基于背景噪声互相关格林函数的 单台时间误差估计

从江苏省数字地震台网2011年的宽频带记录数据中, 选取了不同背景噪声区域下的两组不同台间距的台站(A, B每组4个台站), 两组台站的平均台间距分别为44.6和30.5 km. 首先, 运用滑动窗互相关技术, 测量出各台站对间背景噪声互相关格林函数随时间的偏移量ΔD_Si-Sj, 然后通过奇异值分解来求解由ΔD_Si-Sj与系数矩阵构成的超定方程, 从而计算出单个台站的时钟误差ΔS_i;并引入协方差矩阵来估计不同置信水平下计算结果的误差范围. 计算结果表明, 除去明显的钟差误差(>3 s)外, 8个台站的时间误差平均均方根为0.4215 s, A与B两组台站在置信水平为95%时的时间误差范围分别为±0.4544 s和±0.4283 s; 而采用HYPOSAT定位方法对2010—2011年江苏地区的地震进行定位, 得到的平均走时残差约为0.386 s. 两者的计算精度基本相当, 表明基于背景噪声互相关格林函数计算出的单台时间误差是可信的.      

利用噪声研究地下介质速度结构及其变化在中国大陆的应用

背景噪声层析成像技术已被广泛应用于地壳和上地幔速度结构的研究,这种方法不依靠地震的发生和人工源爆破,只需记录连续的噪声信号而无需产生信号,因为噪声穿过地下介质时会携带信息,然后通过利用台站记录到的连续背景噪声数据进行互相关计算和叠加,即可得到台站间的经验格林函数,从而获取对地下结构的认识。这种方法已经很好地应用于中国的东北地区、华北克拉通、青藏高原以及华南地区,并成功地揭示了这些地区地壳与上地幔顶部的速度结构。此外近年来,一些学者还利用噪声互相关技术研究地下介质地震波速度随时间的变化,通过对汶川大地震前后连续噪声记录的研究发现,大震发生后呈现同震波速降低和震后波速逐渐恢复的特点,这表明可以通过观测地震波特性的变化来监测地下应力的变化,从而为大震的预测预防工作提供科学依据。本文主要综述了近些年来背景噪声技术及其在中国大陆地区的应用。     

利用双台站背景噪声分析2017年墨西哥MW7.1地震震源区的地震波速变化

背景噪声中包含有丰富的地球内部结构信息,可以用来监测地震波速度变化.基于墨西哥中部G.UNM和MX.TLIG两个地震台站2016年4月1日至2018年4月1日的连续波形资料,本文首先对其进行不同频带下的背景噪声互相关处理,然后采用小波变换对获取到的互相关函数进行滤波来解决台站间距过长所引起的互相关函数不稳定问题,最后分别通过Stretching方法和MWCS方法测量得到的走时偏移来提取地震波速度变化.结果表明：利用小波变换能有效提高互相关信噪比和结果精度;采用Stretching方法发现震源区浅部5~10 km的地震波速在地震中上升约0.07%,而在2~5 km的地震波速则有约0.05%的下降趋势;MWCS方法计算结果稳定性稍差,但变化趋势与Stretching结果相同.造成该地震波速变化的主要原因可能是2017年地震所引起的脆性岩层结构破裂.     

利用背景噪声互相关研究汶川地震震源区地震波速度变化

利用2007年3月至2009年3月四川数字地震台网的宽频带连续波形资料,通过计算地震背景噪声互相关提取台站对间的经验格林函数,在0.1～0.5 Hz频带下测量每天经验格林函数与参考经验格林函数的走时偏移,进而得到各台站对在该时段内的相对地震波速度变化.结果表明,2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0级地震造成了震源区地震波速度的急剧降低,最大降幅达0.4%;大致以安县为界,余震带西南部地区在汶川主震后波速降即达到最大值,而东北部地区的最大波速降一般出现在主震后的1~4个月,相对地震波速度变化的这种分段特性与地震序列的时空分布特征有较好的对应关系;在震源区外围的四川盆地也观测到了震后波速降低,而川西高原内部则没有出现显著的波速变化.进一步的分析和计算结果表明主震的静态应力变化和强地面运动引起的地表破坏都不能很好地解释震后波速的急剧降低,地震导致的断层区内部结构破坏和周边介质应力状态改变可能是波速变化的主要原因.     

地球背景噪声干涉应用研究的新进展

对地震台记录到的长时间的地球背景噪声进行互相关处理,得到的互相关函数可以近似地表征这两个台站之间的格林函数,这种数据处理方法被称为背景噪声干涉.近年来,背景噪声干涉研究在理论和实践上都有了长足进展,并被广泛用于地下波速结构及其演化规律的研究.本文首先简单介绍了背景噪声干涉研究的概念和理论依据,进而重点介绍了针对噪声源性质、互相关函数的波形到时和振幅特性的应用研究.通过对这三个方面研究的回顾,分析总结了该研究领域的新进展及需要解决的问题,并对背景噪声干涉研究的新特点进行了分析和展望.     

Fault detection by reflected surface waves based on ambient noise interferometry

Detecting subsurface fault structure is important for evaluating potential earthquake risks associated with active faults. In this study, we propose a new method to detect faults using reflected surface waves observed in ambient noise cross correlation functions. Ambient noise tomography using direct surface waves obtained from ambient noise interferometry has been widely used to characterize active fault zones. In cases where a strong velocity contrast exists across the fault interface, fault-reflected surface waves are expected. We test this idea using a linear array deployed in the Suqian segment of Tanlu fault zone in Eastern China. The fault-reflected surface waves can be clearly seen in the cross-correlation functions of the ambient noise data, and the spatial position of the fault on the surface is close to the stations where the reflected signals first appear. Potentially reflected surface waves could also be used to infer the dip angle, fault zone thickness and the degree of velocity contrast across the fault by comparing synthetic and observed waveforms.     

尾波干涉原理及其应用研究进展综述

本文首先简述了尾波干涉方法的基本原理, 随后介绍了尾波干涉方法在研究震源位置变化和监测散射体运移状态的相关应用与进展, 最后探讨了利用重复地震、 人工主动源和噪声互相关函数监测地下介质波速变化的尾波干涉方法的优缺点及发展方向. 尾波干涉方法基于尾波的多次散射特性, 能够提取震源位置与介质的细微变化, 其中介质的动态变化可为地震(火山)的孕育、 形成及发展提供研究思路与指导意义.      

Feasibility of borehole ambient noise interferometry for permanent reservoir monitoring

The analysis of seismic ambient noise acquired during temporary or permanent microseismic monitoring campaigns (e.g., improved/enhanced oil recovery monitoring, surveillance of induced seismicity) is potentially well suited for time‐lapse studies based on seismic interferometry. No additional data acquisition required, ambient noise processing can be automatized to a high degree, and seismic interferometry is very sensitive to small medium changes. Thus there is an opportunity for detection and monitoring of velocity variations in a reservoir at negligible additional cost and effort. Data and results are presented from an ambient noise interferometry study applied to two wells in a producing oil field in Romania. Borehole microseismic monitoring on three component geophones was performed for four weeks, concurrent with a water‐flooding phase for improved oil recovery from a reservoir in ca. 1 km depth. Both low‐frequency (2 Hz–50 Hz) P‐ and S‐waves propagating through the vertical borehole arrays were reconstructed from ambient noise by the virtual source method. The obtained interferograms clearly indicate an origin of the ambient seismic energy from above the arrays, thus suggesting surface activities as sources. It is shown that ambient noise from time periods as short as 30 seconds is sufficient to obtain robust interferograms. Sonic log data confirm that the vertical and horizontal components comprise first arrivals of P‐wave and S‐waves, respectively. The consistency and high quality of the interferograms throughout the entire observation period further indicate that the high‐frequency part (up to 100 Hz) represents the scattered wave field. The temporal variation of apparent velocities based on first‐arrival times partly correlates with the water injection rate and occurrence of microseismic events. It is concluded that borehole ambient noise interferometry in production settings is a potentially useful method for permanent reservoir monitoring due to its high sensitivity and robustness.     

Improving automatic location procedure by waveform similarity analysis: An application in the South Western Alps (Italy)

The accuracy of automatic procedures for locating earthquakes is influenced by several factors such as errors in picking seismic phases, network geometry, modeling errors and velocity model uncertainties. The main purpose of this work is to improve the performances of the automatic procedure employed for the “quasi-real-time” location of seismic events in North Western Italy by developing a procedure based on a waveform similarity analysis and by using only one seismic station.To detect “earthquake families” a cross-correlation technique was applied to a data set of seismic waveforms recorded in the period 1985-2002, in a small test area (1600 km²) located in the South Western Alps (Italy). Normalized cross-correlation matrices were calculated using about 2700 seismic events, selected on the basis of the signal to noise ratio, manually picked and located by using the Hypoellipse code. The waveform similarity analysis, based on the bridging technique, allowed grouping about 65% of the selected events into 80 earthquake families (multiplets) located inside the area considered. For each earthquake family a master event is selected, manually re-picked and re-located by using Hypoellipse code. Having chosen a reference station (STV) on the basis of the completeness of the available data set, an automatic procedure has been developed with the aim of cross-correlating new seismic recordings (automatically picked) to the waveforms of the events belonging to the detected families. If the new event is proved to belong to a family (on the basis of the cross-correlation values), its hypocenter co-ordinates are defined by the location of the master event of the associated family. The performance of the proposed procedure is tested and demonstrated using a data set of 104 selected earthquakes recorded in the period January 2003-June 2004 and located in the test area. The automatic procedure is able to locate, associating events with the multiplets detected by the waveform similarity analysis, about 50% of the test events, almost independently of the accuracy of the automatic phase picker and without the biasing of the network geometry and of the velocity model uncertainties.     

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震前后介质波速变化特征分析

本文利用研究区内13个地震台站2014年1月至12月的连续波形数据, 采用背景噪声互相关方法, 提取了2014年8月3日鲁甸M_S6.5地震的同震波速变化。 结果表明, 鲁甸地震对介质波速的影响具有明显的空间差异性, 较大幅度的同震波速变化主要集中于则木河断裂—小江断裂及莲峰断裂区域。 其中, 莲峰断裂SW段和则木河断裂NW段区域的波速出现了较为明显的同震降低, 则木河断裂和小江断裂交界处则出现了明显的波速升高。 通过对比研究区内介质波速的同震变化与鲁甸地震对周边主要活动断裂应力积累的影响后发现, 波速变化与应力变化在空间分布上具有较高的一致性, 且两者的变化幅度也成正相关关系。 由此可以看出, 鲁甸地震造成的应力变化可能是地下介质波速变化的主要原因。 采用相同的方法对2014年4月5日永善M_S5.1地震研究后发现, 永善地震后鲁甸地震震源区及其附近区域波速明显升高。     

中国大陆背景噪声成像研究及应用前景

对长时间序列的背景地震噪声进行互相关计算可以得到台站间的经验格林函数,这种方法不依赖天然地震及人工震源,仅利用台站记录的背景噪声就能得到地下结构,该方法可以更为便捷地获得地震活动性较低地区的地下构造.随着背景噪声层析成像技术的发展应用,该方法会进一步提高地壳上地幔速度模型的分辨率.本文综述了背景噪声成像技术及其在中国大...     

基于平面波模型重访地震背景噪声互相关及空间自相关(SPAC)

自Aki(1957)提出微震的空间自相关(SPatial AutoCorelation,SPAC)技术以来,SPAC技术一直独立发展,并在工程地震领域获得了广泛应用.近20年来,地震干涉(Seisimic Interferometry,SI)在多个领域引起人们的关注,该技术的核心思想是连续地震背景噪声的互相关函数(Noise Crosscorrelation Function,NCF)可以重建系统的格林函数(Green's Function,GF),对该技术的回溯性研究建立了SPAC和NCF的关系:它们是对同一物理现象的不同描述,SPAC在频率域中描述随机平稳噪声的空间相干,NCF在时间域中描述扩散场的互相关.理论上SAPC和NCF技术要求背景噪声源均匀分布,这样的噪声场可以用平面波叠加来模拟.本文基于平面波模型重访地震背景噪声的互相关和空间自相关技术,从单色平面波的互相关表示出发,对地震背景噪声互相关及空间自相关技术进行评述,试图使这些概念更易于理解.与之前众多研究地震干涉技术的理论相比,本文尤其关注以下几点:(1)基于简单的平面波模型,给出不同维度下,源或台站对方位均匀分布时,平面波互相关对入射波的方位平均和台阵对的方位平均结果,并对格林函数GF和时域互相关函数NCF的关系进行总结.(2)给出声源和(或)交叉台站方位分布不均匀时的互相关表示,指出这种非均匀性对方位的依赖关系,与弱各向异性介质中面波速度的方位依赖关系类似,因此,非均匀源的影响在反演时可能会映射到面波方位各向异性结果中.(3)互相关运算中,哪一个台站是虚拟源.NCF包含因果性和非因果性两部分,NCF的非对称性通常用于研究噪声源的方位分布,但由于源和接收的互易关系,及对互相关运算的不同定义和不同的傅里叶变换习惯,哪一个台站是虚拟源在目前的文献中并不明确.(4)方位平均和时间平均的关系.在SPAC处理中,需要对不同方位分布的台站对进行方位平均,本文从理论上说明,单个平面波入射时,交叉台站互相关系数对台站对的方位平均,等价于单个台站对互相关系数对入射波的时间平均.(5)几种特定分布非均匀噪声源的SPAC表示.包括单独的因果性噪声源和非因果性噪声源给出的互相关函数表示,及由此带来的相移问题.(6)利用SPAC、NCF和面波GF之间的关系,给出交叉分量的空间自相关系数表示.(7)衰减介质的空间相干表示.虽然利用地震干涉技术研究介质衰减在理论上仍然存在一些争议,但人们正试图研究从连续背景噪声记录中提取介质衰减的可能性.本文基于平面波模型,给出了不同坐标选择下,衰减介质的空间相干表示,这种表达的不同,指示了由地震干涉技术提取介质衰减的困难.与众多研究地震干涉的理论相比,比如稳相近似理论、互易定理、时间反转声学等,本文主要考虑均匀介质,不涉及非均匀介质的散射,从最简单的平面波模型,理解背景噪声重建系统格林函数这一地震干涉的核心思想和相应的基本概念.     

利用背景噪声研究紫坪铺水库水位加卸载对库区地下介质波速的影响

利用2005年1月1日~2008年1月1日紫坪铺台网及YZP台连续波形资料,通过噪声互相关技术研究了紫坪铺水库区域在蓄水、泄水过程中库区介质的变化特征,同时对可能的渗透过程进行了讨论。使用移动窗口互谱方法计算库区台站对之间的相对波速变化。结果表明,在紫坪铺水库的3次大规模蓄水及2次泄水过程中,地下介质相对波速变化与水位变化之间存在较为明显的相关性,并在时间上有一定延迟,可能与水的渗透有关。分析认为蓄水对浅层介质产生的作用最快,影响最大,波速的变化是蓄水产生的压力及渗透共同作用的结果。在第1次蓄水时,压力起主要作用,后2次蓄水时,渗透起主要作用,且渗透作用已影响至8km左右的断层。     

Earthquake-explosion discrimination using waveform cross-correlation technique for mines in southeast of Tehran

The presence of man-made explosions in a seismic catalogue leads to errors in statistical analyses of seismicity. Recently, the need to monitor man-made explosions used for mining, road excavating, and other constructional applications has been become a demanding challenge for the seismologists. In this way, we gain new insight into the cross-correlation technique and conduct this approach to discriminate explosions from seismic datasets. Following this, improved P-wave arrival times are used for more precise relocation. In this study, the waveform cross-correlation technique provides a reliable means for discriminating explosions which have cross-correlation coefficients (CC) of 0.6 or greater with their own corresponding stacked waveforms. The results illustrate that approximately 80 % of seismicity of southeast of Tehran, recorded by the Iranian Seismological Center (IRSC), includes events which have cross-correlation coefficients of ≥0.6 with their corresponding stacked waveforms. Furthermore, with improved P-wave arrival time, there is a better chance to relocate explosions precisely in the region under study.     

Scattered ground‐roll attenuation using model‐driven interferometry

Scattered ground roll is a type of noise observed in land seismic data that can be particularly difficult to suppress. Typically, this type of noise cannot be removed using conventional velocity‐based filters. In this paper, we discuss a model‐driven form of seismic interferometry that allows suppression of scattered ground‐roll noise in land seismic data. The conventional cross‐correlate and stack interferometry approach results in scattered noise estimates between two receiver locations (i.e. as if one of the receivers had been replaced by a source). For noise suppression, this requires that each source we wish to attenuate the noise from is co‐located with a receiver. The model‐driven form differs, as the use of a simple model in place of one of the inputs for interferometry allows the scattered noise estimate to be made between a source and a receiver. This allows the method to be more flexible, as co‐location of sources and receivers is not required, and the method can be applied to data sets with a variety of different acquisition geometries. A simple plane‐wave model is used, allowing the method to remain relatively data driven, with weighting factors for the plane waves determined using a least‐squares solution. Using a number of both synthetic and real two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) land seismic data sets, we show that this model‐driven approach provides effective results, allowing suppression of scattered ground‐roll noise without having an adverse effect on the underlying signal.     

Recent advances in imaging crustal fault zones: a review

Crustal faults usually have a fault core and surrounding regions of brittle damage, forming a low-velocity zone(LVZ) in the immediate vicinity of the main slip interface. The LVZ may amplify ground motion, influence rupture propagation, and hold important information of earthquake physics. A number of geophysical and geodetic methods have been developed to derive high-resolution structure of the LVZ. Here, I review a few recent approaches, including ambient noise cross-correlation on dense across-fault arrays and GPS recordings of fault-zone trapped waves. Despite the past efforts, many questions concerning the LVZ structure remain unclear, such as the depth extent of the LVZ. High-quality data from larger and denser arrays and new seismic imaging technique using larger portion of recorded waveforms, which are currently under active development, may be able to better resolve the LVZ structure. In addition, effects of the alongstrike segmentation and gradational velocity changes across the boundaries between the LVZ and the host rock on rupture propagation should be investigated by conducting comprehensive numerical experiments. Furthermore, high-quality active sources such as recently developed large-volume airgun arrays provide a powerful tool to continuously monitor temporal changes of fault-zone properties, and thus can advance our understanding of fault zone evolution.     

基于背景噪声的川滇地区勒夫波层析成像

本文选取了川滇地区98个固定台站记录到的三分量地震背景噪声数据,采用互相关方法提取了勒夫波互相关函数,并利用自适应时频分析方法获取了勒夫波群速度频散曲线,经反演得到周期为8—30 s的勒夫波群速度分布图像.层析成像结果显示:短周期的勒夫波群速度分布图像呈明显的横向不均匀性,且与地表地质和构造特征基本一致,其中四川盆地呈不均匀的低速异常,盆地内成都平原地区的群速度相对低于盆地中部的丘陵地区,速度分界线为遂宁与峨眉山之间的连线,四川盆地内的群速度变化反映出沉积层厚度的变化情况;攀枝花地区呈高速异常,可能与古地幔活动有关,幔源物质以侵入岩和底侵岩浆的形式停留在地壳的不同深度,从而形成高速异常的特征.本文结果为了解川滇地区的构造运动提供了地震学线索,并为下一步研究地壳径向各向异性奠定了基础.      

基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法及其在广角OBS折射波增强中的应用

广角地震的远偏移距折射初至含有地下深层的信息,提高远偏移距折射波信噪比能够有效提高初至拾取精度,对于深部结构的层析速度建模十分有利.超虚折射干涉法基于干涉原理对远道折射波进行增强,它在炮点和检波点都非常密集的情况下效果较好.然而,在应用于台站间距较大且环境噪声较强的广角海底地震仪(OBS)观测时,该方法对折射波的增强能力不足,而且容易产生虚假波形,造成增强后的折射波信噪比仍然较低.针对这种情况,本文提出基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法,通过叠加相邻虚拟道来提高远道与近道互相关的准确度,以达到稳定增强远道折射波信噪比的目的.理论实验和实际资料测试均显示,基于相邻虚拟道叠加的超虚折射干涉法在台站间距较大和信噪比较低的情况下能够准确构建虚拟道,且增强后的波形同相轴连续程度和信噪比均较高,有利于拾取高精度的折射初至到时.本文方法也可用于增强陆上炮间距较大的广角地震数据折射波.     

基于地脉动和地铁振动的钢筋混凝土建筑结构响应分析

在北京城区的一栋钢筋混凝土建筑(Reinforced Concrete building,简称RC)中,进行历时两天的地脉动和地铁振动观测.介绍了利用地脉动和地铁振动信号研究RC建筑结构响应的观测方法、仪器设备、数据采集和数据处理方法.对观测数据进行两种分析:(1)对连续的地脉动背景噪声,采用H/V谱比法;(2)对经过...     

基于时变窄带滤波技术提取可控震源扫频信号方法研究

精密主动地震监测为我们主动探测地下介质结构, 并监视其动态变化提供了一条可能的技术途径。 由于精密控制震源释放的能量强度小, 随着传播距离的增加, 信号的快速衰减, 在离震源较远处有用的震源信号被掩盖在很强的噪声中, 这对于震相的识别与走时的拾取精度有着很大的影响。 本文设计了一种时变窄带滤波器进行更为精细的滤波, 期望进一步提高观测数据信噪比, 再结合匹配滤波方法实现主动震源信号的检测与波形变换。 另外, 由于不同震相有一定的到时差, 使用时变窄带滤波器提取一个震相波形信息时, 将压制其他震相的波形信号, 从而实现了震相分离的技术。 仿真计算与实际资料处理显示了该方法在提高观测资料质量、 震相识别分辨率及震相分离方面具有一定的有效性与优越性。 通过对广东省新丰江库区精密可控震源试验数据进行时变窄带滤波方法的处理, 在震中距为200 km左右处的台站记录中检测到主动源信号, 体现了对远台弱信号的提取能力。