基于压水试验下的某水电站坝址区基岩裂隙网络系统透水特性的研究

依据单孔压水试验,分析了木里河流域某水电站坝址区基岩裂隙网络系统渗透特性,得到了坝址区不同岩性岩体中不同成因类型的裂隙渗透特性随埋深的变化规律,并为以后构建基岩裂隙介质等效连续介质数值模型时的参数选取提供依据。     

天津市南部平原区雾迷山组热储岩溶裂隙发育规律

蓟县系雾迷山组是天津主力开发的热储层位,对这套地层的研究主要集中在热储层温度场、动力场、水化学场和地表水回灌等方面,在热储岩溶裂隙方面的研究较少。通过对天津市138眼雾迷山组地热井的完井和测井资料进行对比分析,统计了不同构造单元雾迷山组一、二类裂缝发育,热储顶板埋深,地热井单位涌水量和上覆不同地层的情况,总结了其岩溶裂隙发育规律。结果表明：雾迷山组岩溶裂隙较发育,漏失部位距热储顶板埋深距离集中在100 m以浅;热储顶部岩溶发育,裂隙发育受上覆不同地层的影响不大,裂隙发育与该层顶板埋深的相关性不明显,但整体上有裂隙发育随顶板埋深加大而略有减小的趋势;地热井的单位涌水量随裂隙发育程度的增大而变大;热储裂隙比集中在0.1～0.4,受构造影响,在张性断裂构造带、断裂交汇和背斜轴部热储构造裂隙较发育。研究结果可为天津市雾迷山组地热的有效开发利用与地热钻探提供参考。     

锦屏一级水电站枢纽区基岩裂隙渗透性研究

锦屏一级水电站枢纽区基岩裂隙发育,不同岩层中裂隙发育规律差异明显,在对坝基、抗力体及地下厂房等部位开挖揭示以及裂隙编录的基础上,依据Snow平行板水流假定对裂隙渗透系数张量及等效渗透系数进行计算分析,并对不同层位等效渗透系数随岩体水平埋深的变化规律做了初步探讨.结果表明,采用该方法能较好地刻画枢纽区基岩裂隙渗透性的各向异性特征,可为岩体渗透性分区及防渗帷幕的优化设计提供科学依据.     

地下煤火燃空区覆岩裂隙分布模型和局部化特征

在推导出覆岩层下沉曲面方程和微元面平面伸张量方程的基础上构建了地下煤火燃空区各覆岩离层裂隙率、破断裂隙率和总裂隙率的二维分布模型,经实例分析发现,覆岩裂隙场是由离层裂隙场和破断裂隙场组成的竖向不连续具有各向异性的非均质多孔介质,覆岩四周裂隙率大,内部裂隙率小;随着覆岩埋深减小,裂隙发育程度逐渐降低,离层裂隙率极大值由0.36、0.20、0.14、0.12逐次降低,破断裂隙率极大值由0.32、0.11、0.05、0.02逐次降低;在覆岩中部区域出现裂隙率竖向变化突变点;覆岩周边裂隙率分布形式由破断裂隙主导,内部则由离层裂隙主导。基于钻孔红外热像分析技术提出了一种间接性的覆岩裂隙现场实测方法,经验证选取的5个点的裂隙率计算值与实测值的差异率都小于9%,差异率低,模型具有较高的可靠性。     

煤岩演化程度对煤储层孔裂隙结构的控制作用

为研究煤岩演化程度对孔裂隙结构发育的影响,运用压汞、低温氮吸附/解吸、镜质组反射率测试和SEM、荧光显微观察等手段,分析煤岩变质程度对孔隙度、BET比表面积、BJH总孔体积、裂隙结构和密度等的影响。结果表明:随变质程度升高,煤岩孔隙度呈先增大后减小再略微增大的波动变化特征;微孔占比随煤岩镜质组反射率升高呈“U”形变化特征,小孔占比变化与之相反;煤岩BET比表面积和BJH总孔体积均随煤级升高呈“U”形变化特征;中高变质程度煤岩中B、C、D型裂隙密度随煤级的升高都呈“U”形变化,并在R_o,m=1.1%左右出现最小值,裂隙密度下降阶段中D型裂隙密度降低最快。结合镜质组反射率分析发现,煤岩孔(裂)隙的发育与煤岩演化的4次跃变有着密切关系。     

柯坪块隆裂隙发育研究及地质意义

对柯坪块隆发育的不同类型裂隙进行半定量或定量的研究，探讨裂隙与岩性、岩层厚度和岩层倾角之关系，发现不同岩性中裂隙发育程度不同；地层倾角与裂隙密度成正比例关系，绝大多数的裂隙与地层层面夹角大于７０°，具地台区裂隙发育特征。尽管裂隙率很小，但其渗透性很好，是理想的油气运移通道。本区裂隙发育主要由志留纪末期北北东（１３°）向和二叠纪后期北北西（３５０°）向的挤压作用形成，初步建立了柯坪块隆地表上震旦纪至二叠纪地层中裂隙分布模式，可望对构造演化相近的塔北块隆区地下裂隙分布情况进行推测，指导油气勘探。     

一种基于块体化程度理论的裂隙岩体巷道顶板稳定性分级方法研究

岩体完整性是进行巷道顶板稳定性分级的一个重要指标,当前分级方法均是从一维角度对岩体结构进行描述,不能全面刻画出三维空间上顶板围岩的完整性。针对这一缺陷,引入裂隙岩体块体化程度理论,以块体化程度代替常规标准中表征岩体完整性的岩体质量RQD值和节理间距两项子指标,开展裂隙岩体巷道顶板稳定性分级研究,创新形成了一种适用于裂隙岩体顶板稳定性分级的BT分级方法。以块体百分比和块体体积曲线为基本依据,构建出裂隙岩体巷道顶板围岩块体化程度的解算流程;运用AHP法对稳定性影响因素权重进行了排序,制定出稳定性分级方法与标准。以铜坑矿92号矿体裂隙岩体试验区巷道顶板结构面调查数据和岩石力学参数为基础,运用传统分级方法RMR法和BT法分别对各试验区巷道顶板稳定性进行评价,对两种分级结果进行比较分析,结果表明：与传统的RMR法相比,BT法在稳定性描述、分级准确性和安全管理指导作用等方面更为优越,更能够客观真实地反映出裂隙岩体巷道顶板稳定性。研究成果可为复杂裂隙岩体条件下的巷道顶板安全分级与管理提供更为可靠的科学依据。     

天津地区深部蓟县系雾迷山组热储岩溶非均一性特征研究

天津地区蓟县系雾迷山组热储层岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,是天津地区目前开采层最深、开采强度最大、流体温度最高的主力开采层。钻遇该层的所有地热井均能开采出地热流体,反映了该热储层在区域上具有相对均一的发育特征。但通过钻探、井下物探及流体特征分析发现,因岩性不同、结构差异以及外部条件的变化,如溶蚀、构造、风化等多种因素对岩石裂隙改造的程度不同,导致不同构造部位、不同埋深的岩溶发育特征有较大差异,从而将岩溶分为裂隙型和裂隙孔隙型两大类。了解和掌握雾迷山组热储层深部岩溶发育特征,对天津地区地热资源勘查、开发和评价都具有十分重要的意义。     

压实膨胀土表面裂隙发育规律及与强度关系研究

利用PCAS裂隙图像处理软件对干湿循环条件下不同压实度膨胀土的表面裂隙发育变化进行动态、定量的测量,并对不同裂隙发育程度的膨胀土进行了直剪试验。试验结果表明:压实度越大,裂隙开裂程度越小;黏聚力随干湿循环次数的增加呈递减趋势,而内摩擦角则受干湿循环的影响小。循环次数相同时,压实度越大,黏聚力越大;黏聚力分别随裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度变化的曲线具有明显的相似性,说明黏聚力与这三个参数存在一定的相关性;裂隙率和分形维数与黏聚力具有线性关系。     

天津市古潜山奥陶系岩溶裂隙发育规律研究

奥陶系在天津平原区是具有开发前景的基岩热储,但是在开发过程中发现,该层岩溶裂隙发育极不均匀,富水性相差较大,给施工带来一定的难度,严重阻碍着地热资源的开发进程。为此,对全市近百眼揭露奥陶系地热井的资料进行对比分析,对不同构造单元奥陶系一、二类裂缝发育和原始出水量情况进行统计,总结其岩溶裂隙发育规律。研究结果表明:岩溶裂隙多分布于灰岩较纯的马家沟组,泥质灰岩较发育的亮甲山组和冶里组次之;在埋深小于2 300 m的地区,奥陶系裂隙发育随地层厚度的增大而增大;上覆地层为新近系和中生界的岩溶裂隙发育厚度大于上覆地层为石炭系的;双窑和潘庄凸起岩溶裂隙较发育,富水性较好;张性断裂附近岩溶裂隙最发育。据此可知,岩溶裂隙多分布在张性断裂附近、灰岩较纯的马家沟组,以及埋深较浅、上覆地层为新近系和中生界的凸起区,这些地区富水性较好,可为地热开发提供可靠依据。     

Cross-borehole flow analysis to characterize fracture connections in the Melechov Granite, Bohemian-Moravian Highland, Czech Republic

Application of the cross-borehole flow method, in which short pumping cycles in one borehole are used to induce time-transient flow in another borehole, demonstrated that a simple hydraulic model can characterize the fracture connections in the bedrock mass between the two boreholes. The analysis determines the properties of fracture connections rather than those of individual fractures intersecting a single borehole; the model contains a limited number of adjustable parameters so that any correlation between measured and simulated flow test data is significant. The test was conducted in two 200-m deep boreholes spaced 21?m apart in the Melechov Granite in the Bohemian-Moravian Highland, Czech Republic. Transient flow was measured at depth stations between the identified transmissive fractures in one of the boreholes during short-term pumping and recovery periods in the other borehole. Simulated flows, based on simple model geometries, closely matched the measured flows. The relative transmissivity and storage of the inferred fracture connections were corroborated by tracer testing. The results demonstrate that it is possible to assess the properties of a fracture flow network despite being restricted to making measurements in boreholes in which a local population of discrete fractures regulates the hydraulic communication with the larger-scale aquifer system.     

DEXP反演方法在寻找钾盐中的应用

为验证DEXP反演方法在寻找钾盐中的效果,先从DEXP反演方法的原理着手,然后将其应用于某地区实测布格重力异常数据的处理中,确定钾盐矿的埋藏深度,取得了非常好的效果.结果表明,在矿产勘查中应用DEXP反演方法确定场源埋藏深度是可行有效的.     

激发极化法在索尔库都克地区应用的初步效果

在索尔库都克第四系覆盖区,应用激发极化法进行铜矿点检查评价及外围找矿中取得了显著效果,经钻探证实三个异常为隐伏硫化铜多会属矿引起,尚有5个异常待查.导致异常的特点是异常强度大、规模不大、带状、形态规则、延续性好,具有一定埋深.用化探剖面、重磁成果及地质配合激电异常解释效果更显著.用少量钻探验证缩短工作周期,提高经济效益.     

A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain

Groundwater movement and availability in crystalline and metamorphosed rocks is dominated by the secondary porosity generated through fracturing. The distributions of fractures and fracture zones determine permeable pathways and the productivity of these rocks. Controls on how these distributions vary with depth in the shallow subsurface (<300 m) and their resulting influence on groundwater flow is not well understood. The results of a subsurface study in the Nashoba and Avalon terranes of eastern Massachusetts (USA), which is a region experiencing expanded use of the fractured bedrock as a potable-supply aquifer, are presented. The study logged the distribution of fractures in 17 boreholes, identified flowing fractures, and hydraulically characterized the rock mass intersecting the boreholes. Of all fractures encountered, 2.5% are hydraulically active. Boreholes show decreasing fracture frequency up to 300 m depth, with hydraulically active fractures showing a similar trend; this restricts topographically driven flow. Borehole temperature profiles corroborate this, with minimal hydrologically altered flow observed in the profiles below 100 m. Results from this study suggest that active flow systems in these geologic settings are shallow and that fracture permeability outside of the influence of large-scale structures will follow a decreasing trend with depth.     

巴彦浩特盆地火成岩的综合地球物理解释

采用综合地球物理方法识别巴彦浩特盆地火成岩,首先利用高精度重磁资料和大地电磁测深资料,初步确定火成岩的平面位置和深度,然后利用钻遇火成岩的已知测井资料,建立人工合成地震记录,在地震剖面上标定出火成岩并分析其波组特征,采用BP神经网络进行火成岩的精细识别.研究表明,综合地球物理解释是提高反演解释精度的有效途径.     

Measurement of pressure drop in drainage boreholes and its effects on the performance of coal seam gas extraction: a case study in the Jiulishan Mine with strong coal and gas outburst dangers

Although it is a well-accepted belief in the petroleum industry that horizontal well productivity can be limited by the pressure drop within the wellbore, little has been reported regarding how this pressure drop affects gas extraction from a coal seam and its further effects on mitigating coal and gas outburst dangers in coal. One of the major reasons for this scarcity is that the pressure-drop distribution in horizontal drainage boreholes is difficult to obtain. In this study, measurements of pressure drops in 54 drainage boreholes were performed in the No. 2₁ coal seam, which is the primary mining layer of Jiulishan Mine and poses a strong danger of coal and gas outbursts. Next, a coupled governing finite-element model, which includes the pressure drop in the borehole, Darcy flow in fractures, gas diffusion in the matrix blocks, and the dynamic evolution of the permeability of coal, was developed and implemented using a finite-element method to quantify the pressure-drop effects. Field tests of the pressure drops indicate that the pressure increases in a parabolic form with the increasing depth of the borehole, and lower outer end pressure is associated with larger pressure increments. The numerical results indicate that the pressure drop does affect the coal seam gas extraction, the pressure around the borehole increases with increasing borehole depth, and the increment of the pressure becomes larger when the borehole’s drainage effect is enhanced. However, the impact is small and can be ignored in engineering.     

THE CAUSE OF FORMATION OF THE LAYERS WITH LOW VELOCITY AND HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN WESTERN TIBET

THE CAUSE OF FORMATION OF THE LAYERS WITH LOW VELOCITY AND HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN WESTERN TIBET     

Structural and statistical characterization of joints and multi-scale faults in an alternating sandstone and shale turbidite sequence at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory: Implications for their effects on groundwater flow and contaminant transport

This paper describes the properties of faults and fractures in the Upper Cretaceous Chatsworth Formation exposed at Santa Susana Field Laboratory and its surroundings (Simi Hills, California), where groundwater flow and contamination have been studied for over three decades.The complex depositional architecture of this turbidite consisting of alternating sandstones and shales, interacting with formative stress conditions are responsible for multi-scale fault hierarchies and permeable fractures in which nearly all groundwater flow occurs.Intensity and distribution of background fractures and their relation to bedding thickness are established for sandstones, the dominant lithology. The architecture of faults with increasing displacement is described, and relationships among fault dimensional parameters captured.Data from ∼400 boreholes and piezometers reveal the effect of faults and fractures on groundwater flow. Large hydraulic head differences, observed across fault zones with shale-rich cores, indicate these structures as cross-flow barriers. Moreover, hydraulic head profiles under ambient conditions, and pumping tests suggest strong hydraulic connectivity in all directions to depth of hundreds of meters.This outcrop-based structural characterization relates the horizontal hydraulic conductivity to the observed well-connected fracture network, and explains the strong vertical connectivity across low-hydraulic conductivity shales as faults and sheared fractures provide flow pathways.     

山东蓬莱近海岸的地应力状态及断层稳定性评价

为查明蓬莱近海岸的地应力状态,开展了2个钻孔（深度小于200m）的水压致裂地应力测量工作,并与长岛附近海域3个钻孔的地应力状态进行了对比,采用回归分析方法,分析了该地区地应力随深度变化的特征,结合最大剪应力与平均主应力之比（μ_m）和侧压力系数（K'）探讨了研究区的断层稳定性。结果表明:蓬莱近海岸和长岛海域的地应力状态基本一致,最大水平主应力方向主要表现为北东东至东西向,这与华北的区域应力场相一致;水平应力的梯度大于环渤海圈的平均地应力梯度;研究区浅部三向主应力相对大小以S_H > S_h > S_v为主,这有利于逆断层的活动;研究区K'值和μ_m值均较高,分布区间分别为:2.76~3.98和0.47~0.59;陆区断层与区域应力方向均以较大角度相交,处于稳定的状态;海域的北西西向和北东向断层与区域应力场的方向夹角较小,如果区域应力持续增强,将有利于走滑断层的活动,这与震源机制以走滑型地震为主相符。研究结果对研究区内断层稳定性的评价和重大工程的设计及施工都具有重要参考意义。      

页岩气、油页岩资源的电阻率法勘查

岩石标本法、测井法获得的电阻率数据表明,富含有机质的页岩层系具有相对较高甚至是最高的电阻率值。在何家坊油页岩矿区以及民和盆地页岩气可能发育区,分别利用高密度电阻率法和大地电磁测深法进行了探测试验,结果表明,富含有机质的页岩层系,不管在浅层（数百米以浅）、还是深部（埋深数公里）,均可为电阻率勘查方法有效地识别。电阻率勘查方法在页岩气、油页岩勘查中可以起到良好的作用。