新疆西南天山下石炭统图尤克阿秀组火山岩地质及地球化学特征、构造环境及年代依据

西南天山下石炭统图尤克阿秀组火山岩为爆发相火山角砾(集块)岩、喷溢相致密状玄武岩、枕状杏仁状玄武岩,与沉积相结晶灰岩或放射虫硅质互层组成,其沉积相岩性在走向上相变明显.火山岩主要元素地球化学特征、稀土微量元素特征与典型的大洋岛屿玄武岩相似.岩石组合特征、岩相特征、主量元素、微量及稀土元素特征表明,该火山岩形成于板内大洋岛屿(海山)环境,具板内裂谷特征.综合硅质岩中放射虫组合和玄武岩全岩40Ar/39Ar年龄测试结果,确定火山岩形成地质时代为早石炭世.     

巴音沟蛇绿岩岩石成因演化:天山早石炭世“红海型”洋盆的地质记录

巴音沟蛇绿岩岩片是北天山早石炭世蛇绿岩带的组成部分 ,是天山石炭—二叠纪裂谷系北缘的早石炭世“红海型”洋盆的地质记录。早石炭世晚期的巴音沟蛇绿岩套被侵位于早石炭世浅海—陆相裂谷火山 -沉积岩系 (火山岩单元 )之中。该蛇绿岩套由超镁铁岩、辉长岩 (具共生斜长花岗岩脉 )、闪长岩、辉绿岩、枕状玄武岩和块状熔岩组成。早石炭世裂谷化和北天山洋盆的开启产生了拉斑玄武质岩浆及少量演化岩浆。微量元素和 Nd、Sr、Pb同位素成分揭示 ,存在两种幔源 :1火山岩单元的早石炭世裂谷镁铁质熔岩产生于软流圈OIB型板内源的较低度部分熔融 ;…     

内蒙古迪彦庙蛇绿岩带达哈特前弧玄武岩的发现及其地质意义

内蒙古SSZ型迪彦庙蛇绿岩位于兴蒙造山带北部的二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带。笔者最近在迪彦庙蛇绿岩带西侧达哈特一带新发现前弧枕状玄武岩。该玄武岩岩性为低钾拉斑玄武岩,发育球颗结构和枕状构造。通过LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,获得玄武岩中锆石的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为333.4±8.5Ma。岩石SiO_2 42.97%~50.9%,较低的TiO_2 0.59%~0.94%,富Na_2O(1.58%~4.26%)而贫K_2O(0.04%~0.44%),Na_2O/K_2O为9.59~47.3;岩石具有亏损型稀土配分模式,类似N-MORB,但高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta和Ti等比N-MORB稍低,相容元素Cr、Ni和大离子亲石元素(LILE)K、Rb、Ba、U比N-MORB稍高,与弧拉斑玄武岩相似。地球化学特征指示达哈特枕状玄武岩兼有洋中脊与岛弧双重特性,而更像洋中脊,与马里亚纳前弧玄武岩(FAB)相一致。这一发现为明确二连-贺根山蛇绿岩带早石炭世存在前弧玄武岩提供了岩石学、年代学和地球化学佐证,表明二连-贺根山洋早石炭世发生了洋内初始俯冲和洋陆转化岩浆作用。     

哈萨克斯坦北东天山浅成低温热液型金矿床成矿时代及构造背景

哈萨克斯坦北东天山地区是中亚造山带重要的浅成低温热液型金矿床产出地区,但其成矿年代学研究非常薄弱。为确定成矿时代,作者运用高精度激光40Ar/39Ar定年法对阿尔哈尔雷金矿床和乌仁科布拉克金矿床的赋矿围岩进行了年龄测定。获得阿尔哈尔雷金矿床安山岩样品20个点40Ar/39Ar等时线年龄为304±7Ma(MSWD=6),乌仁科布拉克金矿床安山玄武岩样品21个点40Ar/39Ar等时线年龄为280±6Ma(MSWD=2.4),表明哈萨克斯坦北东天山地区浅成低温热液型金矿床主要形成于晚石炭世末期-早二叠世。初步的岩石学、地球化学研究表明,哈萨克斯坦北东天山地区晚石炭世末期-二叠纪火山岩主要为流纹岩、粗安岩、玄武粗安岩、玄武安山岩、粗面玄武岩和玄武岩,具双峰式特征,主体属于高钾钙碱性和橄榄玄粗岩系列。哈萨克斯坦北东天山地区晚石炭世末期浅成低温热液型金矿床形成于碰撞晚期向裂谷的转换阶段,而二叠纪浅成低温热液型金矿床产出于陆内裂谷环境。     

Discovery and significance of the Misimiao ophiolite in Xi U jimqin Banner,Inner MongoliaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

内蒙古西乌旗新发现的米斯庙蛇绿岩,位于中亚造山带东段迪彦庙SSZ型蛇绿岩带的西延米斯庙一带。大比例尺填图结果显示,米斯庙蛇绿岩呈NEE向展布,宽约5km,长约20km,蛇绿岩各单元出露较齐全,岩性主要为蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩、暗色均质辉长岩、浅色均质辉长岩、斜长岩、枕状前弧玄武岩(fore-arc basalt,FAB)、枕状过渡熔岩和泥质硅质岩,局部见斜长花岗岩侵入于玄武岩之中,其岩性组合和岩石序列可与代表洋内初始俯冲的迪彦庙前弧蛇绿岩相对比。该米斯庙蛇绿岩岩石序列中辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为336.5±3Ma,与东部迪彦庙蛇绿岩的辉长岩同期。米斯庙FAB主要发育无斑结构和少斑结构,基质为球颗结构,枕状构造;枕状过渡熔岩,发育斑状结构,比FAB具有更多的斜长石斑晶。米斯庙FAB地球化学成分与大洋中脊形成的强亏损玄武岩相似,但与N-MORB相比,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb和Ta等含量略低于N-MORB,与弧拉斑玄武岩相似;与米斯庙FAB相比,米斯庙枕状过渡熔岩的地球化学特征是更加亏损Ti、HREE和HFSE,指示大洋板片的渐进性俯冲,类似于IBM前弧的演化。米斯庙蛇绿岩与迪彦庙前弧蛇绿岩均发育类似于马里亚纳前弧的FAB序列,两者延伸长度可达40km,表明在古亚洲洋东段早石炭世沿迪彦庙-米斯庙一带发育洋内初始俯冲,记录了早石炭世古亚洲洋东部洋内初始俯冲事件。     

新疆西南天山图尤克阿秀组的建立及地质特征

图尤克阿秀组为新疆阿合奇县托什干河上游一带1∶5万区域地质矿产调查工作时建立的岩石地层单位.区域层位上,该组与下伏地层托格迈提组为平行不整合接触,与上覆地层阿依里河组为整合接触.其下部为一套火山岩与碳酸盐岩岩石组合,中部为一套复理石建造,上部为一套深海硅质岩建造.总厚度大于3 523 m.经对该组中腕足、三叶虫、放射虫鉴定结果和对玄武岩全岩40Ar/ 39Ar年龄测试,确定其地质时代为早石炭世.该套地层是早石炭世南天山微板块和塔里木板块裂解,陆间小洋盆慢速扩张的产物.     

东天山博格达造山带东段七角井组枕状玄武岩地球化学特征及构造背景探讨

东天山博格达东段下涝坝南部地区七角井组枕状玄武岩地球化学特征表明,玄武岩属于亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列,具有轻稀土轻微富集的特征((La/Yb)N介于1.89~2.21之间)及弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.89~0.96),并且显示出岛弧火山岩的Nb-Ta-Ti负异常特征。微量元素中除活动性较强的元素(Cs、Rb、Ba)其余元素均为N-MORB的1~2倍,接近下地壳的含量。(La/Nb)N介于1.82~2.62之间,远远大于1,暗示了该地区的火山岩在上升过程中可能遭受了地壳的混染。Zr含量大于142×10~(-6)、Zr/Y值大于4,也显示了板内玄武岩的特征。在多种环境判别图解中均落入大洋岛弧边缘,靠近IAT和MORB或板内构造环境区域内,显示了同时具有IAT和MORB的特征,结合研究区内的早石炭世地层的沉积构造环境,笔者认为博格达东段下涝坝南部地区在早石炭世期间处于一种伸展(弧后拉张)的构造环境。     

新疆天山中段独库公路地质构造

路线横穿天山中段，沿途可先后观察到各时期的侵入岩、火山岩、沉积岩及其变质岩，天山几条大型构造线，北天山由橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、枕状玄武岩、放射虫硅质岩组成的蛇绿岩套，哈希勒根断裂附近的超镁铁岩带，伊宁盆地东缘石炭纪火山岩及侏罗系含煤岩系，拉尔敦达坂中元古界眼球状混合片麻岩、阳起石片岩及糜棱岩，哈尔克山志留、泥盆、石炭纪联酸盐岩和碎屑岩及丰富的珊瑚、腕足类、层孔虫、类化石，志留─泥盆系整合接触关系及早泥盆世枕状玄武岩、放射虫硅质岩及铁锰矿层，库车盆地中新生界形成的风蚀地貌及新构造运动痕迹，沿途可观光戈壁绿洲，高山隧道，现代冰川，优美的森林、草原、高山湖泊及天鹅自然保护区风光。     

中国北天山晚石炭世白杨沟火山岩的成因及地质意义

中国北天山作为中亚造山带西部重要的组成部分,其晚古生代的构造背景长期存在板内裂谷环境和岛弧环境两个截然不同的认识,有些学者还提出该地区有塔里木地幔柱的影响,从石炭纪到二叠纪均发育大量的双峰式火山岩。为了厘定其石炭-二叠纪模糊不清的构造属性以及火山岩的地质特征,本文对北天山博格达隆起带白杨沟地区火山岩进行了系统的研究。这套火山岩由枕状玄武岩、块状玄武岩、安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩、流纹岩和火山角砾岩组成。安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩和流纹岩属于Ⅰ型酸性岩,与枕状玄武岩及块状玄武岩整合接触。海相棘皮类化石的发现以及锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(~311Ma)的测定指示这套白杨沟火山岩应属于晚石炭世祁家沟组。同时,安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩的发现表明白杨沟火山岩剖面并非双峰式火山岩,但与双峰式岩浆(玄武质和流纹质岩浆)有密切的成因关系。MELTS模拟计算指示白杨沟流纹岩和熔结凝灰岩不是与其共生的玄武岩高度结晶分异的产物。与含水玄武质岩石的部分熔融实验对比,正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+5.9~+7.5)以及岛弧特征的微量元素性质则表明白杨沟流纹岩和熔结凝灰岩主要由含水的新生岛弧玄武质地壳(岩石)发生部分熔融形成。流纹岩很可能代表新生地壳部分熔融的直接产物。然而熔结凝灰岩中发育玄武质和长英质两类浆屑,大量斜长石晶屑的发育以及负Eu至正Eu异常(δEu=0.8~1.1)暗示安山-英安质熔结凝灰岩还受岩浆混合作用和长石堆晶作用的影响。结合博格达晚石炭世玄武岩的研究,本文认为博格达晚石炭世应为洋内岛弧后弧或弧后环境,与北天山洋(或称为准噶尔洋)向南俯冲有关。博格达隆起带石炭-二叠纪构造属性的转变很可能与东准噶尔弧和博格达弧在石炭-二叠纪界限时期发生的弧-弧碰撞作用有关。     

小兴安岭西北部石炭纪地层火山岩的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年代学及其地质意义

小兴安岭西北部晚古生代火山-沉积地层时代的厘定对讨论区域构造演化具有重要意义。本文对该区晚古生代火山岩和粉砂岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年代学研究。结果表明,原晚石炭世-早二叠世宝力高庙组、早二叠世大石寨组和晚二叠世五道岭组火山岩均形成于石炭纪,锆石U-Pb年龄集中于353～352Ma和307～306Ma。早石炭世洪湖吐河组上部粉砂岩的碎屑锆石具有两组206Pb/238U谐和年龄,其加权平均年龄分别为385.2±6Ma和353.0±3.6Ma,前者与区域中晚泥盆世钙碱性火山岩的时代相近,后者与早石炭世火山岩的年龄一致,表明沉积物源主要来自中晚泥盆世-早石炭世火山岩,沉积上限为杜内期。新的年代学资料及地层学资料表明,区域早石炭世火山活动(353～352Ma)伴有洪湖吐河组海相沉积,晚石炭世火山活动(307～306Ma)则伴有宝力高庙组陆相沉积。综合区域上普遍缺失巴什基尔阶,认为大兴安岭北部-小兴安岭西北部地区早石炭世晚期发生的海-陆转变与额尔古纳-兴安地块和松嫩地块的碰撞拼合密切相关,早石炭世火山岩可能形成于碰撞前的俯冲环境,晚石炭世火山岩形成于碰撞后的伸展背景。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.