钱塘江涌潮流速研究

涌潮流速是涌潮的重要特征,一直深受涌潮研究者的关注。21世纪以来,随着声学剖面流速仪的使用,涌潮流速观测有了突破性的进展。本文收集了2003年以来9次钱塘江涌潮流速观测资料,结合理论分析和数值模型计算成果,分析了影响涌潮流速的因素、涌潮流速时空分布规律。结果表明:影响涌潮流速的微观因素主要有涌潮高度和陡度、潮前流速和潮前水深、风速风向等;在涌潮河段,最大流速即为最大涌潮流速,与当地潮差呈良好的正相关关系;在弯道段,涌潮流速在弯道凸岸大于凹岸;涌潮到达后流速从落潮迅速转化为涨潮,没有明显的憇流现象,且涨潮流速过程存在多峰现象;涌潮垂向流速基本上比纵向流速小1个量级,在涌潮时段垂向流速相对较大。     

不同湍流模式下钱塘江涌潮水流三维模拟

钱塘江涌潮具有动力作用强和流速变化快等特点。涌潮水流紊动复杂,流速的垂向分布和紊动强度息息相关。通过涌潮水流实测资料的分析可以发现,涌潮作用下流速垂向分布在底部和上层存在差异。为研究涌潮作用下流速垂向分布的特征,应用基于非结构网格下有限体积法模型FVCOM对钱塘江涌潮河段水流运动进行三维数值模拟。考虑到涌潮紊动作用复杂且对流速的垂向分布起着重要影响,采用不同的湍流模式对涌潮传播过程中水流的运动特征开展研究。通过与涌潮河段实测资料的验证,复演涌潮到达前后水流运动特征,给出涌潮水流湍动能的变化过程。研究成果有助于深入认识涌潮水流紊动特征和流速的分布规律,为涌潮作用下物质输运的研究提供基础。     

钱塘江涌潮二维数值模拟

采用基于准确Riemann解的Godunov格式,求解包括底坡项的二维浅水流动方程,应用WLF(water level-bottom topogra-phy formulation)方法求解Riemann解。经实测涌潮资料验证,较好地模拟了钱塘江涌潮的发生、发展及其衰减的过程,复演了涌潮的相交、反射和一线潮等现象,对钱塘江涌潮宏观规律的认识有所加深。     

钱塘江涌潮对地形变化的响应研究

钱塘江涌潮以汹涌磅礴闻名中外,并对沿江防灾减灾带来巨大挑战,研究涌潮规律具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。采用涌潮数学模型研究钱塘江涌潮在地形变化下潮汐和涌潮特征的变化。结果表明,地形变化对潮汐和涌潮影响显著;随着地形的降低,钱塘江沿程低潮位下降,高潮位总体呈下降趋势,潮差增大,涨潮历时增加;涌潮高度和涌潮最大流速随相对Froude数呈先增后减规律,起潮点上移,涌潮传播速度增大;当地形降低到临界值后,相对Froude数小于1,涌潮消失。研究结论解释了钱塘江丰水地形涌潮大、枯水地形涌潮小的现象。为保护涌潮资源,维持适当的江道容积是必要的。     

九龙江河口区三维盐度数值计算及分析

本文利用ECOMSED模式建立了一个九龙江河口区水动力及盐度的三维数值模型.利用ECOMSED中的物质输运模块,模拟了九龙江河口区的盐度随着潮流运动的变化过程;模型采用河口区丰水期实测水文资料进行验证,计算和分析了河口区水平以及垂直断面的盐度分布情况,分析表明,河口区的盐度分布受潮流运动及九龙江淡水共同作用,有明显的潮周期特征,落潮时在河口区表层以九龙江淡水为主,外海高盐水占据底层区域;而在涨潮时垂向混合较强,表底分层不明显.     

钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段水资源的影响

采用钱塘江潮汐、上游径流与杭州河段江水咸度指标的多元相关方程,分析了钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段水资源的影响。结果表明:钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段江水咸度的影响在下游河段比在上游河段大;钱塘江涌潮强度越强,对杭州河段江水咸度的影响越大。     

厦门海域二维潮流数值计算

厦门附近海域面积辽阔且水深较浅,潮差较大,潮流流速u、v水平变化远大于垂向变化,可用二维浅水波方程组描述其潮波运动.利用欧拉-拉格朗日差分方法得到数值解,模拟了厦门附近海域潮流场,并采用随时间变化的动边界技术,模拟了大面积浅滩淹没和干出的情况,还对同安湾、西海域及九龙江使用嵌套网格模拟以提高精度.计算结果显示N1站涨潮流向约为330°,落潮流向约为150°,N3站最大流速达0.77m/s.与实测结果对比验证表明计算结果是可信的.     

FVCOM模型关键参数的处理及其在涌潮模拟中的应用

通过改进海床阻力系数和设置合适的垂向紊动背景系数,应用FVCOM模型成功再现了钱塘江河口强涌潮的演进过程。海床阻力系数采用Manning公式形式,取值随水深、地形在0.000 2~0.002 9之间变化;垂向紊动背景系数取1×10^-4 m²/s。模拟结果较好地复演了涌潮到达时刻、涌潮高度及涌潮抬升过程、涌潮水平流速以及其沿垂向分布规律,表明阻力系数及垂向紊动背景系数等关键参数的改进和处理是合理的,可应用于涌潮三维潮流运动特征模拟。     

广西近岸海域潮流数值模拟

采用有限元三角形网格的分步杂交方法,建立了广西近岸海域的二维潮流数值模型,计算值与实测资料符合较好。采用主要分潮组合输入,模拟了研究海域的平均潮潮流场。模拟结果表明:涨急时,潮流向为东北方向,最大涨潮流速为74cm/s左右;落急时,潮流向为西南方向,最大落潮流速约100cm/s,落潮流速大于涨潮流速。近岸区域潮流为往复流,离岸边越远潮流越接近旋转流。     

堤线调整对九溪涌潮景观影响评价研究

因建设需要,拟对钱塘江九溪岸段堤线进行调整。九溪岸段是钱塘江知名的观潮点之一,涌潮是该河段一个重要的自然景观资源。为减小堤线调整对涌潮景观的影响,建立了基于有限元/有限体积法的SCHISM三维涌潮模型,复演了九溪涌潮现象,提出了观潮区的涌潮高度、涌高明显的岸线长度和涌高明显的区域面积等三个综合评价指标,对堤线调整给涌潮带来的影响做出了评价。该研究对其他工程对钱塘江涌潮景观的影响评价具有借鉴意义。     

斜压海洋动力学的一种三维数值模式 Ⅰ.动力学方程数值格式

依据自由海面海洋动力学原始方程建立了一种三维有限差分数值模式,可用于潮波、风暴潮和海流的数值模拟和预报。运动方程和连续方程的数值格式采用内、外模态分离的技术。外模态采用交替方向隐格式,用于计算海面高度和垂直平均流速,时间步长不受Ｃｏｕｒａｎｔ－Ｆｒｉｄｅｒｉｃｈｓ－Ｌｅｗｙ条件限制;内模态采用半隐格式,用于计算海流的垂直２颁布,其时间步长可大于外模态时间步长。模式的计算程度比一般显式模式可快１０倍     

剪切流中界面波的二阶Stokes 波解

考虑了均匀剪切流场中强非线性界面波，建立了基于任意水深处速度而不是通常所用的平均速度为速度变量的模型，分析了其色散关系，并求得了各层速度的二阶渐近解和界面内波波面位移的二阶Stokes解，揭示了波流之间的非线性相互作用和界面波解之间的非线性相互作用。     

基于浮标观测的南海西沙群岛潟湖区潮流特征研究

本文利用南海西沙群岛潟湖区29 d的全水深浮标观测资料研究了潟湖区内正压潮和内潮的基本特征,采用深度平均方法分析海流的适用性,并讨论潟湖区内潮的主要来源。深度平均流的动能谱显示全日潮流占主导,其动能占整体海流动能的41%。对比分析深度平均流和Tpxo7.2模式预测的全日、半日潮流的调和常数,两者均表明全日正压潮流受地形调制,主轴方向为西北?东南向,而半日正压潮流主轴方向为东?西向。两种方法得到的全日正压潮流大?小潮存在半个相位（6～7 d）的差异,进一步分析发现全日正压潮和全日内潮潮龄不同,存在部分相互抵消,且全日内潮大潮发生时间在深度上存在差异,推测由于缺少海表和海底的测量数据,导致深度平均方法得到的全日正压潮仍然包含全日内潮信号。调和分析结果表明,全日内潮的动能中相干部分占比高达91%,说明潟湖区的全日内潮是正压潮与局地岛礁地形相互作用产生,而从远场传播而来的可能性很小。     

Laboratory and numerical study of dambreak-generated swash on impermeable slopes

New laboratory experiments have produced detailed measurements of hydrodynamics within swash generated by bore collapse on a steep beach. The experiments are based on a dambreak rig producing a highly repeatable, large-scale swash event, enabling detailed measurements of depths and velocities at a number of locations across the swash zone. Experiments were conducted on two beaches, differentiated by roughness. Results are presented for uprush shoreline motion, flow depths, depth-averaged velocity, velocity profiles and turbulence intensity. Estimates of the time- and spatially-varying bed shear stress are obtained via log-law fitting to the velocity profiles and are compared with the shear plate measurements of Barnes et al. (2009) for similar experimental conditions. Experimental results are compared with model predictions based on a NLSWE model with momentum loss parameterised using the simple quadratic stress law in terms of the depth-averaged velocity. Predicted and measured flow depths and depth-averaged velocities agree reasonably well for much of the swash period, but agreement is not good at the time of bore arrival and towards the end of the backwash. The parameterisation of total momentum loss via the quadratic stress law cannot adequately model the swash bed shear stress at these critical times.     

磨刀门河口枯季波生流场数值模拟研究

本文建立曲线坐标系下的双曲型缓坡方程波浪模型和考虑波浪辐射应力影响的深度平均2D潮流数学模型,首次研究了磨刀门河口2011年地形条件下的枯季波生流场。受波浪作用影响,落潮阶段,波浪作用方向与流向相反,在波浪顶托效应下拦门沙沙脊及外坡处流速普遍减小,形成两个主要回流区,口门外东西两侧浅滩处流速也减小,东西两汊及横洲深槽流速增大;涨潮阶段,波浪作用方向与流向相同,拦门沙沙脊及外坡处流速增大,沙脊处出现冲越流,口门两侧浅滩处流速增大,横洲深槽流速减小。     

Investigation of the influence of cyclonic disturbances on the dynamic processes and the evolution of impurities in the Sea of Azov in the presence of stationary currents

A three-dimensional nonlinear mathematical model is used to study the dynamic processes under the action of cyclonic disturbances in the field of stationary wind in the Sea of Azov and the specific features of transformation of the impurities. The results of numerical calculations enable us to conclude that the maximum velocities of currents generated by a cyclone depend on the direction of its motion. It is shown that the cyclones moving westward generate currents with higher maximum velocities than the cyclones of other directions. It is also demonstrated that the motion of atmospheric disturbances leads to a significant enlargement of the area of propagation of pollutants as compared with the case of action solely of stationary currents. The influence of the velocities of stationary currents on the maximum current velocities caused by the passage of a cyclone is also analyzed.     

An Application of Finite Volume WENO Scheme to Numerical Modeling of Tidal Current

1 .IntroductionThe development and application of hydrodynamic models to predict circulation in estuarine ,coastal ,and shelf waters has been extremely active over the past three decades (Spauldinget al .,1992 ,1994) . However , most of these models are b…     

A Numerical Model for Mixing Areas of Pollutant Discharging into Tidal Flows

- A combined numerical model for computing mixing areas of pollution vertical jet discharging into tidal flows has been developed. This numerical model is composed of a 2-D depth-averaged dynamic far-field numerical model and a 2-D vertical dynamic near-field numerical model. The former uses finite node method to compute velocity, and improved finite node method to compute pollutant concentration distribution; the latter is a k-e turbulence model, and uses SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) method to compute velocity. At the same time, the former provides boundary conditions for the latter. This model can simulate both far- field pollutant concentration distribution and near-field vertical recirculation quickly and precisely. This model has been verified by measured data of pollutant F of the Dachang reach of the Changjing River and test data presented by Chen el al. (1992). On the basis of verification, the authors use a designed hydrograph to compute this mixing area for a cer     

Hydrodynamic modeling of Changjiang Estuary: Model skill assessment and large-scale structure impacts

An unstructured grid, Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) is used to study hydrodynamics and large-scale structure impacts in Changjiang Estuary. Field measurements conducted after the construction of the large-scale channel-jetty system are used to assess numerical results. The agreements between simulated and measured water levels, depth-averaged current velocities and tidally averaged longitudinal salinity distributions are excellent, as indicated by predictive skills higher than 0.94. The predictive skills for time series of salinity show a large range, from 0.97 to 0.62, in different measurement locations. The impacts of two 50 km long jetties and tens of spurs on the estuarine circulations as well as salinity distribution are investigated using comparisons of numerical results with and without jetty structures. Results reveal that the jetty structures intensify currents in the navigation channel and generate strong shear and vortices in jetty-spur blocks, which enhance turbulent mixing and degrade salinity stratification in the channel. The large-scale structures not only affect the flow field in the northern passage, but also play an important role in redistributing freshwater runoff in the multi-channel system, resulting in estuary-scale adjustments of circulations and salinity distribution.     

Three-dimensional Layer-integrated Modelling of Estuarine Flows with Flooding and Drying

Details are given of the refinement and application of a thee-dimensional (3-D) layer-integrated numerical model of tidal circulation, with the aim of simulating severe tidal conditions for practical engineering applications. The mode splitting strategy has been used in the model. A set of depth-integrated 2-D equations are first solved to give the pressure gradient, and the layer-integrated 3-D equations are then solved to obtain the vertical distributions of the flow velocities. Attention has been given to maintaining consistency of the physical quantities derived from the 2-D and 3-D equations. A TWO=layer mixing length turbulence model for the vertical shear stress distribution has been included in the model. Emphasis has been focused on applying the model to a real estuary, which is geometrically complicated and has large tidal ranges giving rise to extensive flooding and drying. The model has been applied to three examples, including: wind-driven flow in a rectangular lake, tidal circulation in a model rectangular harbour, and tidal circulation in a large estuary. Favourable results have been obtained for both the simple and complex flow beds.