鲁山地区中-新元古界汝阳群和洛峪群微生物席及其矿物显微构造特征

微生物成因沉积构造（Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures, MISS） 是底栖微生物群及其生命活动与沉积物相互 作用形成的沉积构造,是微生物群生命活动的重要产物,多出现在陆源碎屑岩中,也是微生物群落在碎屑沉积中最重要的 地质记录。该类构造在前寒武纪的广布性和显生宙的局限分布性,对于研究地球表层环境的演变具有重要意义。通过对鲁 山地区野外露头发育的MISS的详细观察和描述,依据其成因和形态观察,将其分为微生物席生长构造（Mat growth feature）、 微生物席破坏构造（Mat destruction feature） 和微生物席腐烂构造（Mat decay feature） 三种类型,包括瘤状突起、不规则侧 向生长脊、多边形网状生长脊、多边形脱水裂痕、纺锤状脱水裂痕、不规则网状脱水裂痕、次圆状网状脱水裂痕、砂火山 构造等8个主要形态构造。根据宏观形态、镜下特征等,分析讨论了MISS的形态构造、成分、成因、沉积环境等。对含有 MISS石英砂岩的镜下石英颗粒及其矿物组分特征的研究发现,宏观上形态各异的MISS的镜下特征差别不大,并且在MISS 形成过程中生物物理沉积和生物化学沉积共同起着作用,同时也发现微生物群落可能多生长在中等水动力、沉积物为细粒 的环境中。     

河南宜阳下三叠统刘家沟组微生物成因沉积构造演化及其对古环境变化的响应*

河南宜阳地区下三叠统刘家沟组红色砂岩中发育数十种微生物成因沉积构造(MISS),如皱饰构造、脱水裂痕、微生物席碎片等。按照其形态特征的演化可分为4个不同的组合,由下往上依次为皱饰构造组合、隆脊构造组合、小型脱水裂痕组合和大型脱水裂痕组合,其分别反映了不同的古环境与古气候: (1)皱饰构造组合反映了弱氧化的温暖、潮湿环境;(2)隆脊构造组合反映了富氧的温暖、潮湿环境;(3)小型脱水裂痕组合反映了弱氧化的温暖、半干旱环境;(4)大型脱水裂痕组合反映了富氧的炎热、半干旱—干旱环境。依据研究区的地球化学特征和岩石学特征,认为早三叠世宜阳地区的古环境由湿润、温暖、弱氧化向炎热、半干旱、富氧转变。两者比较表明,宜阳地区微生物成因沉积构造的发育与演化是对早三叠世陆相古环境细微变化的联动响应。     

河南宜阳下三叠统刘家沟组微生物成因沉积构造演化及其对古环境变化的响应

河南宜阳地区下三叠统刘家沟组红色砂岩中发育数十种微生物成因沉积构造(MISS),如皱饰构造、脱水裂痕、微生物席碎片等。按照其形态特征的演化可分为4个不同的组合,由下往上依次为皱饰构造组合、隆脊构造组合、小型脱水裂痕组合和大型脱水裂痕组合,其分别反映了不同的古环境与古气候:(1)皱饰构造组合反映了弱氧化的温暖、潮湿环境;(2)隆脊构造组合反映了富氧的温暖、潮湿环境;(3)小型脱水裂痕组合反映了弱氧化的温暖、半干旱环境;(4)大型脱水裂痕组合反映了富氧的炎热、半干旱—干旱环境。依据研究区的地球化学特征和岩石学特征,认为早三叠世宜阳地区的古环境由湿润、温暖、弱氧化向炎热、半干旱、富氧转变。两者比较表明,宜阳地区微生物成因沉积构造的发育与演化是对早三叠世陆相古环境细微变化的联动响应。     

山西黎城中元古界常州沟组微生物成因构造(MISS)及其地质意义

在山西黎城县西井镇彭庄至大井盘公路旁剖面以及黄崖洞景区发育大量的微生物成因构造(MISS),多发育在砂岩表面。由于构造形态奇特,被误以为各种遗迹化石或是不规则的泥裂构造。依据其形态特征、成因构造和前人分类方案,将研究区此类构造分为3种类型,即微生物席生长构造、微生物席破坏构造和微生物席腐烂构造,以及9个不同形态构造,即小瘤状突起、圆顶大瘤状突起、不规则侧向生长脊、大脊状生长构造、纺锤状脱水裂痕、多边形网状脱水裂痕、曲形脱水裂痕、微生物席砂片、砂火山构造,对9种不同形态的MISS进行了详细的论述。对研究区微生物成因构造(MISS)的成因进行了探讨,与豫西鲁山地区、贺兰山苏峪口地区、北京南口地区、河北兴隆地区发育的MISS及地层特征进行类比,认为MISS对华北地台中元古代地层对比以及古环境研究有重要的指导意义。     

豫西济源二叠纪末-三叠纪初陆相微生物成因构造及其古环境意义

在豫西济源地区发现的陆相微生物成因构造（Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures,MISSs）,主要发育在孙家沟组和刘家沟组,可分为2大类即微生物席生长构造和微生物席破坏构造,8小类即生长脊构造、瘤状突起、曲形脱水裂痕、纺锤状脱水裂痕、似正弦状构造、树枝状脱水裂痕、多边形脱水裂痕和直脊状脱水裂痕。镜下分析显示具有大"U"形脊、定向排列的石英颗粒、近平行的暗色黏土矿物条带及悬浮排列的云母颗粒等微生物成因特征。通过与鲁山、黎城中元古界以及宜阳、柳林早三叠系微生物成因构造对比研究,认为研究区的微生物成因构造具有较为特殊的埋藏学特征,受二叠纪末灾变事件、适宜的沉积条件和气候因素控制,代表着研究区以微生物群落为主、后生动物稀少、植被贫乏、气候炎热和水土流失严重等特征的一种陆相灾后生态系。     

豫西下三叠统刘家沟组微生物成因沉积构造

微生物成因沉积构造(MISS),是微生物与沉积物相互作用的结果,可作为地质时期微生物群活动的重要标识。至目前为止,MISS主要发育在前寒武纪浅海潮间带上部至潮上带下部及显生宙生物大灭绝后微生物繁盛时期的浅水环境。文中豫西宜阳刘家沟组发育了形态多样的MISS,主要为微生物席破坏相关构造,尤其以多边形网状和纺锤状脱水裂痕最多。该研究区发育的多种MISS类型,指示了该区域的一些古环境特征。     

豫西荥阳陆相二叠纪—三叠纪之交的微生物成因构造(MISS)及其地质意义

微生物成因构造(MISS)是微生物活动及其生物地质作用的沉积记录,为人们认识早期地球生物以及微生物活动提供了依据。微生物成因构造在前寒武纪以及显生宙地质危机期海相地层中分布较广,而在陆相地层中则报道较少。在豫西荥阳地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交的陆相地层孙家沟组和刘家沟组中,发现了较为丰富的三大类微生物成因构造(生长构造、破坏构造和腐烂构造),可详分为瘤状突起、变余波痕、隆脊构造、似正弦状脱水裂痕、纺锤状脱水裂痕、树枝状脱水裂痕、多边形脱水裂痕、曲形脱水裂痕、砂火山构造、微生物席砂片和似雨痕构造11个小类。微观分析显示:脊处纵切面显示U型、石英颗粒和黏土矿物条带定向排列、捕捉的云母颗粒不连续和近平行等特征,这些均表明其为微生物成因。研究区发育丰富的微生物成因构造,是二叠纪末灾变事件导致研究区陆地生态系统迅速退化,微生物大量繁殖而形成的,代表着以微生物群落为基础、后生生物少、钙质结核等特殊沉积发育的灾后陆地生态系统。通过对陆相微生物成因构造的研究,有助于人们全面了解二叠纪—三叠纪之交全球灾变事件在陆相环境中的具体表现,为认识微生物席在全球的空间分布提供新资料。     

豫西中元古代汝阳群微生物形成的沉积构造简介

豫西地区中元古代汝阳群砂岩中普遍发育微生物形成的沉积构造(Microbial Induced Sedimentary Strutures),简称MISS构造,这些MISS构造在过去通常被误认为前寒武纪后生动物遗迹化石。本文对豫西地区中元古代汝阳群MISS构造的形态、结构及显微构造特征进行了详细地分析研究,结果表明该区发育的MISS构造有4种类型:多边形网状裂隙构造、纺锤形裂隙、鸟足形裂隙和典型的正弦曲线型Manchuriophycus构造。豫西地区中元古代汝阳群微生物形成的沉积构造的发现,不仅表明这些砂岩层面上曾经存在微生物席活动,对今后与一些微生物席活动有关的沉积构造的研究有着重要的借鉴意义,为过去被误认为各种遗迹化石的修定提供了证据,而且对恢复前寒武纪沉积古地理具有重要的意义。     

河南济源下寒武统辛集组微生物成因沉积构造特征及成因分析

微生物成因沉积构造(MISS)是微生物在沉积物和水界面与沉积环境相互作用,并通过微生物的生长、新陈代谢、破坏、腐烂等过程在沉积物中留下的各种生物作用的沉积构造,对于恢复古沉积环境具有重要的指示意义,也是近年来遗迹学研究的热点。河南济源地区下寒武统辛集组的石英砂岩层面上发现了大量的微生物成因沉积构造,通过宏观形态描述及微观分析,可识别出微生物席生长构造和微生物席破坏构造2种类型,微生物席生长构造中可见肯尼亚构造和细小网状生长脊,微生物席破坏构造以多边形脱水砂裂、曲形脱水砂裂及纺锤状脱水砂裂最为常见。环境分析结果表明,这些微生物成因沉积构造主要发育在潮间带,表明潮间带是微生物生长的良好环境。对微生物成因沉积构造成因机理的模拟表明后生动物的缺乏、砂质基底、光照、水动力条件及周期性暴露等因素对于其发育和保存都有至关重要的影响,潮下带-潮间带过渡区域发育的纺锤状脱水砂裂形成的主控因素为光照条件及上覆快速沉积物的压力,而潮间带多边形脱水砂裂形成的主控因素是周期性暴露的影响。     

豫西鲁山汝阳群微生物成因构造宏观特征分析及其环境演化

豫西鲁山地区汝阳群发育了大量形态特征多样的微生物成因构造（microbially induced sedimentary struc-tures）,简称MISS,是微生物席或微生物膜与其他物理作用营力（如剥蚀作用、沉积作用、搬运作用和变形作用）相互作用的产物,也可被视为一种广义的遗迹化石,其最主要的两种类型是多边形网格...     

Palaeoecological,sedimentological and stratigraphical insights into microbially induced sedimentary structures of the lower Cambrian successions of Iran

Micro-organisms producing microbially induced sedimentary structures, particularly epibenthic cyanobacteria, are not facies-dependent and could flourish in any environment if appropriate ecological conditions were provided. Hence, the changes in environmental parameters are the controlling factors on ecological tolerance of the producers. This study on the lower Cambrian successions of the Lalun Formation in Central Iran shows that paralic environments reacted differently to changes in parameters such as river and tide energy, palaeo-topography, the rate of sediment supply and fluctuations in sea-level, even though all were characterized by sandy substrates suitable for the development of microbially induced sedimentary structures. Therefore, the abundance and preservation of microbially induced sedimentary structures varied in the different paralic environments. From a sequence stratigraphic viewpoint, this study demonstrates that erosional discontinuities lacked the conditions required for the substrate stabilization by microbial communities. The distribution, size and type of microbially induced sedimentary structures within high frequency cycles generally follow the trends of changes in vertical facies stacking patterns. Within systems tracts, the pattern, morphological diversity and size of microbially induced sedimentary structures are not dependent on the type of systems tract, but on the type of depositional system developed such as delta, incised valley, coastal plain, estuaries and shoreline to shelf systems. Generally, estuarine and peritidal carbonates record an increase in the development of mat colonization during the transgressive systems tract, owing to decreased sedimentation rate as well as extended shallow water habitats. In contrast, the existence of microbially induced sedimentary structures depends on the pattern of shoreline shift in depositional systems developed during the highstand systems tract, such as open coast tidal flat and delta environments. If a shoreline regression was continuous (depositional trend and stacking pattern are a set of high frequency cycles), a greater increase in the aggradational component than the progradational component would cause intensified destructive processes hindering the development of microbial communities.     

The paleoenvironmental distribution of Phanerozoic wrinkle structures

Wrinkle structures are microbially induced sedimentary structures that are known to have formed in ancient marine siliciclastic environments. This study reviews the sedimentary context and paleoenvironmental distribution of these sedimentary structures throughout three distinct intervals of the Phanerozoic: the Cambrian, the post-Cambrian Paleozoic, and the Lower Triassic. During these times, wrinkle structures are found primarily within two sedimentary environments, storm-dominated subtidal environments and the intertidal zone. Subtidal occurrences of wrinkle structures during the post-Ordovician Phanerozoic only appear to occur during intervals of environmental stress, while earlier examples from the Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician likely formed prior to significant increases in extent and depth of bioturbation that hallmark most of the Phanerozoic. Intertidal examples occur regardless of severe environmental stress, and may have formed under low levels of bioturbation due to inherent vagaries of a marginal marine setting. These environmental preferences appear to be conservative throughout the Phanerozoic, and may very well extend throughout Earth's history.     

Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) from the Ediacaran Jodhpur Sandstone,Marwar Supergroup,western Rajasthan

Fourteen microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) have been described from the middle part of the Jodhpur Sandstone. They have been subdivided under three headings; (A) those microbially induced structures which could be compared with the structures also produced by the inorganic processes, (B) those structures which have unique morphologies and could not have produced by inorganic processes alone and (C) those structures which could not acquire specific morphologies and can be referred to as ‘textured morphological surfaces’ in the sense of Gehling and Droser (2009). These forms are described and their stratigraphic significance discussed. There are some morphologies like Arumberia banksi, Rameshia rampurensis and Jodhpuria circularis which have been restricted to latest Neoproterozoic sediments.     

Enterolithic folds in evaporites as microbially induced sedimentary structures: New model of formation and interpretation in the geological record

Enterolithic structures are stratigraphically localized folds in gypsum beds found in certain saline evaporitic sedimentary units in a wide variety of basins. Different models of formation have been proposed, all related to inorganic processes. These models include: diagenetic transformation of gypsum beds producing either displacive growth of crystals or volume changes; mechanical folding caused by compressional stress; and folding produced by slumping. The analysis of three Cenozoic evaporite sequences in Spain reveals that none of the previous models explains their origin and existence. In these outcrops, gypsum enterolithic structures occur in horizontal beds with parallel troughs and crests of the folds. They appear in shoreline facies of lacustrine environments and did not undergo major diagenetic transformations after the primary lithification of the original sediment. Based on these observations, together with the study of a modern analogue in Minorca, Spain, a new model is proposed for the genesis of enterolithic structures. This new model is based on the existence of a microbial mat exposed to brine concentration–dilution cycles and strong wind events. The high wind flow events enhanced folding of the microbial mat that became subaerially exposed and lithified due to subsequent evaporation. Therefore, the presence of enterolithic structures could be used as an indicator of shallow water environmental conditions subject to variations in brine concentration in areas with strong wind flow events. Previous studies of some evaporitic successions should be revisited, taking into account the proposed model, which would imply new depositional environment interpretations. At the same time, the proposed model could explain the existence of Kinneyia‐type structures, also known as wrinkle structures, formed beneath microbial mats in peritidal zones. Moreover, considering enterolithic structures as microbially induced sedimentary structures could be useful as evidence of microbial life in the ancient geological record and on other planets such as Mars.     

微生物形成的原生沉积构造研究进展综述

早在上世纪60年代，沉积学家Pettijohn和Potter曾经将形成原生沉积构造的地质作用划分为剥蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用和变形作用。在沉积期间和沉积之后到沉积物还未固结之前由上述作用所产生的沉积构造被定义为“原生沉积构造”，包括各种类型的层理、层面上的各种作用痕迹以及各种变形现象。在该分类之中，叠层石被定义为突出沉积面的正生长构造，这种构造由微生物与同沉积胶结作用共同构建而成。上世纪90年代中期至今，随着研究程度的深入，沉积学家们越来越认识到除了叠层石以外，微生物还会形成一种并不突出于底层面的原生沉积构造，并被认为是微生物席或微生物膜与各种物理作用营力共同作用的产物。这些作用营力包括剥蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用和变形作用。该类沉积构造被定义为微生物形成的原生沉积构造并被归为第五类原生沉积构造。正如叠层石主要产在前寒武纪以及显生宙未受到后生动物强烈改造的浅水环境中一样，微生物形成的原生沉积构造也主要发育在前寒武纪，以及显生宙的一些未受到后生动物强烈改造的潮坪和潟湖等环境之中。因此，该类沉积构造（第五类原生沉积构造）的研究，对于前寒武纪沉积环境重塑具有重要意义。燕山地区元古界串岭沟组和大红峪组碎屑岩中的变余波痕、皱饰构造和纺锤状裂缝，是碎屑岩中微生物形成的原生沉积构造的代表； 高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩（以灰岩为主）层面上发育大型皱饰构造和变余波痕，是碳酸盐岩中微生物形成的原生沉积构造的代表。这些沉积构造的发现和初步研究，为今后进一步深入研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Topographic control on distribution of modern microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS): A case study from Texas coast

Modern back-barrier tidal flats of Galveston Island, Follets Island, and Matagorda Peninsula of the Texas coast are dominated by mud- to fine sand-sized siliciclastic sediments and prolific microbial mats. These microbial mats modify sediment behavior and result in a variety of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). Common structures include: knobby surfaces, reticulated surfaces, gas domes, mat-cracks, sieve-like surfaces, erosional pockets, wrinkles, and mat chips. In general, mat thicknesses increase from ～ 1 mm in the upper supratidal to ～ 3 cm (maximum) in the lower supratidal and then decrease to ～ 2 mm in the lower intertidal areas. This same wedge-shaped pattern is displayed by detailed measurements of mat thicknesses from the rims into the deeper centers of depressions (pools) on the supratidal flats. Measurements of 175 mat-cracks show that height of the curled edges of the mat-crack polygons increases with increase in mat thickness. Similarly, measurements of 150 gas domes reveal that the size of the gas domes also increases with increasing thickness of the associated mats. Because mat thickness varies with elevation on the tidal flat, curl height of the mat-cracks and size of the gas domes are also related to elevation.Six zones were identified based on the occurrence of MISS within the supratidal (zone-I) to upper subtidal (zone-VI) areas. At the highest elevation, knobby surfaces characterize zone-I whereas zone-II is defined by reticulated surfaces. Along with reticulated surfaces, gas domes and mat-cracks characterize zone-III and zone-IV, respectively. Association of sieve-like surfaces with mat-cracks typifies zone-V whereas mat deformation structures and sieve-like surfaces define zone-VI. Boundaries between the MISS-zones in general are parallel and related to tidal zones. The distribution patterns of the MISS-zones are strongly controlled by local topography of the sediment surface because the degree of inundation is the primary controlling factor for the mat growth and resultant MISS. Therefore, distribution of the microbially induced sedimentary structures in siliciclastics, along with the dimension of the mat-cracks and gas domes, can be potentially helpful in interpretation of topography of paleodepositional surfaces.     

Primary sedimentary structures and MISS in Gulcheru quartzite along SW part of Cuddapah basin

Sedimentary structures are very useful in paleocurrent analysis and interpretation of siliciclastic shallow marine environment. These interesting sedimentary structures such as parallel bedding, cross bedding, ripples, and mud cracks as well as synaeresis cracks, are best studied in the field. They are formed by a variety of sedimentary processes, including fluid flow, sediment-gravity flow, soft-sediment deformation and biogenic activity. Gulcheru Formation has evidence of interaction of microbial communities with clastic sedimentation during Palaeoproterozoic time. Because of high porosity-permeability of siliciclastics of Gulcheru Formation, palaeontologists do not expect many fossils preserved in such rocks and thus they have been overlooked. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are highlighted in the Gulcheru Formation. They are indicative of shallow marine environment. Gulcheru Formation shows alluvial fan to shallow marine shelf environments within a limited thickness of about ~ 110m, which indicates an alluvial plain coast where alluvial deposits are modified by wave forces.     

The criteria for the biogeneicity of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in Archean and younger, sandy deposits

The identification of fossils or biogenic sedimentary structures in rocks of Archean age is difficult, because similar lithological features could rise from purely physical or chemical processes alone. Therefore it is important to define criteria that serve the secure definition of a fossil or structure in question as of biological origin. Such criteria have been established for stromatolites and microfossils.This contribution discusses the 6 criteria of biogeneicity of ‘microbially induced sedimentary structures’ (MISS). Those structures are found in sandy deposits of early Archean age to the present, and rise from the interaction of benthic microbiota with physical sediment dynamics. The six criteria for their biogeneicity are: (i) MISS occur in rocks of not more than lower greenschist facies; (ii) in stratigraphic sections, MISS correlate with turning points of regression–trangressions; (iii), MISS correlate with a characteristic depositional facies that enhances the development and the preservation of microbial mats; (iv), the distribution of MISS correlates with the ancient average hydraulic pattern; (v), the geometries and dimensions of fossil MISS correspond to that of the modern ones; (vi), the MISS include at least one of 9 specific microtextures.     

硅质热泉沉积物的结构和微生物成矿成岩机制

热泉沉积物可以提供极端环境下的连续沉积,为认识地球早期生命环境,探索热泉微生物的矿化作用提供支持。现代热泉硅华由生物与非生物作用共同形成,主要沉积矿物为Opal-A,具有针状,柱状和簇丛状等沉积结构。岩石学研究为认识热泉微生物矿化作用奠定了良好基础。对热泉沉积成岩作用中Opal溶解—再沉积过程的认识,也对微生物矿化作用的研究提供了指导。目前,热泉沉积微生物矿化作用研究蓬勃发展,已明确生物矿化作用主要包括生物诱导矿化和生物控制矿化两个过程,但仍有大量生物矿化机制未被阐明。因此,对热泉沉积物形成和转化过程的研究有待进一步的加强。