西北太平洋137°E断面温度场和盐度场的时空特征

本文利用日本气象厅在137°E断面获得的水温和盐度长期观测资料,分析了该断面温度场和盐度场的时空特征.结果表明,137°E断面的温度场和盐度场都存在着明显的季节差异和年际变化.冬季,温度场变化的关键区位于3°~18°N的300m以浅海域,而盐度场变化的关键区则位于18°~34°N的300m以浅海域.夏季,温度场变化的关键区位于3°~16°N的300m以浅海域,而盐度场则有两个关键区,分别位于3°~18°N的200m以浅海域和24°~34°N的300m以浅海域.温度场的年际变化与ENSO循环相联系,而盐度场的年际变化则比较复杂.     

北印度洋障碍层厚度气候态和季节变化特征及其成因初步分析

基于2004—2018年Argo (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography)浮标观测的温度、盐度数据, 利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析和小波分析等方法对北印度洋(40°—105°E, 5°S—25°N)障碍层时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示: 北印度洋的东部常年存在障碍层, 而西部障碍层出现的概率相对较低; 较厚的障碍层出现在阿拉伯海东南部(67°—75°E, 3°—12°N)、孟加拉湾(82°—93°E, 11°—20°N)和赤道东印度洋(81°—102°E, 4°S—3°N)。阿拉伯海东南部和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度以年变化为主, 且呈同位相变化, 均为冬季最大, 夏季最小。赤道东印度洋区域则主要呈现半年周期变化, 在夏季和冬季各出现一次峰值。进一步分析表明, 孟加拉湾和赤道东印度洋障碍层厚度主要受等温层深度变化影响, 混合层深度变化对障碍层厚度变化的影响相对较小; 阿拉伯海障碍层厚度同时受等温层深度变化和混合层深度变化影响, 其中等温层深度变化对其影响更大。     

西北太平洋日本鲭资源丰度分布与表温和水温垂直结构的关系

西北太平洋公海区域为我国近年来重点开发的海域,而日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)为该海域的重要经济鱼种,本文初步探讨了该海域日本鲭渔场的形成机制。根据2015年4—6月春季航次和2016年6—7月夏季航次西北太平洋灯光围网船各站点的调查数据,对日本鲭资源丰度分布与海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperture,SST)、水温垂直结构的关系进行了分析。研究显示:春季日本鲭的站位平均渔获率为736.94 kg/h,高于夏季的498.87 kg/h。日本鲭渔场的分布范围随季节变化而略有差异,春季主要集中在40°N、151°E～153°E海域,夏季主要集中在41°N、154°E～160°E海域。春、夏两季渔场的SST范围有所差异,春季渔场SST范围为7～19℃,最适SST为11～15℃;夏季渔场SST范围为8～24℃,最适SST为8～12℃。分析了不同季节的5～50、50～100和5～100 m水温垂直梯度与站位平均渔获率的关系,表明不同季节渔场的水温垂直梯度差异明显,从50～100 m水温垂直梯度来看,春季日本鲭的站位平均渔获率在0.10～0.15℃/m组距内达最大;夏季,站位平均渔获率随水温垂直梯度增加而减少,在-0.05～0.00℃/m组距内达最大。灰色关联度分析表明,ΔT_(50～100)(50～100 m水温垂直梯度)是对日本鲭渔获率影响最显著的因子,关联度为0.991,纬度、经度和T_(50)等次之。同时分析了所选取的3个代表性站点的水温垂直结构,表明在50～100 m水深范围内有温跃层的站点渔获产量较高,因此,日本鲭渔获率的大小可能与50～100 m水深范围内温跃层的形成密切相关。     

137°经向断面温、盐度的年际变异

系统地分析了１３７°Ｅ断面温、盐度的多年变化,主要结果为：（１）１３７°Ｅ断面１００ｍ层温度,在低纬度海域于某些年份出现异常低温,此现象可能与厄尔尼诺事件有关;指出棉兰老冷涡的存在是造成该断面于６°～８°Ｎ附近出现低温的主要原因．（２）厄尔尼诺期间,冬季１３７°Ｅ断面上２８℃等温线所在纬度小于其多年平均值．（３）冬季１３７°Ｅ断面上次表层高盐水可划分为强型、次强型、中等型和弱型４种类型．     

水温对棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)蝌蚪行为及尾部皮肤和肝脏相关功能酶活力的影响

以1月龄棘胸蛙蝌蚪[体长(1.694±0.121)cm,体重(0.548±0.062)g]为实验对象,在观察水温对蝌蚪行为和尾部皮肤表观色泽Hunter L、A、B值影响的基础上,设置19°C(对照组)、21.5°C、23°C、24.5°C、26°C五个水温梯度,并以96h为水温胁迫时长,12d为水温恢复时长,研究了水温胁迫及恢复条件下棘胸蛙蝌蚪尾部皮肤ATP酶和抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT),以及肝脏抗氧化酶(SOD,CAT,GSH)活力的变化特征。结果表明:(1)棘胸蛙蝌蚪分布水层、集群状况、个体移动率均与其培育水温关系密切,14°C和26°C分别为可显著改变蝌蚪分布水层和个体移动率的水温临界;(2)L值可作为表征蝌蚪尾部皮肤感应培育水温的指示色差,水温26°C为致其发生显著改变的高温临界;(3)蝌蚪尾部皮肤ATP酶耐受水温的最适高限为24.5°C,适宜范围为21.5—24.5°C;(4)蝌蚪尾部皮肤和肝脏表露SOD酶活力的最适水温均为23°C,而表露CAT酶活力的最适水温则分别为23°C和24.5°C,水温26°C时肝脏SOD酶已表露受损;(5)蝌蚪肝脏表露GSH酶活力的最适水温为24.5°C,水温26°C为该酶表露受损的高温临界。     

吕宋海峡水体通量时空变化特征的数值模拟研究

利用区域海洋数值模式(ROMS)建立了南中国海三维海洋环流数值模型。基于2006—2018年逐日平均的数值模拟结果,分析了吕宋海峡断面(120.75°E)的纬向流及通过断面的水体通量的时空变化规律,并采用集合经验模态分解法(EEMD)分别探讨了整层和表、中、底层水体通量的时间变化特征。结果表明:断面处纬向流呈现明显的多核结构,流态分布随季节变化较小,而流速变化受季节影响较大;断面水体通量存在明显的季节、月际变化;其垂向变化在年平均、春季、秋季和冬季时都呈现"三明治"结构,分界点分别在540 m和1 720 m左右,受黑潮分支强度的影响,在夏半年(5—9月)呈现"四层"结构,上表层厚度为45～80 m且存在月变化,5月为发展期,6—8月为成熟期,9月为消亡期;表层水体通量的时间变化对整层的变化影响最大,黑潮入侵的强度是导致整层及表层水体通量变化的主要因素。     

长江口外海域冬、春季水温变化规律研究

收集了1963—1996年长江口外海域水温的观测数据,分析了该海域冬、春季表层、10m层、20m层和30m层不同层次水温的季节和年际变化规律,以及其间水温垂向结构的变化。季节变化上,表层多年平均水温在8月最高,3月最低,底层多年平均水温9月最高,3月最低。年际变化上,冬季在1979年存在一个由冷到暖的跃迁;4月水温的年际变化较冬季复杂,表层、10m层、20m层和30m层水温分别在1979、1973、1973和1975年发生从冷到暖的跃迁。水平分布上,冬季除东南角小范围表层水温降低外,沿岸及北部海区表层水温均升高,春季北部和南部中间海域水温升高,升温幅度由表层至30m层逐渐变小。垂向结构上,冬季表底混合均匀,表层与20m层的年际变化相关系数高达0.97,春季表层与20m层的水温差存在10年左右的变化周期。本文将一些可能影响春季水温年际变化的因素与海温进行了比较并发现,在冷期,春季表层海温与长江口外海域气温相关较暖期好,相关指数为0.79;而暖期的春季表层与20m层的水温差与净热通量相关系数较高,为0.65。     

东海30°N断面冬季温盐分布及年际变化特征分析

根据东海30°N断面1976—2013年历年2月份表、底层温度、盐度资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)、谱分析等方法分析了断面温盐的空间分布特征和时间变化特征。结果表明:断面温度空间变化趋势可分为西段和东段,盐度变化可分为西段、中段和东段;表层温度第一模态呈现准平衡趋势且近海比外海温度变化幅度大,底层温度第一模态呈现下降趋势;表层盐度有降低趋势且近海比外海降低趋势大,底层盐度在近年来表现出降低趋势。该断面水温年际变化和El Nio关系密切;盐度短期震荡和El Nio有关系,而长期变化与PDO有关。     

东海黑潮PN和TK断面流量的多时间尺度变化特征

根据日本海洋数据中心提供的1972—2017年PN断面共181个航次和1987—2010年TK断面共92个航次的CTD调查资料,利用动力高度法估算了这2个断面的流量,分析了其季节、年际和长期变化特征。主要结果表明,PN断面流量季节变化为冬、春和夏季大而秋季小,TK断面流量季节变化为冬、夏季大而春、秋季小,二者共同点为最大(小)流量均出现在夏(秋)季。PN断面年平均流量的年际变化不明显,但冬季和夏季流量分别具有准3 a和准2 a的显著变化周期;TK断面年平均流量具有准4 a和准6 a的显著变化周期,冬季流量具有准4 a和准7 a的显著变化周期,但夏季流量无显著变化周期。此外,PN断面流量在1976年附近出现了一次较大幅度的增加。PN断面流量具有较大的长期增加趋势,增长率约为0.3 Sv/a,在1972—2017年增加了约13 Sv,结合NCEP海面风应力资料,结果显示,北太平洋更高纬度带(35°N和40°N)的风应力旋度对PN断面流量的影响更强。     

鄱阳湖的水温

本文分析了鄱阳湖水温时空变化、水温与气温、湖岸水温与湖中心水温等关系,从而揭示了其基本变化规律:年内湖水温垂直分布均匀,梯度变化小,而深层水温变化大,随月气温变化而变化;水温平面分布自北向南、由西往东逐渐升高;大水体对周围气温有明显调节效果,且水温和气温关系密切;分析了年内水温最高、最低出现时间和变幅范围。     

Research on the short-term fishery forecasting of Spanish mackerel (Scomberomerus niphonius)

-This paper presents the use of the hydrographic factors in short-term fishery forecasting of the spawning migration stock of the Spanish mackerel and salinity describes more concretely the correlativity of water temperature, salinity and air temperature with the fishing season in spring. The data have been collected from the hydrographic environmental investigation at the fixed position on the sea and the telegraph recordings of the drift net operation in the spring fishing season during the period of April and May from 1972 to 1980. The correlation coefficients of various factors with the data of the fishing season have been calculated by using the monadic regression method.The main reference targets of the forecasting are: (1) By using the upper-layer water temperature as the forecasting factor at the beginning of the fishing season, the accuracy is high; (2) the distribution and location of the isotherm of the upper-layer water at 10°C at the beginning of April are used as an important factor for d     

Subsurface Water Masses in the Central North Pacific Transition Region: The Repeat Section along the 18° Meridian

A repeat hydrographic section has been maintained over two decades along the 180° meridian across the subarctic-subtropical transition region. The section is naturally divided into at least three distinct zones. In the Subarctic Zone north of 46°N, the permanent halocline dominates the density stratification, supporting a subsurface temperature minimum (STM). The Subarctic Frontal Zone (SFZ) between 42°–46°N is the region where the subarctic halocline outcrops. To the south is the Subtropical Zone, where the permanent thermocline dominates the density stratification, containing a pycnostad of North Pacific Central Mode Water (CMW). The STM water colder than 4°C in the Subarctic Zone is originated in the winter mixed layer of the Bering Sea. The temporal variation of its core temperature lags 12–16 months behind the variations of both the winter sea surface temperature (SST) and the summer STM temperature in the Bering Sea, suggesting that the thermal anomalies imposed on the STM water by wintertime air-sea interaction in the Bering Sea spread over the western subarctic gyre, reaching the 180° meridian within a year or so. The CMW in this section originates in the winter mixed layer near the northern edge of the Subtropical Zone between 160°E and 180°. The CMW properties changed abruptly from 1988 to 1989; its temperature and salinity increased and its potential density decreased. It is argued that these changes were caused by the climate regime shift in 1988/1989 characterized by weakening of the Aleutian Low and the westerlies and increase in the SST in the subarctic-subtropical transition region. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于捕捞努力量的中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔业入渔预测分析

中西太平洋是全球主要的鲣鱼（Katsuwonus pelamis）围网作业渔场,渔场极易受到海洋环境的影响,但渔场分布在众多岛国的管辖海域,如何科学指导企业准确入渔是重要的研究课题。本文根据1995-2012年中西太平洋鲣鱼围网捕捞生产统计数据,选取产量最高的22个海区（5°×5°）,结合Niño3.4区海表温度距平值（SSTA）和作业海域表温（SST）,研究中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的空间分布规律,同时,以各海区捕捞努力量（作业次数）所占的百分比为入渔指标,建立基于环境因子的入渔决策模型。研究认为,中西太平洋鲣鱼捕捞努力量在纬度方向上主要分布于5°S~5°N,其累计捕捞努力量占所有作业海区的87.4%,其中以130°~140°E经度范围为最高,其捕捞努力量占22个海区的45.08%。入渔指标与Niño3.4区的SSTA、作业海域SST均符合正态模型（P<0.01）,Niño3.4区的SSTA最适值为0.25℃,作业海域SST最适值在29.5℃左右。对预测和实际排名前十的海域进行统计发现,预测值与实际值基本一致。研究认为,所建立的入渔预测模型可有效指导企业的渔业生产,为提高企业生产效率提供支撑。     

Relative transport in the Alaskan Stream in winter

Between late January and March of 1966, the western Subarctic region was widely investigated by MVArgo and MVG. B. Kelez. That is the first oceanographic measurement in this region during winter season. Oceanographic conditions and relative transports are discussed using these data. The Alaskan Stream which is closely related with the formation of the salmon fishing ground, is continuous as far west as long. 170°E and the westward transport of 8×10⁶m³/sec occurs across long. 165°W. That are similar to the conditions in summer. The isolated warm water mass separated from the Alaskan Stream is more clearly defined as a clockwise gyre at the west of Komandorski Ridge. Transport of approximately 9×10⁶m³/sec in the East Kamchatka Current reaches east of the Kurile Islands, where its water, mixing with the Okhotsk Sea water, forms the Oyashio Current having the volume transport of 7×10⁶m³/sec. Generally, the circulation pattern in winter is similar to that in summer. Schematic diagram of relative transport and circulation in the Subarctic region in the North Pacific Ocean in winter is proposed.     

大西洋热带海域长鳍金枪鱼渔场预报模型的比较

为提高大西洋热带海域长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)渔场预报的准确率,对K最近邻(k nearest neighbor,KNN)、逻辑斯蒂回归(logistic regression,LR)、决策与分类树(classfication and regression tree,CART)、梯度提升决策树(gr...     

北太平洋鱿鱼渔场叶绿素a分布特点及其与渔场的关系

根据2001年～8月对位于39°～43°N,152°E～171°W的北太平洋鱿鱼渔场进行的水温、盐度、叶绿素a、浮游植物和鱿鱼捕捞等的调查结果,主要分析北太平洋鱿鱼渔场表层叶绿素a分布特点及其与环境因子、中心渔场的关系.分析结果表明,调查区表层叶绿素a含量变化为0.03～0.32 mg/m3,平均为0.13 mg/m3,其中中部渔场表层叶绿素a含量值最大,东部渔场次之,西部渔场最低;调查海域表层叶绿素a含量分布与表层温度、盐度存在较好的对应关系,叶绿素a含量高值区对应高温区,冷涡区含量最低,暖涡区含量最高;叶绿素a含量随盐度的增加而增加;在西部、中部、东部渔场,表层叶绿素a含量与浮游植物数量呈正相关关系;表层叶绿素a的分布与鱿鱼中心渔场存在较好的对应关系,中心渔场主要位于0.1 mg/m3叶绿素a等值线舌状部分或叶绿素a水平梯度较大处,渔场中心的叶绿素a值大于0.1 mg/m3.叶绿素a分布与环境要素及渔场的相关性分析表明叶绿素a可作为鱿鱼渔场分析中的一个重要参考指标.     

利用渔场环境因子标准化西北太平洋柔鱼CPUE的研究

本文利用1998-2016年西北太平洋柔鱼渔业数据及其渔场（35°~45°N，140°~165°E）的海洋遥感环境数据，包括海表温度、海面高度异常和叶绿素浓度，采用基于渔场环境的方法标准化西北太平洋柔鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量（catch per unit effort，CPUE）。结果表明:柔鱼高频次作业的海表温度范围为10.2~22.2℃（96.05%），海面高度异常范围为-15.9~28.2 cm（97.91%），叶绿素浓度范围为0.0~1.0 mg/m3（96.69%）。名义CPUE和基于环境因子的标准化CPUE年际变化趋势基本一致。但由于柔鱼作业方式高度集中，有效捕捞努力量远低于名义捕捞努力量，以及考虑环境因子影响效应，名义CPUE均低于标准化CPUE。在深入理解鱿钓渔业和其生物学特性的基础上，基于渔场环境因子准化后的CPUE更具代表性，建议在以后的柔鱼资源评估与管理中使用基于渔场环境因子的标准化CPUE。     

基于GAM模型分析印度洋大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔场分布与不同环境因子关系

印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作为我国重要的远洋渔业之一，探究其渔场时空变动及与环境因子之间的关系十分必要。本文根据2016年1—6月收集的印度洋金枪鱼渔业生产数据，并结合卫星遥感获取的环境因子数据，运用ArcGIS和GAM模型分析了印度洋大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空变动及与环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明:大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼1—6月CPUE均呈现先减小后增加的趋势，4月均达最高值，分别为2.45尾/千钩和3.56尾/千钩，各月CPUE均存在显著性差异（P<0.001）；大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空变动基本趋于一致，均为先向东北移动，后向西北移动，最后再向东北移动的趋势；GAM模型分析显示，大眼金枪鱼CPUE与模型因子的解释率为32.1%，纬度和250 m水深温度影响最显著，黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE与模型因子的解释率为37.2%，200 m水深温度影响最显著；协同分析表明，1—6月，印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓中心渔场分布于1°S~9.5°N，47°~64°E，且海表温度在29.3~30.8℃的海域。     

Variability of the Southern Hemisphere Subtropical Jet Stream in the Second Half of the 20th Century and Early 21st Century

Latitudinal position and wind speed of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet stream have been investigated on the basis of ERA-Interim, JRA-55, and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for 1948–2013. The analysis covers different time intervals in summer and winter seasons, as well as different spatial domains. It has been shown that the variability of the southern jet stream parameters in both winter and summer seasons is predominantly characterized by wind-speed weakening on the jet-stream axis and its poleward shift. The winter seasons of 2000–2013 identified a shift in the jet-stream axis toward the equator in the Atlantic (60°–0° W) and African (0°–60° E) sectors; the wind-speed increase in the Atlantic sector was statistically significant. The wind speed on the jet-stream axis in both winter and summer is closely related to the temperature difference in the upper tropospheric layer of 200–400 hPa between the latitudinal zones of 0°–30° S and 30°–60° S. A significant negative correlation (r = ?0.78) between wind speed and temperature difference has been revealed for the winter season in the upper tropospheric layer between the latitudinal zones of 30°–60° S and 60°–90° S, which can be explained by the Southern Annular Mode variability in this season. No such relationship has been found for the summer season.     

Variations of oceanic fronts and their influence on the fishing grounds of Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific

Two predominant currents, the warm Kuroshio Current and the cold Oyashio Current, meet in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The dynamics of physical oceanographic structures in this region, including frontal zones and meandering eddies, result in a highly productive habitat that serves as a favorable feeding ground for various commercially important species. Neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, is an important oceanic squid, which is widely distributed in the North Pacific Ocean. Based on the catch data collected by Chinese squid jigging fleets and relevant environmental data, including sea surface temperature(SST) and fronts(represented by gradients of SST and thermocline) during 1998–2009, the variations of oceanic fronts and their influence on the fishing grounds of O. bartramii were evaluated, and the differences in distribution of fishing grounds of O. bartramii in 2000 and 2002 were compared by describing the differences in vertical temperature between 0–300 m. It was found that the preferred horizontal temperature gradient of SST for O. bartramii tended to be centered at 0.01–0.02°C/nm, which attracted nearly 80% of the total fishing effort, and the preferred horizontal temperature gradients at the 50 m and 105 m layers were mainly located at 0.01–0.03°C/nm, which accounted for more than 70% of the total fishing effort during August–October. The preferred vertical temperature gradient within the 0–50 m layer for O. bartramii tended to be centered at 0.15–0.25°C/m during August and September and at 0.10–0.15°C/m in October, implying that the mixed surface layer was distributed at depths of 0–50 m. It was concluded that the vertical temperature gradient was more important than the horizontal temperature gradient in playing a role in forming the fishing ground. The results improved our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the O. bartramii fishery.