对无定向导线计算方法的分析

无定向导线计算方法较多，计算过程繁简不一，计算结果的精度也有差异。本文列举了各种无定向导线的计算方法，通过实例计算，对各种计算方法的优缺点进行一些系统的分析和讨论。     

无定向导线观测值粗差对坐标闭合差的影响

本文对无定向导线多余观测少,在计算中不能有效地发现观测值中粗差的特点,通过分析无定向导线观测值粗差对坐标闭合差的影响规律,提出了无定向导线观测和计算时应注意的问题。     

无定向导线观测值粗差对坐标闭合差的影响

本文对无定向导线多余观测少,在计算中不能有效地发现观测值中粗差的特点,通过分析无定向导线观测值粗差对坐标闭合差的影响规律,提出了无定向导线观测和计算时应注意的问题。     

无定向附合导线的实用性分析

本文介绍了无定向附合导线的应用、两种平差计算的方法及精度分析 ,证明了无定向附合导线是一种可靠、实用的控制方法。     

用假定方位角无定向导线测量的实践试验及其精度分析

本文叙述用假定方位角无定向导线测量的基本方法、计算原理，以桐乡县测量的实践试验为例，对这种方法进行论证。用两种不同的计算方法对成果的精度进行比较分析。指出无定向导线测量用于城市建筑区及隐蔽地区加密控制测量的特点，强调这种方法的应用价值和注意的问题。     

用坐标转换法解算单一导线

本文根据单一导线的基本特点,利用坐标变换的基本理论,提出了一种利用坐标转换原理解算单一导线（包括附合导线、闭合导线、无定向导线）的方法。实际应用证明,该方法具有理论严密、计算简便、计算精度高等多种优点。     

用坐标转换法解算单一导线

本文根据单一导线的基本特点,利用坐标变换的基本理论,提出了一种利用坐标转换原理解算单一导线（包括附合导线,闭合导线,无定向导线）的方法,实际应用证明,该方法具有理论严密,计算简便,计算精度高等多种优点。     

提高无定向导线可靠性的一种方法

本文针对无定向导线本身约束条件少,成果可靠性差的问题,提出了一种在无定向导线测量中进行“附加观测”的方法,此方法不仅可以提高无定向导线成果的可靠性,同时还有助于确定观测值中粗差发生的区间位置。     

提高无定向导线精度与可靠性的方法

提出在无定向导线上加测方向与边长的方法提高其精度与可靠性;按间接平差设计出无定向导线的计算程序,该程序除给出平差结果和精度评定数据外,还给出各种观测值的多余观测分量,进而以数据探测法进行粗差定位。用计算实例说明本程序的应用。     

二、P21普通测量学、地形测量学

CH982330提高无定向导线可靠性的一种方法/吕长广(冶金部山东地勘局测绘院)…∥测绘通报.—1998,(4).—10～11 针对无定向导线本身的约束条件少,成果可靠性差的问题,提出了一种在无定向导线测量中进行“附加观测”的方法,此方法不仅可以提高无定向导线成果的可靠性,同时还有助于确定观测值中粗差发生的区间位置。图3表1     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。