建筑用途的城市职住空间组织特征研究

针对现有职住空间关系的研究难以在微观维度上有效促进大城市职住功能空间的均衡发展以及规划政策与现状发展存在的时序错位问题,该文以北京市为例,从房屋建筑使用用途的角度切入,运用空间自相关分析模型、热点分析模型和职住用地比三个评价方法,同时借用ArcGIS软件平台进行空间分析与可视化表达,探究北京职住空间在乡镇尺度下的组织特征。研究发现:北京市职住空间表现为聚类分布的空间格局特征,以首都功能核心区为中心,大致呈现出环状圈层分布,北京市职住空间的“热点区”在空间分布上存在差异,而“冷点区”在空间分布上基本相同,职住空间关系存在失衡,与规划目标存在一定的偏差。提出的研究方法从微观维度分析了城市职住空间的组织特征,促进了城市规划与发展时序的有效结合,可在特大城市的职住空间关系的研究中进行推广应用。     

宁夏城乡关系空间分异研究

为了对宁夏城乡关系进行定量评价及空间分异研究,该文基于2013年宁夏19个县区城乡发展数据,构建评价指标体系,采用关联度模型、协调度模型、统筹发展度模型和ESDA-GIS空间分析方法对宁夏城乡关系发展水平和空间格局进行研究。结果表明:宁夏城乡关联度、协调度和统筹发展度整体水平较低,城乡发展呈现"北高南低"的空间分布格局,空间分异明显,空间集聚特征显著,与经济社会发展呈明显的相关性;南部山区是城乡发展的"塌陷区",北部地区是宁夏城乡发展的"核心区";原州区空间极化效应显著,县域尺度的城乡关系空间格局研究较为合理地反映了宁夏的实际状况。     

Analysis of geographical disparities in temporal trends of health outcomes using space–time joinpoint regression

Analyzing temporal trends in health outcomes can provide a more comprehensive picture of the burden of a disease like cancer and generate new insights about the impact of various interventions. In the United States such an analysis is increasingly conducted using joinpoint regression outside a spatial framework, which overlooks the existence of significant variation among U.S. counties and states with regard to the incidence of cancer. This paper presents several innovative ways to account for space in joinpoint regression: (1) prior filtering of noise in the data by binomial kriging and use of the kriging variance as measure of reliability in weighted least-square regression, (2) detection of significant boundaries between adjacent counties based on tests of parallelism of time trends and confidence intervals of annual percent change of rates, and (3) creation of spatially compact groups of counties with similar temporal trends through the application of hierarchical cluster analysis to the results of boundary analysis. The approach is illustrated using time series of proportions of prostate cancer late-stage cases diagnosed yearly in every county of Florida since 1980s. The annual percent change (APC) in late-stage diagnosis and the onset years for significant declines vary greatly across Florida. Most counties with non-significant average APC are located in the north-western part of Florida, known as the Panhandle, which is more rural than other parts of Florida. The number of significant boundaries peaked in the early 1990s when prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test became widely available, a temporal trend that suggests the existence of geographical disparities in the implementation and/or impact of the new screening procedure, in particular as it began available.     

Testing block subdivision algorithms on block designs

Integrated land use–transportation models predict future transportation demand taking into account how households and firms arrange themselves partly as a function of the transportation system. Recent integrated models require parcels as inputs and produce household and employment predictions at the parcel scale. Block subdivision algorithms automatically generate parcel patterns within blocks. Evaluating block subdivision algorithms is done by way of generating parcels and comparing them to those in a parcel database. Three block subdivision algorithms are evaluated on how closely they reproduce parcels of different block types found in a parcel database from Montreal, Canada. While the authors who developed each of the algorithms have evaluated them, they have used their own metrics and block types to evaluate their own algorithms. This makes it difficult to compare their strengths and weaknesses. The contribution of this paper is in resolving this difficulty with the aim of finding a better algorithm suited to subdividing each block type. The proposed hypothesis is that given the different approaches that block subdivision algorithms take, it’s likely that different algorithms are better adapted to subdividing different block types. To test this, a standardized block type classification is used that consists of mutually exclusive and comprehensive categories. A statistical method is used for finding a better algorithm and the probability it will perform well for a given block type. Results suggest the oriented bounding box algorithm performs better for warped non-uniform sites, as well as gridiron and fragmented uniform sites. It also produces more similar parcel areas and widths. The Generalized Parcel Divider 1 algorithm performs better for gridiron non-uniform sites. The Straight Skeleton algorithm performs better for loop and lollipop networks as well as fragmented non-uniform and warped uniform sites. It also produces more similar parcel shapes and patterns.     

市县国土空间规划主体功能区划定方法研究

为了健全现行国土空间规划体系中市县尺度主体功能区的划定方法。该文以主体功能区基本理论为指导,综合地理国情信息中的地表现状数据与DEM数据,结合专题调查与经济社会统计数据等空间信息,利用GIS空间分析、多元统计分析、基于规则的分类模型等技术,研究细化上位主体功能区进行市县主体功能区划定的方法、指标与分类体系、与上位主体功能区的衔接机制。提出了一种基于局部功能单元的市县主体功能分区方法和流程。并以榆林市为实证研究对象,进行实证研究,划定了榆林市42920 km²的市县级主体功能分区。探索将主体功能分区的空间尺度延伸到具体的地理单元,发挥主体功能区在国土空间规划体系中基础性作用,为主体功能区战略格局在市县层面落地提供科学依据。     

Understanding heterogeneity in metropolitan India: The added value of remote sensing data for analyzing sub-standard residential areas

Analyzing the heterogeneity in metropolitan areas of India utilizing remote sensing data can help to identify more precise patterns of sub-standard residential areas. Earlier work analyzing inequalities in Indian cities employed a constructed index of multiple deprivations (IMDs) utilizing data from the Census of India 2001 (http://censusindia.gov.in). While that index, described in an earlier paper, provided a first approach to identify heterogeneity at the citywide scale, it neither provided information on spatial variations within the geographical boundaries of the Census database, nor about physical characteristics, such as green spaces and the variation in housing density and quality. In this article, we analyze whether different types of sub-standard residential areas can be identified through remote sensing data, combined, where relevant, with ground-truthing and local knowledge. The specific questions address: (1) the extent to which types of residential sub-standard areas can be drawn from remote sensing data, based on patterns of green space, structure of layout, density of built-up areas, size of buildings and other site characteristics; (2) the spatial diversity of these residential types for selected electoral wards; and (3) the correlation between different types of sub-standard residential areas and the results of the index of multiple deprivations utilized at electoral ward level found previously.     

地理信息科学中尺度概念的诠释与表达

本文对地理信息科学的尺度概念、尺度效应、尺度变换等进行了总结,提出了尺度外延与内涵联合表达的3×3尺度矩阵,深入剖析了尺度矩阵中的9个尺度子概念。基于尺度子概念的相互作用,讨论了粒度与广度的依存关系,以及时间粒度、语义粒度分别与空间粒度联合表达的基本规则。针对空间关系尺度在空间分析、空间推理中的重要意义,提出并建立了拓扑关系粒度、方向关系粒度、距离关系粒度的计算方法。在完整诠释地理信息科学中的尺度概念基础上,提出了未来关于尺度问题研究的3个方向:尺度概念形式化、尺度效应与不变性、尺度变换与知识发现。     

城市三维地籍管理的研究

随着城市建设的不断向上、向下拓展,地下宗地、地上宗地渐渐成为地籍管理的一部分,传统的二维地籍管理系统开始不能满足最新地籍管理的需求,迫切需要引入三维地籍的理念,将二维不能描述的三维空间关系清晰得展示出来。本文在综合分析现有二维地籍管理系统优势的基础上,着重介绍了宗地的三维产权、三维地籍测量以及二三维混合管理模式,提出了目前情况下,建立三维地籍的整体思路,为三维地籍管理系统的建设提供一个参考。     

Mapping fine‐scale urban housing prices by fusing remotely sensed imagery and social media data

The accurate mapping of urban housing prices at a fine scale is essential to policymaking and urban studies, such as adjusting economic factors and determining reasonable levels of residential subsidies. Previous studies focus mainly on housing price analysis at a macro scale, without fine‐scale study due to a lack of available data and effective models. By integrating a convolutional neural network for united mining (UMCNN) and random forest (RF), this study proposes an effective deep‐learning‐based framework for fusing multi‐source geospatial data, including high spatial resolution (HSR) remotely sensed imagery and several types of social media data, and maps urban housing prices at a very fine scale. With the collected housing price data from China's biggest online real estate market, we produced the spatial distribution of housing prices at a spatial resolution of 5 m in Shenzhen, China. By comparing with eight other multi‐source data mining techniques, the UMCNN obtained the highest housing price simulation accuracy (Pearson R = 0.922, OA = 85.82%). The results also demonstrated a complex spatial heterogeneity inside Shenzhen's housing price distribution. In future studies, we will work continuously on housing price policymaking and residential issues by including additional sources of spatial data.     

山东省滨州市城镇体系的分形研究

运用分形理论从等级规模和空间结构两方面分析了滨州市城镇体系结构特征。从城镇体系规模结构方面,计算了滨州市城市规模分形分布的分维数和城镇体系的首位指数,并讨论了滨州市城镇体系的等级规模结构及其特点;从城镇体系空间结构角度,计算滨州市空间结构的关联维数,分析其分形特征。最后,提出滨州市城市发展的方向:扩大首位城市规模,培育次级中心城市,积极发展县域小城镇。     

地籍空间实体及其时空拓扑关系

从地籍实体及其静态空间关系的推导出发,讨论了地籍变更的几种类型,创造性地应用地籍实体变更事件驱动地籍空间实体及其拓扑关系的变更,并把地籍变更情况下时空发生的变化归结为碎分和复合进行处理。     

Field strength prediction of mobile communication network based on GIS

This article describes GIS-based models successfully developed for predicting the coverage of Cityphone cellular network, visualizing the predicted signal strength, and analyzing the field strength coverage. In order to predict the signal coverage strength of communication network more accurately, the spatial and nonspatial databases of a mobile cellular network are combined by GIS and produce the necessary parameters. A GIS model named COST-231-Walfisch–Ikegami model (WIM) is developed for signal coverage prediction in Ho Chi Minh City. Radio-line-of-sight and nonradio-line-of-sight conditions can be determined by this model. In addition, in case of nonradio-line-of-sight conditions, average building height, building separation, building width, incident radio path, and road orientation with respect to the direct radio path were obtained using GIS. Road orientation loss, multiscreen diffraction loss, and shadowing gain were predicted more accurate by this model. The scale of maps in the experiment was 1:2000 and the average of floor height was 3?m because there were no exact building height measurements. Statistical results show that the path loss predicted by the COST 231 WIM overcame the real path loss of each cell station. And this method can be used for signal coverage prediction of mobile cellular network in urban areas. Compared to the current situation with the Ho Chi Minh City Posts and Telecommunications system, this model can be effectively applied to improve the Cityphone mobile network quality as well as capability. Developed GIS models can help designers in predicting cell station coverage using real spatial maps that make the results more reliable. This research can help network operators improve the network quality and capability with the best investment efficiently.     

面向对象影像多尺度分割最大异质性参数估计

多尺度分割是遥感影像分析的关键步骤,影像分割过程中的尺度参数选择直接关系到面向对象影像分析的质量和精度。首先,总结了面向对象影像分析中尺度概念的内涵,分析遥感影像空间和属性两大基本特征,依据空间统计和光谱统计获得理论上最优的空间尺度分割参数、属性尺度分割参数。其次,运用了基于谱空间统计的高分辨率影像分割尺度估计方法,分析了分形网络演化多尺度分割与影像谱空间统计特征的关系,进而将基于谱空间统计的面向对象影像分析尺度参数应用于分形网络演化多尺度分割算法中,最后,对其参数的合理性进行验证。研究采用高空间分辨率IKONOS和SPOT 5影像数据,选择建筑实验区和农田实验区进行空间和光谱特征统计,以进一步估计分割中的最佳尺度参数。使用分形网络演化方法对图像进行分割,利用监督分类对本文提出的尺度估计方法进行验证,验证结果表明尺度估计方法可以一定程度上保证后续的面向对象影像分类的精度。不同于以往分割后评价的尺度选择方法会需要大量的运算量,本文方法不需要先验知识的参与,且在分割前就可以自适应地估计出相对较为合适的尺度参数,提高了面向对象信息提取的自动化程度。     

Building population mapping with aerial imagery and GIS data

Geospatial distribution of population at a scale of individual buildings is needed for analysis of people's interaction with their local socio-economic and physical environments. High resolution aerial images are capable of capturing urban complexities and considered as a potential source for mapping urban features at this fine scale. This paper studies population mapping for individual buildings by using aerial imagery and other geographic data. Building footprints and heights are first determined from aerial images, digital terrain and surface models. City zoning maps allow the classification of the buildings as residential and non-residential. The use of additional ancillary geographic data further filters residential utility buildings out of the residential area and identifies houses and apartments. In the final step, census block population, which is publicly available from the U.S. Census, is disaggregated and mapped to individual residential buildings. This paper proposes a modified building population mapping model that takes into account the effects of different types of residential buildings. Detailed steps are described that lead to the identification of residential buildings from imagery and other GIS data layers. Estimated building populations are evaluated per census block with reference to the known census records. This paper presents and evaluates the results of building population mapping in areas of West Lafayette, Lafayette, and Wea Township, all in the state of Indiana, USA.     

Geocoding Large Population‐level Administrative Datasets at Highly Resolved Spatial Scales

Using geographic information systems to link administrative databases with demographic, social, and environmental data allows researchers to use spatial approaches to explore relationships between exposures and health. Traditionally, spatial analysis in public health has focused on the county, ZIP code, or tract level because of limitations to geocoding at highly resolved scales. Using 2005 birth and death data from North Carolina, we examine our ability to geocode population‐level datasets at three spatial resolutions – zip code, street, and parcel. We achieve high geocoding rates at all three resolutions, with statewide street geocoding rates of 88.0% for births and 93.2% for deaths. We observe differences in geocoding rates across demographics and health outcomes, with lower geocoding rates in disadvantaged populations and the most dramatic differences occurring across the urban‐rural spectrum. Our results suggest that highly resolved spatial data architectures for population‐level datasets are viable through geocoding individual street addresses. We recommend routinely geocoding administrative datasets to the highest spatial resolution feasible, allowing public health researchers to choose the spatial resolution used in analysis based on an understanding of the spatial dimensions of the health outcomes and exposures being investigated. Such research, however, must acknowledge how disparate geocoding success across subpopulations may affect findings.     

基于尺度的GIS空间资料表达模型

介绍了基于层的GIS空间资料表达方法易于进行空间查询与空间分析处理的优点,针对其引起的地图难以进行扩展与图像显示转换困难的缺点,提出了基于尺度(比例尺)的空间资料表达新方法.在基于尺度的空间资料表达方法中,地图可以由空间对象,区域,尺度视图三级尺度模型表达.对尺度方法下的地图结构,地图组织,指标结构,地图扩展等在理论上作了探讨,提出了基于尺度的方法与已广为使用的基于层的方法的有效集合,将有可能成为地理信息表达研究的最重要研究方向.     

Analyzing the effects of scale and land use pattern metrics on land use database generalization indices

The generalization index system is one of the critical issues for computer-aided land use database generalization. This paper studies the scale and land use pattern effects on land use database generalization indices and estimates the thresholds of these indices based on a typical land use database sample. The index system of land use database generalization is discussed and constructed from macro and micro perspectives. Six land use pattern metrics, namely, land use diversity index, land use dominance index, land use homogeneity index, land use fragmentation index, the index of land use type dominance, and the index of land use type fragmentation, are designed to characterize land use patterns and are introduced into the analysis of land use pattern effect on land use database indices. The analysis framework of the scale and land use pattern effects on the land use database indices are proposed by employing statistical techniques. Based on the land use database samples at multiple spatial scales collected in various land use regions across China, the study generates rules for both scale and land use pattern effects on the indices, including map area proportion of land use types, total map load, parcel map load, and minimum parcel area. The thresholds of these indices in land use database generalization are produced at the scales of 1:50,000, 1:100,000, 1:250,000, and 1:500,000. An experimental generalization at county level demonstrates how to determine the generalization index values considering scale and land use pattern, and how to evaluate the generalization results using our macro indices.     

宗海图编绘要素在AutoCAD中的实现技术方法探讨

宗海图是用海项目确权、范围界定的重要载体,考虑到宗海图编绘过程中各制图要素的重要性,本文通过分析宗海图编绘规范中关于比例尺、地图注记和图式等相关要求,结合在Auto CAD软件中的实现方法进行了探讨,期望以此实现宗海图编绘过程的规范化。     

Employing Internet GIS Surveys to Characterize Recreational Boating Travel Patterns

Spatial factors are fundamental features of the tourism and recreation phenomenon. In terms of recreational boating, scholars are interested both in boaters' spatial distribution and movement patterns and in the factors associated with their movements, e.g. travel costs, environmental impacts, and social impacts of the movements. Spatial factors are also key to policymakers' decisions about where to establish new boating facilities, how protected areas are used by boaters and in crafting policy that minimizes conflict between recreational boating and other waterway uses. However, systematic studies regarding the recreationist movement are scant, especially at the fine geographic level. One reason for the lack of research is that gathering spatial data presents significant practical problems. In the Florida Saltwater Fishing Study, we integrated Google Map APIs into the online survey instrument to collect spatially‐referenced data regarding boaters' movement on water. Results appear to be accurate, highly cost effective, and easily integrated with other survey information such as angler catch, effort, expenditures and attitudes.     

Analysis of population dynamics using satellite remote sensing and US census data

The population dynamics from 1991 to 2006 for the seven-county Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA), Minnesota, USA, was analysed in this study. Per cent impervious surface areas (%ISA) for 1991, 1999 and 2006 were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images and were modified using two different masking methods. The modified %ISA images of 1991 and 1999 were correlated with 1990 and 2000 census block group data of the ‘two highly developed counties’, ‘five suburban counties’ and ‘all seven counties.’ Populations of both years were then modelled, assessed and compared. Next, the statistical models based on the 1999 %ISA and 2000 census data were applied to the 2006 residential %ISA image to estimate the 2006 population. These 2006 estimates were compared with census county-level population projections for 2006. In comparison to Method A, which uses ‘adjusted %ISA images’ by masking out highway centrelines and areas that have greater than 75% imperviousness, Method B based on ‘pure residential %ISA image’ has higher coefficient of determination (R ²) and much lower, consistent mean absolute relative errors (MARE). For both methods, the strongest R ² and lowest MARE values between modelled population density and true density were found in the five-county model, followed by the seven-county model. The two-county model ranks last in terms of model performance for both years. In general, populations for the two highly developed counties were underestimated whereas the opposite was true for the five suburban counties. Population was most accurately estimated based on data from counties with the same or similar characteristics. By comparing the 1990/1991 and 1999/2000 models, we also found that the rate of population density per unit of impervious surface declined from 1991 to 1999. High accuracy was achieved when applying the 1999/2000 model to predict the 2006 population, suggesting that the relationship between per cent imperviousness and population density were relatively stable between 1999 and 2006.