瑞利面波地形效应的数值模拟研究

在地震工程中,经常观测到地震波受地表起伏的影响而产生地形效应.本文基于数值模拟,研究了地震远场区域起伏地形对地表瑞利面波传播影响和对应的地形效应特征.结果表明:起伏地形的转折点或面的散射或反射,产生反方向传播的反射RR波和向空间扩散传播的转换RS体波,导致通过地形的瑞利面波能量极大的减弱,地形总体表现出强的隔震效应.地形起伏与地震动的波长比越大,隔震效应越强.凹陷地形表现出远比隆起地形更大的隔震效应.起伏地形转折引起的地表张角变化,导致地震动能量分布密度改变,是地形出现局部放大或减弱特征的主要因素.地表张角小于180°,地震动放大,张角越小放大作用越明显.地表张角大于180°,地震动减弱,张角越大减弱作用越强.当地形对地震动产生放大作用时,地震动水平分量比垂直分量放大效果更明显,而当地形产生减弱作用时,相对于水平分量,垂直分量更容易被减弱.     

地形效应影响下地震动参数与斜坡稳定性的相关性研究

地形对地震动的影响比较复杂, 考虑地形放大效应的地震滑坡稳定性分析需要选择合适的地震动参数. 本文使用自贡地形影响台阵记录到的2008年汶川M_S8.0地震主震加速度记录, 分析了地震动峰值加速度、 阿里亚斯烈度以及90%能量持时随地形高度的变化, 探讨了地形效应作用下峰值加速度和阿里亚斯烈度与地震动作用下斜坡稳定性的相关性. 结果表明: ① 地形场地对峰值加速度和阿里亚斯烈度均有显著的放大效应. 地形放大效应较为复杂, 其整体上随台站高度的增加而增大, 水平向的放大效应大于竖直向. 水平向峰值加速度的放大系数为1.1—1.8, 阿里亚斯烈度的放大系数为1.2—3.3; 竖直向相应放大系数分别为1.1—1.3和1.2—1.7. ② 地形对地震动持时也有一定的放大效应, 但不同高度、 不同分量的放大效应没有显著差异, 其放大系数均约为1.3. ③ 阿里亚斯烈度和峰值加速度均能很好地表征地形对地震动的影响, 与地震动对斜坡稳定性的影响具有很强的相关性. 与峰值加速度相比, 阿里亚斯烈度综合了地震动的多方面特征, 可以更好地表征地形对地震动的影响, 与地震动作用下斜坡稳定性的相关性更强.      

典型斜坡地形地震动特征分析

以云南鲁甸6.5级地震中房屋建筑破坏严重的龙头山集镇斜坡地形为例,通过地脉动测试分析得出斜坡及坡顶测点相对于坡脚参考点谱比峰值均＞1,顺坡向谱比峰值大于垂直坡向谱比峰值,且谱比峰值从斜坡坡脚到坡顶逐渐增大,坡顶处约为3;顺坡向谱比峰值对应的频率为4.57～5.39 Hz,垂直坡向谱比峰值对应的频率稍高,为5.42～5.96 Hz。通过结合黏弹性边界的时域动力有限元方法分析斜坡地形在垂直入射地震动作用下的响应,数值模拟结果表明,斜坡坡顶处的位移放大作用显著,坡脚处放大作用较小;介质剪切波速对斜坡地震动的影响较明显,尤其是坡顶点处不同介质剪切波速模型位移峰值差异较大。由于斜坡地形复杂的散射效应,在斜坡及附近测点均出现明显的转换面波,坡顶点处波形转换最显著。数值模拟结果进一步验证了龙头山集镇依坡而建的房屋建筑破坏严重是由局部地形地震动放大效应与地震动差动共同作用引起的。     

凸起地形对地震动特性的影响

采用基于ABAQUS平台的显式有限元动力学分析方法,结合人工黏弹性边界理论,研究了局部凸起地形对地震动特性(包括反应谱、峰值加速度、峰值速度和峰值位移等)的影响,分析了台地宽度对地形放大效应的影响.结果表明:凸起地形平台段空间点地震动受地形效应影响较大,在零阻尼条件下,其谱比曲线呈双峰特点,.8—0.9s的中长周期段谱比达到一个较大值1.6,在0.08—0.09s的高频段谱比超过2.0,且最大值出现在平台中点;对于凸起地形斜坡段,在大部分周期点处,顶点的谱比高于其它斜坡点,而且在周期超过0.4s的频段,斜坡段观测点的谱比表现出较明显的规律性,即越靠近顶点的观测点,其谱比值越大;坡底段地表不同观测点的谱比基本在脚点与计算边界点(人工边界点)对应的谱比值之间变化,在不同的频段均表现出较明显的规律性.凸起地形平台段宽度对地震动高频成分的放大效应具有较大影响,但只局限在一定的宽度范围内,随着宽度的增大,其对地形放大效应的影响逐渐减弱. 此外,台地宽度的变化对地震动峰值加速度的放大效应有一定的影响,而对峰值速度、峰值位移的放大效应的影响则不明显.      

SH波垂直入射下的斜坡地形放大因子分析

现有大量观测记录表明:斜坡地形对地震波的传播有着非常强烈的影响。为服务于工程抗震设计,基于显式有限元方法,定量分析SH波垂直入射下二维斜坡地形的地震动响应与斜坡角度、土层厚度以及介质阻抗比的关系,总结了位于一维土层基本频率附近斜坡上台面各区域放大因子的变化规律。研究表明:（1）斜坡面对SH波的反射使二维斜坡地形的放大倍数较一维土层存在显著放大,且该现象在缓坡中更加明显。（2）当土层厚度为斜坡高度的1/4,介质阻抗比为0.368,坡度为30°时,放大因子在距坡顶1.67倍斜坡高度处取到最大值1.930。（3）斜坡覆盖土层薄时,放大因子受斜坡角度的影响大,斜坡覆盖土层厚时,阻抗比成为影响放大因子的主要因素。（4）分别考虑土层厚度、斜坡角度、介质阻抗比以及观测点位置对二维斜坡地形地表地震动响应的影响,取1倍斜坡高度作为区域间隔,统计每个区域内各参数对应的放大因子最大值,对比现有规范给出工程抗震设计参考值及放大因子大于1的基频比范围。     

局部山体地形对强地面运动的影响研究

基于曲线网格有限差分方法研究了地震波在不同坡度的山体地形及水平地表模型中的传播,得到了各模型速度波形及地表峰值速度特征,从地形自身特征及震源特征两方面出发讨论了地形效应:一是相同的震源模型下地形坡度、形状对地震动的影响;二是同一山体模型下地震动对不同震源机制的点源以及相对复杂的有限断层的响应.主要结论如下:(1)一般情况下,地形放大效应在坡度较大的地方比较明显,并随着坡度的增加而增大,但在某些特定情况下,放大效应与坡度并不满足正相关,且这种情况的发生与震源性质无关,可能仅受地形形态自身的影响;(2)对于不同的震源机制,地面运动各分量受地形影响程度不同,总体上水平分量受地形影响程度更大;(3)震源机制和震源激发的波的频率会影响放大效应最大值出现的位置,放大效应最大值不一定出现在山顶处,有可能会出现在起伏地形的震源对侧,出现位置可能与波的相互作用有关;(4)有限断层模型下,地面运动特征相对更为复杂,地形效应不仅受断层模型几何特征的影响,同时断层破裂过程对其也有着重要的影响.     

山脊线与坡度和峰值速度放大系数的相关性研究

地形效应是地震工程和地震学的重要研究内容.数值方法是研究地形效应的重要工具.然而以往关于地形特征对地形效应的影响的研究大多是基于二维简单模型.对三维真实地形特征和地震动放大的关系缺乏详细的研究.为了更好地描述三维地形特征,本文将地形用不同的地形特征因子来描述,并用算法将它们从地形数据中提取出来.从而使地形和放大系数的相关性的研究转换为不同地形特征因子和放大系数的相关性的研究上.本文中,我们选择芦山地区作为研究对象,用算法提取出特征因子山脊线和坡度.它们分别表征了山脊形态和山体的陡峭程度.我们又用谱元法分别模拟三种不同主频Ricker子波的地震波在起伏地表和水平地表模型中的传播,并得到了它们各自的峰值速度(PGV)放大系数.通过分析三个主频的PGV放大系数在山脊线上分布,我们发现放大系数幅值在山脊线上分布不均匀.放大系数较高的地方位于山脊线弯曲或宽度发生变化的附近.我们又统计了三个放大系数在滑动平均坡度上分布,并得到了放大系数均值和坡度的正相关曲线.结果表明坡度和放大系数两者在幅值分布上具有正相关性.     

山谷地形对入射SV波地震反应分析

基于黏弹性人工边界的显式动力有限元方法,研究了突出平台状山谷地形场地的地形效应,分析了山谷地形对地表地震动的影响.结果表明:(1)沿着地震动输入方向地表反应较其他方向上的反应强烈;(2)与单一凸起山体地形对地表地震动的放大效应相比,相邻地形的存在对地表地震动位移傅里叶谱谱比曲线的形状影响不大,但是对PGD有着较大的影响...     

SH波地形效应特征的研究

许多实际的地震中已经观测到地表地形对地表地震动产生影响(地形效应),这种影响背后的成因、影响因素、影响规律至今还不太清楚,因此地震学中、地震工程学中都围绕这一课题展开了相应的研究.本文以地震波模拟为手段,以点力源激发下的SH横波地震波传播为对象,研究地形形态、震源的物理特征对SH波地表地震动的影响,研究内容主要包括:地形陡度和地形复杂度对地形效应的作用;震源所处位置、震源频率与地形效应的关系,揭示出地形效应的成因受局部地表张角的控制,张角越小地形的放大作用越强.     

翡翠河谷地震动地形效应解析分析

地表不规则地形的存在往往会引起地震波的散射,进而产生局部地震动放大或衰减的现象.虽然地形效应最早在异常地震记录中被发现,然而利用地形影响台阵记录到的地震动数据却少之又少.基于1992年在我国台湾翡翠河谷上观测到的六条地形影响台阵记录,利用线源SH波入射下非对称V形河谷地震波传播解析理论,模拟得到了河谷台阵各点的地震动,...     

The plurality effect of topographical irregularities on site seismic response

Topography can have significant effects on seismic ground response during an earthquake because topographic irregularities cause considerable differences between the seismic waves emitted by the source and the waves reaching the ground surface. When a seismic motion happens in a topographically irregular area, seismic waves are trapped and reflected between the topographic features. Therefore, the interaction between topographies can amplify seismic ground response. In order to reveal how interaction between topographies influences seismic response, several numerical finite element studies have been performed by using the ABAQUS program. The results show that topographic features a greater distance between the seismic source and the site would cause greater seismic motion amplification and is perceptible for the hills far away from the source and the ridges. Also, site acceleration response is impacted by surrounding topography further than site velocity and displacement response.     

Scattering of plane sh waves by a semi-cylindrical hill

A new analytical method is presented to study the problem of scattering of plane SH waves by a semi-cylindrical hill in an otherwise homogeneous, isotropic and elastic two-dimensional half-space, using the series of wave functions and a new expansion technique. The results obtained show that (1) the hill has quite considerable effects on ground motions for both the points on the hill and its environs, (2) these effects depend mainly on the frequency, the angle of wave incidence and the ratio of radius of hill to one-half the wave length of incident waves, and (3) prominent and depression topographies having equal form and radius for the same incident waves would cause quite different mechanisms of wave propagation in both response performance and magnitude. The results, doubtless, would be useful for further deepening knowledge of the effects of prominent topography on seismic ground motion and for testing the accuracy of various approximate methods so far available.     

Parallel PSM/FDM Hybrid Simulation of Ground Motions from the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan, Earthquake

-- A new technique for the parallel computing of 3-D seismic wave propagation simulation is developed by hybridizing the Fourier pseudospectral method (PSM) and the finite-difference method (FDM). This PSM/FDM hybrid offers a good speed-up rate using a large number of processors. To show the feasibility of the hybrid, a numerical 3-D simulation of strong ground motion was conducted for the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake (M_w 7.6). Comparisons between the simulation results and observed waveforms from a dense strong ground motion network in Taiwan clearly demonstrate that the variation of the subsurface structure and the complex fault slip distribution greatly affect the damage during the Chi-Chi earthquake. The directivity effect of the fault rupture produced large S-wave pulses along the direction of the rupture propagation. Slips in the shallow part of the fault generate significant surface waves in Coastal Plain along the western coast. A large velocity gradient in the upper crust can propagate seismic waves to longer distances with minimum attenuation. The S waves and surface waves were finally amplified further by the site effect of low-velocity sediments in basins, and caused the significant disasters.     

地震体波斜入射下的断层台阶地震反应分析

应用显式有限元法对倾斜断层台阶在地震体波斜入射下的地震反应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明，P波入射时的竖向运动分量和SV波入射时的水平向运动分量在台阶上角点处存在极大值、在台阶下角点处存在极小值，同时在上下台面还出现由角点激发、向台阶外传播的转换体波与面波。这一结果说明，在断层台阶场地建设重大工程时应离开上角点一定距离，并考虑上下水平表面地面运动的差异性。     

A modeling study of the role that bottom topography plays in Gulf Stream dynamics and in influencing the tilt of mean sea level along the US East Coast

Two aspects of the interactions between the Gulf Stream (GS) and the bottom topography are investigated: 1. the spatial variations associated with the north-south tilt of mean sea level along the US East Coast and 2. the high-frequency temporal variations of coastal sea level (CSL) that are related to Gulf Stream dynamics. A regional ocean circulation model is used to assess the role of topography; this is done by conducting numerical simulations of the GS with two different topographies–one case with a realistic topography and another case with an idealized smooth topography that neglects the details of the coastline and the very deep ocean. High-frequency oscillations (with a 5-day period) in the zonal wind and in the GS transport are imposed on the model; the source of the GS variability is either the Florida Current (FC) in the south or the Slope Current (SC) in the north. The results demonstrate that the abrupt change of topography at Cape Hatteras, near the point where the GS separates from the coast, amplifies the northward downward mean sea level tilt along the coast there. The results suggest that idealized or coarse resolution models that do not resolve the details of the coastline may underestimate the difference between the higher mean sea level in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) and the lower mean sea level in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). Imposed variations in the model’s GS transport can generate coherent sea level variability along the coast, similar to the observations. However, when the bottom topography in the model is modified (or not well resolved), the shape of the coastline and the continental shelf influence the propagation of coastal-trapped waves and impact the CSL variability. The results can explain the different characteristics of sea level variability in the SAB and in the MAB and help understand unexpected water level anomalies and flooding related to remote influence of the GS.     

High-resolution estimates of lithospheric thickness from Missouri to Massachusetts, USA

This paper presents a new three-dimensional (3-D) model, NA00, of the S-velocity of the upper mantle beneath North America. The model differs from its predecessor NA95 in that it exploits seismograms recorded by a recent dense, broadband array, MOMA, and from independent measurements of North American crustal thickness. Model NA00 is derived by fitting the waveforms of broadband seismic S and surface waves recorded by the MOMA array and inverting them together with the database of waveform fits used for NA95 and the crustal thickness estimates. It is demonstrated that including data from the dense, broadband MOMA array yields a resolving power beneath the array that is of unprecedented quality and relatively constant over a large depth range. This improved resolution provides a unique opportunity for quantifying the structure of the upper mantle in and below the lower, thick Precambrian lithosphere. The high-resolution seismic structure of the imaged high-velocity lithosphere is compared with the thermal structure (estimated from heat flow), compositional structure (estimated from xenoliths and electrical conductivity) and the elastic structure (estimated from gravity and topography). There is a remarkable agreement between the seismic, thermal, and compositional estimates. The seismic lithosphere is 180 km thick below Missouri and Illinois, 200 km thick below Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania, practically undefined below New York, and 80 km below Massachusetts and the Atlantic continental shelf. The thick lithosphere is underlain by a layer with lower S-velocities that could represent a relatively low-viscosity channel. However, the S-velocities in this layer are much higher than those of typical oceanic asthenosphere.     

Recovering Shear-wave Anisotropy of the Lower Crust: The Influence of Systematic Errors on Travel-time Inversion

—Studies of seismic anisotropy in situ can help to discriminate between different rock types for the lower crust. In this context we investigate the sensitivity of an iterative linearized 3-D travel-time inversion scheme for transversely isotropic media with respect to two types of systematic errors wrong velocities and interface topography of the hanging wall of the lower crust. The computations simulate realistic field conditions such as found for the Variscan crust at the Urach geothermal anomaly. The study focusses on the possible information content of split S _M ?S arrivals observed along two orthogonal expanding spread profiles. It ensues that an imperfect knowledge of the layer geometry is of minor importance compared to errors in the velocities of the hanging wall. In particular, upper crust anisotropy has to be considered carefully. Generally, the anisotropy of transversely polarized shear waves (SH waves) was recovered with higher accuracy than the anisotropy of vertically polarized shear waves (SV waves).     

复杂山区煤田三维地震数据采集技术研究

在复杂的山区煤田三维地震勘探中,受地形和地表、地质条件的限制,使野外地震数据采集技术成为关健。文中结合在新安煤田三维地震勘探过程中遇到的复杂条件(地形极其复杂,相对高差大、潜水面变化不定、地表岩性横向变化大等),通过野外的试验对比,选择良好的地震激发和接收条件,应用非线性观测系统理论等多项技术措施,以保证野外地震记录的质量,从而更好地为下一步的地震数据处理与解释服务。研究结果表明:本勘探区内三维地震数据采集中,所采用的技术方法得当,效果明显,而且对具有相似地表、地质条件的地区具有借鉴作用     

二维平面内考虑横向不均匀体散射作用的水平竖向谱比模拟与应用

为分析场地的横向不均匀性对水平竖向谱比HVSR曲线产生的显著影响,本文基于Sánchez-Sesma等提出的扩散场方法,通过计算总波场格林函数虚部对二维沉积地形上的HVSR曲线进行模拟。格林函数虚部则通过刚度矩阵和平面内斜线格林函数采用间接边界元方法进行求解。对二维沉积地形和相应的一维层状半空间的HVSR曲线进行了参数分析,着重讨论了沉积地形的形状、相对计算点位置等因素对HVSR曲线的影响规律。结果表明:沉积地形内外材料阻抗比对HVSR曲线的影响最为显著;随着沉积地形内外材料阻抗差异和沉积侧界面坡度的增大,沉积地形上HVSR曲线的第一峰值点的频率显著增大至相应层状半空间结果的3.3倍,同时HVSR曲线的形态呈现出平台现象;随着计算点到沉积边界距离的减小,HVSR曲线高频段幅值相对较大。根据本文得到的局部地形对HVSR曲线的影响规律,在进行场地勘探时可采用HVSR方法初步确定局部地形的分布位置以降低勘探成本。      

2007年3月3日长时间持续Pc5 ULF波的多点联合观测分析

2007年3月3日位于磁层昏侧THEMIS的5颗卫星、同步轨道晨侧和午前的GOES 3颗卫星和地面地磁台站同时观测到了持续近4 h的Pc5 ULF波.我们用交叉小波相关分析计算脉动的传播速度,用MVA分析求解脉动的传播方向,然后结合两者的计算结果获得了Pc5相速度矢量信息.THEMIS卫星观测到Pc5具有压缩特性,且向阳传播,速度约在6~20 km/s左右,相比于磁层中阿尔芬速度(1000 km/s)较低.这些Pc5 ULF波动可能产生于磁尾或磁层内部不稳定性.GOES 3颗卫星观测到不同情况的Pc5 ULF波,极向模占主要成分,且具有波包结构,具有阿尔芬驻波特性,可能产生于K-H(Kelvin-Helmholtz)不稳定性.地面台站观测到ULF波扰动幅度随纬度升高而增强,Pc5脉动在地理纬度60°附近达到最大值, Dumont durville台站观测到的脉动与THEMIS观测到波形有很好的相似性.