THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LOCAL STATE IN SOUTH AFRICA (1979-1991): GROUP AREAS,PROPERTY “SUPER-TAXATION,” AND CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS

This paper analyzes the development of the property “super-taxation” problem experienced by Indians and coloreds in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, in the post-1979/1980 period. Within theoretical perspectives on the local state, the resistance of the Pietermaritzburg Combined Ratepayers and Residents' Association (PCRRA) to the high property taxes resulting from the implementation of the Group Areas Act at the local level, is discussed. The paper explains how the PCRRA, a civic organization, used the property taxation issue to extend its demands to include the repeal of the Group Areas Act, the creation of a single non-racial City Council and the elimination of the racially based, advisory Local Affairs Committees (LACs). It also examines the conflict in terms of local-central state relations and the formation of alliances amongst the popular classes in Pietermaritzburg. The paper highlights the capacity of ordinary citizens (human agency) to effect the political transformation of apartheid state structures.     

INDUSTRIAL TOPOGRAPHY,GROUNDWATER, AND THE CONTOURS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE*

ABSTRACT. Civil engineers have played a central role in reshaping the physical environment during the past two centuries. Their accomplishments were made possible in no small measure by an ability to assess local hydrologic conditions and design structures to withstand the forces of water. Recent assertions that engineers had little comprehension of groundwater processes until the 1970s prompted an analysis of the engineering literature to reconstruct the state of knowledge up to the 1950s. Textbooks and manuals demonstrated that knowledge developed in constructing transportation lines, in draining cities and farms, in creating sewers, dams, canals, and lagoons, and in erecting manufacturing facilities contributed to design with groundwater in mind. In practice, this knowledge was available and drawn on, but the success of its application was inconsistent.     

宜兴山区采矿业可持续发展的问题与对策

采矿业已经而且还将继续在宜兴山区经济发展中发挥举足轻重的作用，但目前 对矿产资源的开发利用方式将严重阻碍宜兴市山区采矿业的可持续发展，在分析其存在的主 要问题的基础上提出了一些积极的对策．     

Getting Globalized: Urban Policy and Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg,Brooklyn

We hypothesize that as the "global city" label becomes ever more central to a city's identity, local urban government policy increasingly supports those economic sectors that city leaders see as being congruent with the global and increasingly undermines sectors that serve primarily local markets. Through an in-depth study of small-scale manufacturers in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, in New York City, we examine the extent to which and the ways in which local policy undermines otherwise healthy locally oriented businesses. We find that the City's assumption that urban manufacturing is a dying breed becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, largely via the City's own treatment of its manufacturing businesses. Through a lack of enforcement of zoning codes, zoning variances and rezoning initiatives, and more quotidian policies of harassment over noise and other quality of life complaints, the City is making it more difficult to do business for small-scale manufacturers. These policies then create a conventional wisdom that sees the City as a difficult place to start and grow a business.     

The divergent city: unequal and uneven development in St. Louis

In St. Louis, as in many other cities, decline and displacement occurred when key policies, prejudices, and plans interacted with broad economic restructuring to devastate poor and minority communities, while leaving White and middle-class communities largely intact. Amidst overall population loss and neighborhood decline are pockets of prosperity and gentrification within the central city. In this article, we analyze three significant planning interventions in St. Louis, Missouri, that spurred displacement of populations—urban renewal, triage, and the foreclosure crisis. We argue that the differential experiences of Black and White during each of these periods represent two faces of development: one in the north of the city that is largely Black, experiencing vacant land, high crime, and crumbling infrastructure; another in the south of the city that is largely White, enjoying pockets of vibrant commercial development, larger homes, and stable real estate markets. We analyze each period through a framework of uneven and unequal development and displacement, which we call the Divergent City Theory. Based on this theory, planners face an ethical obligation to plan for the future of their cities in a way that seeks to reconcile the structured race and class inequalities of the divergent city.     

惠州城市的形成与发展

从历史地理的角度研究惠州城市和形成和发展,重点考察了腹地和职能的演化,基于动力学分析,认为惠州城市未来发展的动力主要来自石化,电子等行业的工业化和以惠州港为中心的交通枢纽地位。     

基于主体功能区划的湖南省乡村转型发展评价

乡村转型是实现乡村可持续发展的重要路径,确立与主体功能定位相协调的乡村转型路径与政策,是促进区域城乡融合发展、实现乡村振兴的重要举措。本文以湖南省为例,围绕人口、土地、产业等乡村转型发展3类要素,构建乡村转型度评价指标体系,并计算各县(市、区)2006-2011年和2011-2016年2个阶段的乡村转型度,并基于主体功能区划方案分析各类主体功能区乡村转型发展差异及驱动机制。研究结果显示：受自然条件、区位因素、经济基础、政策环境等因素的影响,各主体功能区乡村转型特征存在差异;重点开发区乡村转型主要是城镇带动型,城镇辐射力、市场推动力以及农户决策力作用突出,乡村转型度高、乡村转型速度快;农产品主产区乡村转型主要是现代农业推动型,资源支撑力、政策推动力以及文化根植力起主导作用,乡村转型度较高、乡村转型速度较快;重点生态功能区乡村转型主要是政府推动型,受地形条件、经济基础以及资源环境约束,乡村转型度较低、转型速度较慢。各类主体功能区2011-2016年的乡村转型度相比于2006-2011年均有所提升。湖南省主体功能区规划方案在一定程度上体现了乡村发展的差异性,但其主体功能区政策在乡村转型发展过程中的引导作用有待进一步加强。     

中国贫困地区类型划分及开发研究提要报告

从区域的角度,将我国贫困地区划分为6大类21个区,并对各类地区的特点,问题和发展方向进行了分析,为我国贫困地区的经济开发规划提供了依据。     

关于重点开发区域主体功能定位的思考——以河南省为例

论述了主体功能区划在国土空间布局上落实科学发展观的重大战略意义,认为国家重点开发区域向中部地区转移是一次全局性的战略抉择.着重阐明了重点开发区域的主体功能定位,即:通过推进城镇化、工业化,实现人口与经济的协调聚集,培育促进全国经济长期持续又好又快发展的新的增长区域,提出了推进形成重点开发区域的财政、投资、产业、土地及人口管理政策,为政府决策提供参考依据.     

THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL EXPANSIONS OF CHINA'S CITY SYSTEM

Most studies of the size, growth, and distribution of cities have been based on Western economies and have identified economic factors such as scale and agglomeration economies and level of economic development as major determinants of urban growth. It is unclear whether these generalizations are applicable in socialist economies. In this paper, I argue that institutional factors have played key roles in shaping China's city system, which is characterized by declining population concentration across cities and by tremendous vertical (population growth of cities) and horizontal (addition of new cities) expansions. The empirical analysis focuses on describing the size distribution of cities, estimating a multivariate model predicting the population growth of cities, and performing a logistic regression analysis of new and existing cities. The findings underscore the effects of urban and regional development policies, socialist institutions, changes in the urban administrative system, and state and local government interests, and suggest that they as a whole are more important than economic factors in explaining the attributes and changes of China's city system. [Key words: urban growth, city system, institutional factors, China.]     

ACCUMULATION,LEGITIMATION, AND THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE AMERICAN METROPOLIS

The provision of public services by the local state involves the full range of politics, structural forces, and actors at work in the world system. Materialist theory provides a means by which these disparate elements can be integrated as the state performs its two primary functions: maintaining conditions favorable for the accumulation of capital and ensuring the legitimacy of the economic and political systems. National and local governments attempt to provide conditions in specific places that will foster growth; the politics of production characterize these efforts. On the local level the state also provides a forum in which the demands of less organized and powerful interests can be heard, as it attempts to maintain the loyalty of the public; the politics of consumption characterize this activity. An empirical analysis of local government expenditures for public services in the United States indicates the role that public services play in the performance of these two functions of the capitalist state.     

国家节点战略的实施路径及其经济效应评价（英文）

Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978.On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China,this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies(NNS),defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes,by addressing their theoretical basis and research scope.The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone,Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up.The results indicate that the evolution of China's regional development policies can be divided into three stages:the exploration stage led by Special Economic Zones(SEZs),the expansion stage dominated by Economic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas.During all the three stages,NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China's regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation,and the role of the government has also changed accordingly.As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China,NNS have become engines of regional development as well as important conduits of institutional innovations.NNS and regional development have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model.Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the government to guide and regulate regional economic development,with complex and diverse economic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.     

面向区域的“三位一体”旅游开发战略——以抚顺市旅游发展战略为例

根据旅游业的特点和区域发展规律,针对传统的单一城市旅游发展战略模式,提出要从区域整体旅游战略出发,统筹制定面向区域的一体化旅游总体发展战略。从规划角度提出了旅游开发应当从“资源开发”、“市场拓展”和“体系优化”三个方面出发,制订有针对性的战略。以抚顺市为案例,探讨了上述三个战略任务的地方性安排,即抚顺市旅游业的“龙头带动”、“区域联动”和“均衡开发”战略。     

1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究

基于GIMMS NDVI以及MODIS NDVI数据,分析内蒙古地区1981-2010年的植被变化趋势,并结合气候、社会经济数据,以旗县为单位定量分析气候变化和人类活动对植被变化的影响,结果表明：①1981-2010年间,内蒙古地区植被变化具有典型的空间异质性,其中植被显著增加区域主要集中在西南部的阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市以及东部通辽市等地区,显著减少区域主要集中在北部的锡林郭勒盟以及东北部的呼伦贝尔市的部分地区;②对于植被显著增加区域,人类活动作用的影响面积最大,其次为气候因素,气候与人类活动的耦合作用也对植被增加有一定显著影响;内蒙古西部降雨量的增加、围封禁牧政策的实施以及农作物播种面积的增加为驱动植被增加的主要因素;③对于植被显著减少区域,人类活动的作用略大于气候因素;内蒙古中东部地区降雨减少以及近10年来部分旗县风速的增加是导致植被显著减少的重要气候因素;虽然人工造林、农作物播种面积会增加局部植被盖度,但在县域尺度不足以抵消干旱对植被生长的不利影响,反而会导致区域植被退化。     

区域旅游开发中的景观生态研究——以云南省安宁市为例*

新兴的景观生态学正在进一步拓展其应用领域。区域旅游开发过程中,运用景观空间异质性理论,结合旅游活动的开展,对开发区域的旅游景观进行生态分类和区划,是将景观生态理论应用区域旅游开发的一个新尝试。文中以云南安宁市为例,在景观类型的基础分析和景观生态区划的基础上,进行区域旅游生态区划分。主要是以生态学原理为基础进行景观类型和景观生态区的划分,同时考虑人类旅游活动对环境生态所带来的影响,并确定区域旅游的重点开发带(面)。     

大城市边缘区土地利用与城乡协调发展关系——以天津东丽区为例

在大城市边缘区,土地资源对于支撑快速城镇化和统筹城乡协调发展起着至关重要的作用.以天津市东丽区为例,对经济发展和土地利用变化的时空关系进行了分析.结果表明:随着社会经济发展,东丽区耕地减少的速度加快,城镇建设用地规模逐渐扩大,其未来城市化的关键是促进农民的非农化.近年来,新农村建设"迁村并点"的逐步实施,使得农村居民点用地趋向集约化.提出了保障东丽区区域经济社会协调发展的土地利用战略与对策.     

孟湾槽在百色市异常降雪天气中的作用

通过对1983年12月28日、2002年12月26日百色市两次异常降雪天气过程的对比分析,发现冬季孟加拉湾槽的发展东移在其中起到了关键性的作用。由于孟加拉湾槽前暖湿气流强盛,这种强盛的西南暖湿气流在低空冷空气堆(冷锋)上发生强烈的系统性上升运动,从而导致百色市及其邻近地区出现异常的雨雪天气。     

广东沿海经济高速发展区人地系统可持续发展研究

粤中沿海经济高速发展的典型区域－深圳市人地中系统持续性从１９８０￣１９９０年逐渐增加,但１９９１年开始下降;东莞市人地系统可持续性从１９８０年以后逐渐增强。目前深圳市和东莞市人地系统均处于弱可持续性状况。     

我国区域发展空间重组与构建中原经济区

通过对我国发展空间变化的历程分析,探讨了我国不同历史阶段发展空间的组织形式及其动力机制。认为,我国正经历着一轮新的产业发展空间重组过程,核心动力来自于我国扩大内需战略实施、科学发展观贯彻落实和主体功能区划的国土空间开发思路。中部地区将成为我国新一轮空间重组过程的中心区域,获得新的发展动力,在今后较长时间内成为我国经济发展的重要支撑点。中原经济区是其空间组织核心区域之一,目前虽有政策边缘地区之不利,但具有巨大的政策创新空间,其建设对我国发展空间组织优化及其相关政策选择具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Implementation methods and economic impacts of national node strategies

Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies (NNS), defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and research scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evolution of China’s regional development policies can be divided into three stages: the exploration stage led by Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the expansion stage dominated by Economic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China’s regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional development as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional development have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the government to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse economic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.