＷｏｒｋｉｎｇＧｒｏｕｐｏｎＧｅｏｄｅｓｙａｎｄＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ (ＷＧ＿ＧＧＩ)ｏｆｔｈｅＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃＣｏｍｍｉｔ ｔｅｅｏｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ (ＳＣＡＲ )ｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｊｅｃｔＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄＧＩＳ (ＫＧＩＳ) .Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ａｄａｔａｍｏｄｅｌ,ｄａｔａａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓａｎｄａｄａｔａｉｎｖｅｎｔｏｒｙｈａｖ…     

A GIS-based glacier inventory for the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands —A first case study on King George Island

The aim of the international project “Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)” headed by the US Geological Survey is to establish a world wide glacier inventory based on satellite imagery. This data set will form a first digital baseline study for future glacier monitoring. The presented GIS-based glacier inventory for King George Island is a case study for the area of the Antarctic Peninsula. In the database of the glacier inventory topographic information, specific glaciological parameters as well as metadata will be included. The topographic data consists of drainage basin limits, basin areas, altitudinal ranges, perimeters and mean lengths. Glaciological data sets should comprise information on glacier retreat in different periods, glacier velocities, ice thickness and bedrock topography as well as derived parameters. Modelled and measured mass balance parameters could be included as additional data layers. In particular, these metadata records must comprise background information on data accuracy and data sources and should be compatible with a future data model for the King George Island GIS (KGIS). Three examples illustrate that the GLIMS database will not only contain information valuable for glaciological applications, but also other environmental studies on the island will benefit from this standardised remote sensing data sets. Therefore, a very close link between the data models of KGIS and GLIMS has to be established to enable these synergisms. Finally, better access to historic aerial photography would enable a continuous record of glacier retreat from the beginning of the 1950's onward.     

Using cosmo-skymed images to detect wet snow cover on the Kraków Ice Field,King George Island,Antarctica

This work analysed the spatio-temporal variation of snow cover on the Kraków Ice Field, located in the King George Island, Antarctica. High spatial resolution images of COSMO-SkyMed were used in this study. These X-band images are vertically and horizontally co-polarized and their intensity data were converted to amplitude (dB). The COSMO-SkyMed images were classified by a minimum distance algorithm and post-classified based on knowledge of adjacency relationships of snow zones. Hypsometric, slope, aspect and solar radiation maps to support the interpretation of backscatter patterns in the COSMO-SkyMed images. Three radar zones were classified in these images: percolation, slush and wet snow radar zone. Positive surface air temperatures and rainfall events, registered from a meteorological station, lead to increase in wet snow and slush zones. The COSMO-SkyMed images and minimum distance algorithm were adequate to discriminate the snow cover and to assess the supraglacial melting pattern during the ablation season in the study area.     

领域专家知识及其在空间数据挖掘中的作用

根据空间数据挖掘的需要，提出把领域专家知识分为3类，即，属性划分规则(Attribute Partition Rule)、概念层次树(Concept Hierarchical Trees)和约束条件(Constraints)。文中详细介绍了领域专家知识和领域专家在空间数据挖掘各个阶段的作用。领域专家知识的表示方法也是一个非常值得重视的问题，文中给出了常用的表示模型。     

应用“3S”技术进行北京市森林立地分类和立地质量评价的研究

本文针对目的森林立地分类和立地质量评价研究中存在的问题。试图从立地分类和评价的方法进行技术上新的探讨。研究中以生态学和景观生态学理论为基础,以遥感（ＲＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）和专家系统（ＥＳ）作为主要的技术手段,借助相关数学分析,对北京市森林进行立地类型划分和在此基础上的立地质量评价及多目标动态决策。通过对北京地区景观特征及其气候、地貌、地形、土壤、植被等各种因子的定性分析,以及一、二类调查数据的定性定量分析,结合实际应用,确定分类原则和分类系统。应用ＧＩＳ建立各级分类的各因子专题数据库和图形库,通过各分类层次的主导因子及辅助因子的专题图叠加完成初分类。在此基础上,应用知识库中的专家知识及ＥＳ的推理机制对初分类结果进行综合,根据可信度理论,得出各级符合生产、造林规划和经营实际的立地类型图。对于最低一级的分类结果,采用专家打分的方法进行各类型立地质量的多因子综合评价,并编制立地质量评价图。在分类和评价的基础上,可以根据森林的生态效益、经济效益、环境效益和社会效益的综合考虑选择目标集,进行面向目标的动态决策。     

An integrated environment for developing knowledge-based spatial decision support systems

Knowledge-based spatial decision support systems (KBSDSS) incorporate heuristic reasoning, and analytical and spatial modelling capabilities to support decision making in resource and environmental management. They are able to provide the assistance for both the structuring and formulation of the spatial problem, and the design and execution of a solution process by automatically integrating different types of models and data. This paper presents a KBSDSS development environment, which connects a GIS tool (ARC/INFO) with an expert system tool (CLIPS) and a hypertext diagramming tool (HARDY). ARC/INFO provides capabilities for spatial data handling. CLIPS is used to develop knowledge bases and heuristic reasoning. HARDY is used to represent spatial problems in terms of diagrams that can then be translated into a CLIPS knowledge base for evaluation. The development environment allows users to structure their problems and develop models for particular requirements and domains.     

KING GEORGE ISLAND GIS (KGIS) PROJECT OF WGGGI——A STATE OF THE ART

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ (ＧＩＳ)ｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ,ｄｉｓｐｌａｙ ,ａｎａｌｙｓｅａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｔｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｏｌｔｏｉｎｔｅ ｇｒａｔｅｓｐａｔｉａｌｄａｔａａｃｑｕｉｒｅｄａｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｃａｌｅｓ,ｔｉｍｅｓａｎｄｆｏｒｍａｔｓ.ＧＩＳｉｓａｍｅａｎｓｏｆ1 )ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｃｏｕｎｔｒ…     

King George Island GIS (KGIS) project of WGGGI —A state of the art

The presentation contains information on existing geodetic data for King George Island obtained from the questionnaires distributed among the members of the WGGGI.     

King George Island GIS (KGIS) project of WGGGI —A state of the art

The presentation contains information on existing geodetic data for King George Island obtained from the questionnaires distributed among the members of the WGGGI.     

Expert Classification Method Based on Patch-Based Neighborhood Searching Algorithm

The expert knowledge has been widely used to improve the remotely sensed classification accuracy. Generally, the ex-pert classification system mainly depends on DEM and some thematic maps. The spatial relationship information in pixel level was commonly introduced into the expert classification. Because the geographic objects were found spatially dependent relationship to a certain degree, the commonly used basic unit of spatial relationship information in pixel greatly limited the efficiency of spatial in-formation. A patch-based neighborhood searching algorithm was proposed to implement the expert classification. The homogene-ous spectral unit, patch, was used as the basic unit in the spatial object granularity, and different types of patches' relationship in-formation were obtained through a spatial neighborhood searching algorithm. And then the neighborhood information and DEM data were added into the expert classification system and used to modify the primitive classification errors. In this case, the classi-fication accuracies of wetland, grassland and cropland were obviously improved. In this work, water was used as base object, and different types of water extraction methods were tested to get a result in a high accuracy.     

GIS辅助下的Bayes法遥感影像分类

介绍了Bayes分类器 ,提出了从GIS空间数据库中挖掘知识用以辅助进行遥感影像分类的方法。文中以规则的形式表示遥感影像的解译知识 ,并使用其它地理辅助数据 ,从遥感影像处理、地理辅助数据、专家知识一体化的角度出发 ,使用基于知识的方法进行了分类研究 ,改善了分类精度。实验表明这是一种较好的分类方法。     

Cesium框架多源电子地图瓦片数据混搭方案设计

针对现有的商业地理信息系统平台难以灵活整合多源影像数据融合使用的问题,深入研究Cesium平台下多种数据源的空间参考差异和瓦片组织规则,针对不同空间参考的瓦片数据源进行混搭设计,提出基于Cesium的多源本地瓦片数据静态和动态加载方案。实验结果表明,单一瓦片数据源加载方案、静态和动态多源瓦片混搭方案的展示效果较好;静态瓦片混搭方案在加载不同空间参考瓦片数据时容易造成变形;动态多源、多空间参考瓦片混搭方案能有效克服变形问题且展示效果佳。本文实现了在开源GIS平台下的多源影像数据的融合使用,为地理信息系统与遥感类项目应用提供了一个低成本、高灵活性的解决方案,具有较为明显的实际应用价值。     

GIS, expert systems, and interoperability

Integrating a GIS has been a common way to combine the functionality of two or more systems for some time. A three-dimensional model of integration is described which shows the range of linkages that can be achieved. Extremely flexible and dynamic linkages between systems can now be created through the recent advances of client/server and object-oriented technology. An expert system shell is coupled with a GIS to create a generic spatial rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell). An expert system developer using this toolbox can transparently access spatial data and relationships from a GIS by linking application objects to spatial classes. These spatial classes include methods that format and send requests to the GIS server. Thus the linkage is determined at run-time allowing a flexible interwoven interaction between the expert system and the GIS.     

基于知识的空间决策支持模型集成

提出通过黑板集成模型,设计并实现了一个以模糊逻辑为基础的空间决策支持系统。该系统以产生式规则表达知识,采用逆向推理,使之成为兼具地理信息系统、专家系统,应用模型的集成化空间决策支持系统。使用该系统建立了重庆市区投资环境。使用该系统建立了重庆市区投资环境评价信息系统。     

Agent技术在分布式GIS中的应用研究

首先分析了分布式计算技术的发展，详细介绍了当今主流的分布计算技术——Agent技术、分布式GIS技术是以分布式计算技术为依托的，Agent技术将为分布GIS带来新的技术发展；随后，深入分析了Agent技术在分布式GIS中的应用，并结合已有的研究重点介绍了基于Agent的分布式GIS建模、空间信息查找与获取、WebGIS服务体系、空间辅助决策以及GIS互操作等。     

北京市空气质量数据仓库的设计与实现

为有效管理和充分利用不断积累的北京市空气质量监测数据,为首都大气质量管理与评价、空气污染防治决策、产业规划和布局等决策分析提供依据,本文以2000年至2007年全市28个监测点的观测数据为数据源,利用Oracle 10g和ArcGIS9.0设计和实现了北京市空气质量数据仓库原型系统。详细介绍了采用星型模型对数据仓库的逻辑设计,以及提高查询性能的各种技术的应用。并将Web、GIS和OLAP三项技术结合起来,开发了一个Web Spatial OLAP系统,使用户能够从多个时间尺度和空间尺度、时间-空间-属性多个维度,利用地图、表格和图形多种显示模式,对全市多年的空气质量信息进行快速查询、分析、统计制图和空间可视化表达。