南岭大瑶山高速公路浓雾的宏微观结构与能见度研究

南岭山地地处南亚热带湿润型季风气候区,每年9月至次年5月有华南准静止锋活动时均会有浓雾发生,每月浓雾日可高达15—18 d,尤其是中国目前最长的京珠高速公路通过南岭主脉大瑶山的乐昌—乳源段,路面海拔高度从200 m增至800多米,山地的抬升使雾害更加严重。在南岭大瑶山高速公路开展的两次多学科综合野外观测,内容包括目测能见度、器测能见度、雾滴谱、雾含水量、系留探空、双参数低空探空、雾层湍流扩散、气溶胶粒子谱、气溶胶成分谱、雾水样品成分、雨水样品成分。对典型个例进行了天气学分析,雾的宏观结构特征分析,雾的微物理特征分析。认识到南岭山地浓雾发生频率高,雾害十分严重,是典型的平流雾和上坡雾,实质上是出现在相对较高海拔高度上的低云,与华南锋面活动尤其是华南准静止峰的活动密切相关,局地地形的作用也非常重要。其特点是浓雾持续时间长、能见度极其恶劣、团块结构明显、雾滴尺度大、浓度不高、含水量较大、雾层内的湍流扩散能力比晴空区强,与中国过去研究较多的辐射雾差别较大。发现雾含水量与能见度呈明显的反相关关系,含水量较大时能见度较小;南岭山地雾含水量等微结构特征量的起伏变化,除与雾体本身的结构不均匀有关外,一个重要的原因是平流因素的影响,南岭山地下垫面的不均匀性,雾体随环境风的平移过程中,不规则的爬坡、翻越山坡的运动是造成雾体结构不均匀、振荡起伏变化的另一个重要原因。该地气溶胶粒子谱是呈单调下降的幂函数谱,次微米粒子浓度甚高,南岭山地气溶胶中含有高浓度的硫酸盐粒子,是优质凝结核,有利于雾的形成。雾的存在可以清除大气中的微量成分,雾滴可以包含浓度很高的污染物成分。同时,较之云滴而言,雾滴也很容易被地表物体(如植被、建筑物等)的垂直表面所截获,构成另一类清除过程。在南岭这样的大面积森林地区,这类清除过程可能是很重要的。研究本地区雾的特征变化,对建立本地区雾的预警预报系统有很大的现实意义,并为开展消雾试验提供了基本资料。     

南岭山地浓雾的物理特征

利用1998年12月-1999年1月在南岭山地进行的雾的综合野外观测资料，分析了南岭山地浓雾的宏，微观物理特征，对三次典型浓雾过程的谱特征，含水量与能见度的关系进行了分析。讨论，指出南岭山地的浓雾过程与天气系统的活动密切相关。     

南岭大瑶山浓雾雾水的化学成分研究

文中利用 1998年 12月～ 1999年 1月和 2 0 0 1年 2～ 3月在南岭山地采集的雾水样品资料 ,分析了南岭山地浓雾雾水的化学成分 ;对 3次典型浓雾过程雾水的离子浓度及其可能的来源进行了分析 ;发现酸雾的频率达 5 1% ,酸雾的危害不容忽视。南岭山地的浓雾雾水中的诸离子浓度远高于雨水。不同过程雾水的化学特征变化差异明显 ,在雾水中浓度最高的阴离子是SO2 -4,其次是NO-3 ;阳离子Ca2 ,NH 4 的浓度最高。雨水比雾水酸性更强 ,说明虽然雾水中的离子浓度较雨水高得多 ,但大量的离子成分中存在更多的缓冲物质 ,比如说NH 4 和Ca2 。雾水中的Ca2 ,SO2 -4,Mg2 有明显的富集现象 ,南岭大瑶山的雾水主要受大陆环境和人类活动的影响。     

ANALYSIS OF THE MICROPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF RADIATION FOG IN XUANEN MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF HUBEI, CHINA

Based on data of radiation fog events in Xuanen, Hubei province, 2010, this paper analyzes the microphysical process and evolution characteristics of radiation fogs with complicated substrate in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and compares them with findings in other areas. Results are as follows: radiation fog in Xuanen is evidently weaker in droplet number concentration and liquid water content than land fogs in other areas. Its liquid water content fluctuates obviously, 0.01g/ m3 with visibility of 1,000 meters, which is quite different from that in urban areas, but similar to the Nanling Mountains. Bi-modal droplet distribution is likely to occur in Xuanen mountain radiation fog (MRF) events. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be piecewise described well by the Gamma distribution. There is a positive correlation between liquid water content, fog droplet concentration and mean radius, especially in the development and dissipation stage. Condensation growth and droplet evaporation are major processes of Xuanen MRF. The dissipation time coincided with the time when the grass temperature reached the peak value, which indicated that dew evaporation is a key role in maintaining Xuanen MRF. In the early stage of dense fog’s growth, droplets with diameter of over 20 micrometers can be observed with visibility of 800-1,000m, which might be caused by the transportation of low cloud droplets to earth’s surface by turbulence. Big droplets in the initial stage correspond to higher water content, leading to the higher observed value of water content of Xuanen MRF.     

Macro- and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway (the longest expressway in China) that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level (ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fogdrops, liquid water content (LWC) of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diffusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and reflect on the role of local terrain as well. The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration, extremely low visibility, well-organized lump-shaped structure, large-size fog-drops, moderate concentration, high LWC, and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in ne sky. They di er much from radiation fogs, which are better documented in previous study in China. It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range. It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is, in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself, the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface;during the translation of fog with the ambient wind, irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog. The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent. The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher. The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts. are actually good nuclei for condensation, which are favorable for the formation of fog. The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements. In the meantime, compared to cloud droplets, fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface, such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kind of cleansing process.In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts., this kind of cleansing may be quite important. Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

基于机器学习的长江重庆航道雾情特征提取

基于2018—2020年长江沿线26个自动气象监测站的逐5 min能见度监测数据、重庆海事管辖水域资料和长江航道基础地理信息,利用K-Means、DTW、PCA等机器学习算法,分析了长江重庆航道雾情的时空分布、时序形态等特征。结果表明:长江重庆航道雾情过程高发区域是涪陵-忠县水域,长寿及上游水域次之; 江面雾情过程较高频率出现在夏季的6月、7月,冬季较之偏少,大部分的雾情过程时长均在1 h内,多在夜间生成及结束; 不同时间长度的雾情过程具有不同的时序形态特征,当时长不足27 h时,主要表征能见度下降过程的信号,超过27 h的过程则主要表征能见度回升阶段信号,“象鼻形”先期振荡信号随着雾情过程时长的加大而进一步增强。      

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL STUDY ON DENSE FOG OVER MOUNTAINOUS AREAS

Using the non-hydrostatic meso-scale model MM5v3, dense fog that occurred from March 7 to March 8, 2001 over the Mts. Nanling area was studied. With integrated field experiments and observations, the occurrence, development and lift mechanism of fog were analyzed. The results indicate that before the coming of stratiform clouds, southerly warm and wet air ascended along mountainside and cooling condensation formed mountain fog. Then fog was formed by the stratiform on cloud-contacting mountaintop. A front inversion layer accelerated the development and extended the duration of the lower cloud and fog. The intensity, occurrence time, mass content and the variation of temperature and relative humidity of the fog agreed with those of the observation. It showed that the meso-scale model has the potential to forecast mountain fog.     

MICROSTRUCTURES AND TEMPORAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS DURING A SEA FOG EVENT ALONG THE WEST COAST OF THE TAIWAN STRAIT

Synoptic systems and microphysical properties associated with a sea fog event are analyzed based on the measurements of visibility, meteorological elements and fog droplet spectrum from a comprehensive field campaign in Xiamen, Fujian province during spring 2013. The influences of meteorological elements on the microstructures of the sea fog are also discussed. The results showed that the wind speed and direction changed suddenly during the intermittent and disperse phases of the sea fog. Liquid water content, number concentration and average diameter varied obviously in the development, mature and disperse phases of the sea fog. The burst re-enforcement of sea fog was accompanied by explosive broadening of fog droplet spectrum; average diameter, number concentration and liquid water content increased sharply; and background meteorological conditions also changed significantly. The microstructures fluctuated intensely due to changes in turbulence, radiation and meteorological conditions at different stages, including nucleation, condensation, coagulation, and evaporation, as well as the discontinuity of spatial distribution of droplets.     

南京市冬季雾的物理化学特征

为研究南京冬季浓雾的宏微观物理结构和物理化学过程,揭示空气污染物与雾水化学结构的关系,2006—2007年冬季,在南京信息工程大学院内进行了雾的综合观测试验。观测项目包括雾的宏微观结构、雾水化学、大气气溶胶粒子谱及化学成分、辐射和热量平衡各分量、湍流以及常规气象和环境监测。在雾的生消过程中,各项目的观测是连续进行的。两年共观测到27次雾过程,并采集到37个雾水样本。按其形成,将南京冬季雾分为辐射雾、平流辐射雾和蒸发雾三类。该文详细分析了各类雾的宏微观结构,研究了强浓雾(能见度小于50m)发展的物理过程。结果指出,南京冬季雾多属暖雾,雾顶高度以平流辐射雾最高,平均顶高851m,辐射雾次之,平均顶高486m,蒸发雾偏低,平均顶高428m;各微物理参数均以平流辐射雾最大,辐射雾次之,蒸发雾最小,平流辐射雾含水量最大时可达1g/m3。通过对微物理参量连续变化分析发现,平流辐射雾和辐射雾进入强盛阶段时,都具有明显的爆发性增强特征。雾水化学分析结果表明,南京雾水离子浓度比较高,酸雾约占43%,属于硫酸型,均与空气污染物SO2、NO2和颗粒物有关。     

南京冬季雾爆发性增强的物理特征研究

根据2006年12月在南京市郊观测的3次浓雾过程(12月12日、14日和24~27日)资料,分析了雾的发展过程及爆发性增强特征,探讨了雾体爆发性增强的原因。结果表明:南京冬季雾爆发性增强的物理特征是在很短时间内(30 min以内),能见度急剧下降,雾滴数密度和含水量明显增加、尺度明显增大、雾滴谱变宽。究其原因,发现夜晚长波辐射增强或近地层出现冷平流造成的气温急剧下降,日出后地表水分蒸发或西南湿平流增强造成的湿度明显增大以及湍流混合作用,都能导致雾体爆发性增强。     

2006-2010年福建沿海城市群低能见度天气特征及影响因素

利用2006年1月至2010年12月各城市能见度、相对湿度、降水、天气形势和PM10的浓度资料分析福建沿海城市群低能见度天气的特征及其影响因素,并将福建沿海主要城市分成北部、中部和南部3个城市群。结果表明：北部城市群每年霾日只有8-26 d,低能见度主要是由（轻）雾引起的,而中、南部城市群低能见度主要是由霾引起的;各城市群（轻）雾和霾天气主要出现在12月至翌年6月,7-11月出现率极低,而平均能见度夏秋季节高于冬春季节;各城市群的低能见度、（轻）雾和霾均以“短暂”为主,其次是“半天”,“全天”最少;低涡切变下（轻）雾的日数最多,其次是高空槽和暖区辐合,再其次是变性冷高压;霾出现频率较高的是暖区辐合、高空槽和变性冷高压3种天气形势;PM₁₀浓度在霾、非低能见度天气下和（轻）雾天气条件下分别为0.068-0.109 mg·m^-3、0.041-0.072 mg·m^-3和0.044-0.064 mg·m^-3。     

雨雾、雪雾共生天气气象要素分析

利用多通道微波辐射计、边界层风廓线仪及自动/人工气象站等观测资料, 分析了2007年秋冬季北京地区雨雾和雪雾两次共生天气形成与维持过程中地面和高空气象要素伴随降雨、 降雪过程的变化。结果显示:(1) 高湿和小风是雨雾、雪雾生成并造成地面低能见度的主要气象条件。大雾形成与维持过程中, 地面水平能见度与相对湿度的反相关关系非常显著。能见度越低时, 雾的含水量也越高。 (2) 较弱的降雨和降雪可以促使雾含水量减少, 提高能见度, 但降雨或降雪蒸发增湿又利于雾的维持。 (3) 雨雾在降雨过程中高层气温经历大幅增降, 除可能受天气系统影响外, 与云层中水汽凝结释放的大量潜热和含水量大幅度增加也有关系。雪雾在降雪过程中高层温度总体随着时间趋于降低且变化幅度较小。 (4) 在降雨、降雪过程中雨雾和雪雾低层一直存在水汽饱和层, 且饱和层的顶部随降雨和降雪强度的加大而抬升, 厚度不断加大, 造成地面水平能见度进一步下降。结合催化剂人工消雾与共生雾降水 (降雨或降雪) 相似的原理, 个例分析结果初步表明较弱的降雨或降雪过程对消除暖雾、冷雾的影响有限, 对改善地面水平能见度并不显著, 这对人工消雾技术研究具有一定的启发作用。     

一次南海海雾微物理结构个例分析

本文利用2010年3月22～23日广东省湛江市一次海雾过程的雾滴谱和能见度资料,分析了海雾的微物理特征及微物理参量(数浓度、液态含水量和平均直径)之间的相关性,并讨论了影响海雾的主要物理过程。结果表明:湛江地区海雾的平均雾滴谱符合Junge分布;在海雾发展和成熟阶段,雾滴谱拓宽过程以及数浓度与平均直径的正相关关系表明本次海雾过程主要以雾滴活化和凝结增长过程为主;湍流过程的参与使得雾滴混合均匀,雾滴平均直径向3.5 μm附近集中,趋向平均化。同时湍流使雾体内部和外部空气交流,外部空气的凝结核核化,数浓度升高,凝结增长造成小雾滴变大。     

THE IMPACT OF MOUNTAIN TO BASIN WINDS ON THE DIURNAL VARIATION IN FOG OVER THE SICHUAN BASIN, CHINA

There is an increased demand for the accurate prediction of fog events in the Sichuan Basin (SCB) using numerical methods. A dense fog event that occurred over the SCB on 22 December 2016 was investigated. The results show that this dense fog event was influenced by the southwest of a low pressure with a weak horizontal pressure gradient and high relative humidity. This fog event showed typical diurnal variations. The fog began to form at 1800 UTC on 21 December 2016 (0200 local standard time on 22 December 2016) and dissipated at 0600 UTC on 22 December 2016 (1400 local standard time on 22 December 2016). The Weather Research and Forecasting model was able to partially reproduce the main features of this fog event and the diurnal variation in the local mountain to basin winds. The simulated horizontal visibility and liquid water content were used to characterize the fog. The mountain to basin winds had an important role in the diurnal variation of the fog event. The positive feedback mechanism between the fog and mountain to basin winds was good for the formation and maintain of the fog during the night. During the day, the mountain to basin wind displayed a transition from downslope flows to upslope flows. Water vapor evaporated easily from the warm, strong upslope winds, which resulted in the dissipation of fog during the day. The topography surrounding the SCB favored the lifting and condensation of air parcels in the lower troposphere as a result of the low height of the lifting condensation level.     

一次山地浓雾的三维数值研究

利用非静力平衡中尺度数值模式MM5v3对发生在2001年3月7—8日的南岭山地浓雾进行数值研究，结合外场综合观测资料，分析浓雾的发生、发展和消散机制。结果表明，在大范围的主体层状云系到来之前，低层的偏南暖湿气流沿山坡爬升冷却凝结形成爬坡雾，提早了地面浓雾出现的时间；大范围层状云系在山头接地形成了地面的浓雾。随后锋面逆温促进了低云和浓雾的长期维持与发展。模拟雾的强度、出现时间、含水量和温度、湿度随时间的演变与实测基本吻合。表明了中尺度模式预报山地浓雾的潜在能力。     

LONG-TERM VARIATIONS OF FOG AND MIST IN MAINLAND CHINA DURING 1951-2005

Fog is an important indicator of weather. Long-term variations of fog and mist were studied by analyzing the meteorological data from 743 surface weather stations in mainland China during 1951-2005. In climatology, there are more foggy days in the southeast than in the northwest China and more in the winter half of the year than in the summer half. The decadal change of foggy days shows regional variation. Southwest China is the region with the most foggy days, and more than 20 foggy days occur in Sichuan Basin in one year. Persistent heavy fog usually appears in winter and spring over the North China Plain and Northeast China Plain. Misty days are much more frequent in the provinces south of the Yangtze River than in the regions north of it, and there is an obvious increase of misty days after the 1980s. Southwest China is the area with the most number of misty days, and more than 100 misty days occur in Sichuan Basin in a year.     

九华山雾的时空分布特征及地形的影响作用

利用位于九华山不同海拔高度上测站和自动气象站的气象资料,对比分析雾的时空分布特征,探讨地形的影响作用.结果表明:年平均雾日平地区为19 d,低山区为82 d,半山区为145 d,高山区为110 d,平地区雾日呈逐年增加的趋势,山区雾日呈逐年减少的趋势;平地区的雾主要出现在秋季和冬季,山区的雾多发生在春季和冬季;平地区雾日10月-次年1月出现频率较高一些,山区雾日的高值出现在3月,低值出现在7月,1-4月山区雾的发生频率明显高于平地区;平地区和低山区最易生成雾的时间在05-07时,半山区和高山区在04-08时;平地区和低山区的雾主要在08-10时消散,半山区和高山区主要在09-11时;半山区雾的平均持续时间和最长持续时间均大于其他区域,高山区雾的最短持续时间仅有0.2 h;未饱和湿空气随气流进入喇叭口后,受到上升运动的作用,气团抬升冷却,在喇叭口底部区域水汽达到饱和而形成雾;地形逆温的存在提供了稳定的层结条件,对雾的形成和维持起着重要作用;山区风场的辐合作用有利于雾的形成和维持.     

南岭山地一次锋面浓雾过程的边界层结构分析

利用2001年3月上旬在南岭山地进行的综合野外观测资料,分析了有雾和无雾时的天气型和边界层风、温、湿结构特征。分析表明,冷空气影响期间出现的地面雾是低空湿度饱和区向地面扩展,云底接地形成的雾,锋面雾消散过程实质上为雾层底逐渐抬升离开地面的过程。边界层结构受天气系统的影响,锋面逆温结构对雾的维持有重要作用,单层强逆温结构有利于雾的发展和维持,多层(双层)弱逆温结构容易导致雾消散;出现雾与前期低空南风强劲,高空盛行西南或西南西气流,充分回暖增湿,导致整层空气湿度大有密切关系;浓雾维持期间,出现小到中雨时,雨强峰值时间段都出现能见度短时好转的现象,否则则反之,表明云雾中的微物理过程与能见度有密切关系。     

重庆市冬季雾生消的物理特征

2001年12月份在重庆市郊及市区进行了雾的综合外场观测，其间12月4日和29日各出现了一次雾过程。通过对这两次雾过程的分析，揭示了重庆市冬季雾生消的宏微观物理过程。同时通过和10a前重庆雾的比较，得到了重庆城市发展后雾生消的一些新的特征，并分析了其原因。和10a前相比，重庆市区冬季雾维持时间缩短，强度减弱，雾体爆发性发展的时间延后；雾滴数密度可比10a前增大一个数量级，雾滴尺度约为10a前的一半。重庆城市的扩大，湿度的减小和气溶胶粒子浓度的增加是重庆雾产生这种变化的根本原因。