可可西里库赛湖揭示的青藏高原北部近4000年来的干湿变化

通过青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖KS-2006孔(深637cm)沉积岩芯总有机碳、总氮含量及沉积物粒度变化的研究,恢复了该地区近4000年来的干湿变化历史.结果表明,该地区近4000年来经历了显著的干湿变化,干旱时段出现在3900-3590cal aBP、3320-2630cal aBP、1720-1420cal aBP及1100-840cal aBP期间:湿润时段出现在3590-3320cal aBP、2630-1720cal aBP、1420-1100cal aBP以及840cal aBP之后小冰期有效降水升高的相对湿润时期.区域对比分析表明库赛湖地区近4000年来的干湿变化受亚洲季风影响;同时,该地区存在明显的中世纪暖期及小冰期的三次降温事件记录.     

太平洋年代际振荡对中国东部季风区降水影响的新证据

简要介绍了太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的研究历史.在此基础上,选择两个分别来自长江下游和黄河口的钻孔沉积记录,探索百年以来沉积物粒径变化对PDO波动的响应.研究结果表明,来自河口附近的两个钻孔沉积物粒径变化与PDO波动有显著的相关性.主要原因是PDO在年代际尺度上影响了东亚季风区的降水,进而改变了长江和黄河流域的水动力条件,并最终体现在沉积物粒度的变化上.进一步分析显示,PDO处于不同位相时期,受降雨中心移动的影响,长江和黄河沉积物粒度呈现出不同的变化规律.同时,本文还选择中国东部其他代表性高分辨率地质环境替代指标,如石笋和树轮,对比研究多种环境指标对PDO波动响应的差异.结合重建的PDO数据,本文发现近二百年以来钻孔沉积物粒度对PDO波动同样有一定的响应,未来可以作为研究PDO对中国东部地区降水影响的新证据.本文从地质学角度比较了PDO与中国东部降水之间的关系,再次印证了前人关于PDO影响中国东部气候环境的研究成果,为PDO的研究提供了一种新的指标,对年代际尺度上中国东部地区气候环境演化历史的重建和未来气候预测都具有一定的指导意义.     

新疆博斯腾湖记录的亚洲内陆干旱区小冰期湿润气候研究

利用中国内陆干旱区最大淡水湖泊博斯腾湖中心的钻孔岩芯, 在¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb和AMS ¹⁴C测年基础上, 对湖泊岩芯孢粉组合、碳酸盐含量和粒度等多指标进行了分析. 结果发现, 近1000年来, 内陆干旱区气候变化经历了3个主要阶段, 1000~1500 AD干旱、1500~1900 AD湿润和1900 AD以来的再次变干, 近千年来在几百年尺度上的气候变化组合以暖干和冷湿为主. 在公元1500~1900年的小冰期期间, 多种代用指标均出现显著变化, 孢粉蒿藜比显著增大, 碳酸盐含量明显降低, 而粒度明显偏粗, 说明博斯腾湖流域降水增加, 气候比今湿润, 这与近百年来全球变暖条件下内陆干旱区出现的暖干气候形成显著对照. 亚洲内陆冰芯、湖泊、河流、树轮、沙漠等记录均记录了西风环流显著影响区较为湿润的小冰期气候, 出现明显的冷湿气候组合, 博斯腾湖岩芯记录的湿润小冰期气候具有代表性. 西风环流影响区湿润小冰期气候可能是全球性普遍降温导致有效湿度增加和因北大西洋涛动负异常而导致的西风影响区降水增加两个因素共同作用的结果.     

柴达木盆地东部尕海短钻岩芯记录的过去近400 a区域环境变化

干旱区湖泊沉积可以有效记录区域湿度变化及粉尘活动历史,位于柴达木盆地德令哈南部的咸水封闭湖泊尕海具有恢复区域环境变化的潜力.该地区的长序列环境演变研究已开展了较多的工作,但缺乏短尺度、高分辨率的近代以来的环境变化湖泊记录.通过对尕海深水区短钻岩芯放射性核素210Pb和137Cs的年代测定和沉积物各指标分析,认为尕海沉积物碳酸盐含量可以反映区域湿度变化;而粗颗粒组分(66.9μm)主要由风力搬运入湖,其含量可以指示区域粉尘活动历史.区域近400 a的环境变化可划分为3个阶段:1633 1750 AD:各指标出现大幅度波动,表现出该时期气候环境的不稳定和干湿交替,其中1650 1720 AD的变化波动尤为显著,这与太阳活动进入Maunder极小期存在一定的联系.1750 1950 AD:区域气候环境无明显波动,碳酸盐含量逐渐降低,湿度增加.1950 2010 AD:各指标变动剧烈,区域虽降水增多,但由于蒸发加强,湿度降低;1974 AD以后粗颗粒组分含量急剧上升,表现出高强度尘暴事件.     

梵净山九龙池沉积物氮同位素组成与全新世气候演变过程

湖泊沉积物氮同位素(δ¹⁵N)在古环境、古气候变化方面有着指示气候干湿变化的重要作用,但目前学界对于δ¹⁵N记录作为气候代用指标所指示的气候干湿变化特征仍缺乏深入探索。本文以贵州省梵净山九龙池湖泊沉积物为研究对象,分析并探讨δ¹⁵N所记录的梵净山地区气候干湿变化过程与特征,并结合总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和碳氮比值(C/N)数据进行对比研究,结果表明:(1)由于九龙池湖泊沉积物有机质受流域输入影响,气候湿润时,陆生植物增多,土壤湿度增大,外源输入对湖泊沉积物有机质影响增大,沉积物δ¹⁵N值偏负;气候干旱时,陆生植物减少,土壤湿度降低,外源输入对湖泊沉积物有机质影响减小,沉积物δ¹⁵N值偏正;(2)九龙池湖泊沉积物δ¹⁵N记录很好地揭示了梵净山地区全新世的气候干湿变化过程,即早期(11.5—9.2 ka B.P.)亚洲夏季风增强,气候从干旱期向湿润期转变,中期(9.2—3.0 ka B.P.)亚洲夏季风强盛,气候整体处于湿润期,晚期(3.0—2.2 k...     

全新世镜泊湖粒度特征记录的该地区古降水变化历史

在湖泊沉积与环境演变研究中,粒度参数通常用来反映湖泊水动力条件的变化,进而反映湖面波动状况以及湖区环境有效湿度的变化．镜泊湖JPH-1钻孔沉积物粒度分析表明:全新世以来镜泊湖沉积物粒度的变化呈现明显的粗细交替变化的规律性．结合14C测年,镜泊湖沉积物粒度特征有效地指示了历史时期镜泊湖水动力变化的情况．进而揭示了该地区古降水的变化历史．9300-8540cal aBP,是一个降水较少的偏干旱时期;8540-6350 cal aBP,降水颇丰的湿润时期; 6350-3120cal aBF,气候波动频繁,前期(6350-4800 cal aBP)由湿润向干旱过渡,后期(4800-3120cal aBP左右)又由于早转向湿润,31 20-1 580 cal aBP,降水较多,气候湿润;1 580 cal aBP至今,降水变化波动剧烈,这阶段粒度特征的变化除了与降水的自然变化有关外,还与人类活动的剧烈影响有关系．湖区周围人类活动破坏了原始植被,大量地表裸露,降水冲刷地表作用明显增大,陆源物质被携带人湖,粗颗粒含量显著增多．     

草海地区过去500年来古温度重建:来自沉积物纤维素结合碳酸盐氧同位素的证据

利用连续流同位素质谱仪测定了草海沉积物柱芯碳酸盐和纤维素氧同位素比值.依据纤维素和湖水氧同位素之间稳定的分馏值定量恢复了历史时期草海湖水氧同位素组成,在此基础上结合碳酸盐氧同位素组成,运用Craig方程恢复了草海地区过去500年来古温度变化历史.结果表明恢复的1950年以来的温度变化与草海地区获得的气温记录(年平均)具有很好的一致性;草海地区在过去500年存在四个明显的冷期:1540～1570 AD,1670～1715 AD,1780～1870 AD及1900～1930 AD,其中前三个冷期发生在传统意义上的现代小冰期时段.重建的四个冷期与邻近地区泥炭、冰芯、树轮、历史文献及湖泊沉积记录的冷期基本一致,特别是与西南地区红原泥炭纤维素氧同位素记录的温度变化曲线相吻合;恢复的草海地区过去500年古温度变化曲线与印度夏季风变化及太阳活动强度有较好的一致性,其中1670～1715 AD和1780～1870 AD冷期分别对应于Maunder和Dalton太阳活动极小期.这些结果表明纤维素氧同位素结合碳酸盐氧同位素是一种有效的古温度指示剂,同时也为现代小冰期在中国西南地区的存在提供了直接证据.     

东亚小冰期气候形成中太阳辐射和火山灰作用的敏感性试验

利用最新的太阳辐射变化资料和火山灰记录通过气候模式的模拟试验来探讨小冰期气候的形成因子 ,并揭示其动力学机制 .模拟结果较好地反映了在太阳辐射和火山灰作用下典型小冰期东亚地区的温度和降水变化 .主要结论是 :在小冰期典型强迫条件下 ,欧亚大陆年平均温度普遍降低 ,且具有明显的区域差异 ,高纬度降温幅度大于低纬度 ,冬季降温幅度大于夏季 .我国长江流域以北的广大地区的降温幅度在 0 .2 - 0 .4℃之间 .不同季风区对火山灰和太阳辐射变化具有不同的响应 .东南季风控制的地区 (如我国的华东、华南地区 )降水明显减少 ,年平均减少幅度在 0 .5 - 1.5mm/d之间 ,西风和西南季风控制的广大地区降水几乎持平或略增 ,最大年均增幅小于0 .5mm/d .这与历史证据和自然记录资料是一致的     

气候变化对中国西汉至五代(206BC~960AD)粮食丰歉的影响

粮食丰歉是理解中国过去气候变化对社会经济影响过程及其机理的关键环节之一.由于缺乏足够的长时段连续和高分辨率的粮食生产定量记录,尚无过去2000年粮食丰歉序列重建,使得气候变化影响机理的认识出现"断链".本研究提出了基于历史文献资料和量化粮食生产丰歉等级的方法,首先建立词汇的语义分级标准并进行逐年农业丰歉定级,再根据各丰歉等级的结构关系计算丰歉指数,进而进行每10年的农业丰歉等级评定.搜集了《二十四史》中逐年的作物收成、温饱状况、农业灾害、粮价及仓储和民生等记录共1636条,据此重建了西汉至五代(206BC~960AD)时期10年分辨率的农业丰歉序列,并分析了温度和干湿变化与粮食丰歉的关系.结果表明:西汉至五代时期丰收、平收和歉收的年代分别占33.3%,39.3%和27.4%;丰歉变化可分为三个阶段:206BC~51BC偏丰、50BC~590AD偏歉和591AD~960AD偏丰.丰收通常对应着暖宜(温暖、降水适宜)的气候组合条件,而歉收则多为冷干的气候条件.气温与农业丰歉呈正相关关系,而降水过多造成洪涝灾害或过少造成旱灾均会导致农业歉收,体现了中国东部季风气候区农业生产受有限热量条件和极端降水制约的特点.     

2.5ka来新疆吉力湖湖泊沉积记录的气候环境变化

选择位于西风区的吉力湖为研究对象,利用~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和AMS~(14)C测年手段,建立了吉力湖沉积岩芯2.5ka以来的时间序列。对湖泊沉积物的粒度、总有机碳、总氮以及有机碳同位素等多环境指标的综合分析,重建了吉力湖2.5ka以来的气候环境演化特征。2.5ka以来吉力湖气候环境变化大致经历了5个阶段:500BC-50BC,暖干;50BC-650AD,冷湿,气候不稳定,冷暖波动较大;650-1350AD,暖干,对应于中世纪暖期(MWP),1350-1850AD,冷干,对应于小冰期(LIA);1850AD以来,温干,其中20世纪20年代后,尤其是70年代以来,气候变暖。吉力湖多环境指标记录的气候环境变化与其它地质记录以及历史文献记录均具有较好的一致性。     

Humid Little Ice Age in arid central Asia documented by Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China

Short sediment cores retrieved from Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China, were used to explore humidity and precipitation variations in arid central Asia during the past millennium. The chronology of the cores was established using 137Cs, 210Pb and AMS 14C dating re- sults. Multi-proxy high-resolution analysis, including pollen ratios of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (A/C), carbonate content and grain size, indicates that the climate during the past millennium can be divided into three stages: a dry climate between 1000―1500 AD, a humid climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) (c. 1500―1900 AD), and a warm dry period after 1900 AD. On centennial timescales, the climate change in northwestern China during the past 1000 years is characterized by oscillations between warm-dry and cold-humid climate conditions. All the proxies changed significantly and indi- cate increased precipitation during the LIA, including increased pollen A/C ratios and pollen concen- trations, decreased carbonate content and increased grain size. The humid period during the LIA re- corded by the Bosten Lake sediments is representative of arid central Asia and is supported by nu- merous records from other sites. During the LIA, the water runoff into the Keriya River and Tarim River in the Tarim Basin increased, while the ice accumulation in the Guliya ice core increased. Additionally, the lake levels of the Aral and Caspian Sea also rose, while tree-ring analysis indicates that precipita- tion increased. We hypothesize that both the lower temperature within China and the negative anomalies of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during this period may have contributed to the humid climate within this area during LIA.     

Variations in dust event frequency over the past century reflected by ice-core and lacustrine records in north China

In this paper, we analyzed the variations of dust proxies in the Dunde, Malan and Chongce ice cores from the northern Tibetan Plateau and the Hongjiannao lacustrine sediment core from north Shaanxi Province, and found that they all showed a general decrease trend over the past century. Owing to the fact that all these ice cores and lacustrine core were retrieved from the margins and/or the leeward sides of the major areas of dust events in north China, their records could suggest that the dust event frequency in north China declined over the study period. This decrease trend might be attributed to increasing precipitation and weakening westerly. However, human activities have made the areal extent of desertification expand acceleratingly in north China. This status could make it possible that dust events would occur on a large spatial scale under the future climate change, which would be a big environmental issue we shall face.     

The vegetation feature and palaeoenvironment significance in the mountainous interior of southern China from the Last Glacial Maximum

Palynological records were selected from the profiles of three research sites in the mountainous interior of southern China(Dajiuhu at Shennongjia in the western part of Hubei Province, Dahu in the Nanling Mountains, and Gantang in the northern part of Fujian Province). It can be inferred that the forest vegetation growing in the south of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River was luxuriant during the late glaciation. The species succession with ecological significance in palaeoflora(Abies sp., Fagus sp. and Alnus sp.) revealed that there was a certain amount of precipitation and effective humidity in the mountain lands between Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River and Nanling Mountains. This ecological environment favored the zonal distribution of mountainous forest vegetation. The late glacial maximum featured a cold, wet climate that completely differed from the cold-dry climate on the Loess Plateau, and on the steppe and desert steppe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Besides being influenced by the predominant factors driving the Northern Hemisphere climate, the cold-wet climate feature of the mountainous interior of southern China was closely associated with some geographical factors such as the latitudinal position, proximity to the ocean, and the topography and landforms.     

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of aeolian sand in the Otindag dune field and Holocene climate change

The dune system in Otindag sand field of northern China is sensitive to climate change, where effective moisture and related vegetation cover play a controlling role for dune activity and stability. Therefore, aeolian deposits may be an archive of past environmental changes, possibly at the millennial scale, but previous studies on this topic have rarely been reported. In this study, thirty-five optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ten representative sand-paleosol profiles in Otindag sand field are ob-tained, and these ages provide a relatively complete and well-dated chronology for wet and dry varia-tions in Holocene. The results indicate that widespread dune mobilization occurred from 9.9 to 8.2 ka, suggesting a dry early Holocene climate. The dunes were mainly stabilized between 8.0 and 2.7 ka, implying a relatively wet climate, although there were short-term penetrations of dune activity during this wet period. After ~2.3 ka, the region became dry again, as inferred from widespread dune activity. The "8.2 ka" cold event and the Little Ice Age climatic deterioration are detected on the basis of the dune records and OSL ages. During the Medieval Warm Period and the Sui-Tang Warm Period (570-770 AD), climate in Otindag sand field was relatively humid and the vegetation was denser, and the sand dunes were stabilized again. These aeolian records may indicate climate changes at millennial time scale during Holocene, and these climatic changes may be the teleconnection to the climate changes elsewhere in the world.     

The East Asian Monsoon since the Last Glacial Maximum: Evidence from geological records in northern China

The impact of global warming on the climate of northern China has been investigated intensively, and the behavior of the East Asian monsoon during previous intervals of climatic warming may provide insight into future changes. In this study, we use paleovegetation records from loess and lake sediments in the marginal zone of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) to reconstruct the EASM during the interval of warming from the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) to the Holocene. The results show that during the LGM, desert steppe or dry steppe dominated much of northern China; in addition, the southeastern margin of the deserts east of the Helan Mountains had a distribution similar to that of the present-day, or was located slightly further south, due to the cold and dry climate caused by a strengthened East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) and weakened EASM. During the last deglaciation, with the strengthening of the EASM and concomitant weakening of the EAWM, northern China gradually became humid. However, this trend was interrupted by abrupt cooling during the Heinrich 1(H1) and Younger Dryas(YD) events. The EASM intensified substantially during the Holocene, and the monsoon rain belt migrated at least 300 km northwestwards, which led to the substantial shrinking of the desert area in the central and eastern part of northern China, and to the large expansion of plants favored by warm and humid conditions. Paleoclimatic records from the marginal zone of the EASM all show that the EASM reached its peak in the mid-Holocene, and past global climatic warming significantly strengthened the EASM, thereby greatly improving the ecological environment in northern China. Thus, northern China is expected to become wetter as global warming continues. Finally, high resolution Holocene vegetation records are sparse compared with the numerous records on the orbital timescale, and there is a need for more studies of Holocene climatic variability on the centennial-to-decadal scale.     

East Asia Winter Monsoon changes inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records during the last 2300 years in mud area southwest off Cheju Island,ECS

The last 2000 years are an important time span both for IGBP-PAGES and CLIVAR of WCRP. One of the main aims of these projects is to obtain high-resolution records of global change, such as that stored in ice cores, tree rings, speleothems, corals, lakes, marine records, etc., and then use these data to make sound estimates for future global change. To accomplish these projects, we first need to obtain high-resolution geological records and proxies for climatic/environ- mental changes. …     

华北降水年代际变化特征及相关的海气异常型

利用近50年华北地区26个站逐月降水观测资料和全球大气海洋分析资料,分析了华北降水的年代际变化特征及其和全球海气系统年代际变化的关系.对华北降水距平指数变化分析表明,近50年来华北降水具有减少的总体趋势,叠加在该趋势之上的是年代际变化,其中1965年和1980年发生了两次跃变,使得20世纪80年代干旱尤为严重.在对华北地区降水年代际变化特征分析的基础上,揭示了与华北降水年代际异常相伴随的大气环流和上层海洋热力异常型.结果表明,华北降水年代际异常与太平洋上层海洋热力状况异常有显著关系,主要表现为太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）与华北降水异常的相关.在年代际时间尺度上,华北干旱与上层海洋热力及大气环流异常的配置关系如下：当华北地区干旱时,则热带中东太平洋海温偏高,北太平洋中部海温偏低,即太平洋上主要表现为PDO暖位相,全球大部分地区（包括华北地区）气温偏高,青藏高原地区气温偏低,日本北部及东西伯利亚气压异常偏低,华北及其以南大片地区气压偏高,华北地区由异常西北风控制,不利于水汽向华北地区输送.     

中国末次冰盛期以来湖泊水量变化及古气候变化机制解释

中国古湖泊数据库收录的42个湖泊,提供的湖泊水量每千年变化的空间信息,可以用来系统分析中国区域末次冰盛期以来大气环流变化的状况.研究结果表明:我国西部从末次冰盛期以来直至全新世中期均为较湿润的气候状况,推测冰期内的湿润条件主要与西风带的降水以及低温低蒸发密切相关,而全新世主要为夏季风降水增加所致;全新世晚期气候趋干明显.我国东部的大部分区域在冰盛期和晚冰期较为干旱;只是在全新世有效降水状况才有大幅度的改善,全新世中期夏季风降水的效应仍然相当显著,控制的范围可达整个中国西部,同时位于现代季风气候区的中国东部,有效降水的峰值区的变化似乎存在从北往南的穿时性,南方有效降水峰值出现在晚全新世.而西南季风区湿润状况的明显改善发生在晚冰期,比东南季风区发生的早,显然这与两个季风系统的相互消长有一定的关系.我国东北区的湿润状况改善的也较早,显示了独特的季风气候机制.     

Spatial patterns of vegetation and climate in the North China Plain during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene climatic optimum

Reconstructing the spatial patterns of regional climate and vegetation during specific intervals in the past is important for assessing the possible responses of the ecological environment under future global warming scenarios. In this study, we reconstructed the history of regional vegetation and climate based on six radiocarbon-dated pollen records from the North China Plain. Combining the results with existing pollen records, we reconstruct the paleoenvironment of the North China Plain during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) and the Holocene Climatic Optimum(HCO). The results show that changes in the regional vegetation since the LGM were primarily determined by climatic conditions, the geomorphic landscape and by human activity.During the LGM, the climate was cold and dry; mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest and deciduous-evergreen broadleaf forest developed in the southern mountains, and cold-resistant coniferous forest and mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest were present in the northern mountains. The forest cover was relatively low, with mesophytic and hygrophilous meadow occupying the southern part of the plain, and temperate grassland and desert steppe were distributed in the north; Chenopodiaceae-dominated halophytes grew on the exposed continental shelf of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. During the HCO, the climate was warm and wet;deciduous broadleaf forest and deciduous-evergreen broadleaf forest, with subtropical species, developed in the southern mountains, and deciduous broadleaf forest with thermophilic species was present in northern mountains. Although the degree of forest cover was greater than during the LGM, the vegetation of the plain area was still dominated by herbs, while halophytes had migrated inland due to sea level rise. In addition, the expansion of human activities, especially the intensification of cultivation,had a significant influence on the natural vegetation. Our results provide data and a scientific basis for paleoclimate modelling and regional carbon cycle assessment in north China, with implications for predicting changes in the ecological environment under future global warming scenarios.