我国“人文地理学以信息为对象的研究”：15年发展回顾

以国内发表人文地理学论文的专业核心期刊为检索源,考察了15年来“人文地理学以信息为对象的研究”的相关成果。依据研究内容、研究对象和研究思维等的差异划分了问题研究阶段、专题研究阶段、时代性课题研究阶段和主题研究阶段4个发展时期。依据研究成果的影响力,归纳了新的空间形态及新的流、信息产业和信息化、互联网与区域经济差异、信息技术作用下的城市、旅游在线服务5个热点研究领域。最后结合国际地理联合会“信息社会的地理学委员会”提供的行动方案,对今后国内“人文地理学以信息为对象的研究”发展予以展望并提出若干研究议题。     

土壤多样性理论与方法在中国的应用与发展

土壤多样性作为土壤地理学研究领域的前沿性内容,可定量化描述土壤的空间变异性和分布格局问题,日益受到国内外广泛关注。在简要回顾了土壤多样性在国外的产生和发展过程后,着重对该专题在中国近15年的发展历程进行了深入分析,并对中国土壤多样性研究的发展特点和趋势进行了分析与总结,根据研究时期、内容和目的的不同,认为中国土壤多样性研究可以划分为引起与探索时期以及拓展应用时期,除以丰富度指数、仙农熵和均匀度指数为主的经典多样性计量方法外,新提出的土壤空间分布多样性为传统方法提供了重要的数据补充,该专题在土壤地理学和其他相关学科中仍具有广阔的应用空间和发展前景。     

中国地理学的发展战略研究

    根据地理学的发展历程与研究对象，阐述了地理科学在社会发展中的地位与作用，介绍了现代地理学发展的主要趋势与特点，分析了中国地理学研究的主要特点、问题与差距，并对其今后发展的战略目标、重点领域、具体措施等提出了对策建议。        

网络信息空间的城市地理学研究：综述与展望

20世纪90年代,互联网飞速发展,不仅深刻地影响了我们的社会系统和经济结构,同时也重构了全球城市的物理和虚拟空间结构形式。近几年,在西方发达国家,网络信息空间的相关研究已经成为多学科研究的热点,有关城市网络信息空间的地理学研究也不断涌现。从技术与经济的角度入手,在已有文献资料基础上,对西方地理学界关于网络信息空间与城市发展的研究进展进行了评述。首先界定网络信息空间的概念及其相对于物理空间的各种特征,然后总结城市学者研究网络信息空间的几种理论方法,并从三个空间层次分别评述现有的实证研究成果。在此基础上,对网络信息空间的测量方法和关于城市地理学的研究内容进行了进一步展望。     

虚拟仿真技术在地质学中的应用

得益于计算机技术、人工智能技术、多媒体技术、传感器技术等的迅速发展,虚拟仿真在科学领域已经得到了广泛的应用并具有巨大的市场需求。在地质学中,国内外高校已经将虚拟仿真技术应用到教学中,使其打破了传统教学的时空限制。但目前虚拟仿真在该领域的应用还存在场景内容欠缺,交互感不足,细节展示不够等问题。为能够进一步拓展虚拟仿真技术在地质学中的应用思路,文章对虚拟仿真技术在多个科学学科中的应用情况进行研究,介绍了面向地学的综合型、国际化的沉浸式虚拟仿真实验室实例。综合型的地学虚拟仿真实验室的建立,将深度融合地学与虚拟仿真技术,为多学科交叉融合、国际化教学等未来的教学发展方向提供更有效的平台。     

地理计算——数量地理学的新发展

研究方法论的变革是推动地理科学发展的动力。90年代以来,作为地理科学方法论之一的数量地理学迅速向全新的地理计算学发展。凭借高性能计算软、硬件设备的支撑,一些以“整体性”、“大容量”资料所表征的地理学时、空演变问题的模拟、预测,逐渐得以实现。以国内外文献资料为基础,追溯了国外地理计算学的发展,讨论了地理计算的内涵和构成,分析了作为地理计算基础的高性能计算的基本特征,介绍了在几个地理学固有命题(空间互作用、人口、城市演变动力学)研究中凭借高性能计算所进行的成功探索,旨在为启动我国的地理计算学研究,提供一些有益的借鉴。     

乡村地理学

乡村地理学是人文地理学的一门重要新兴分支学科,主要研究乡村地域综合体的特征及其演化规律,乡村是指城市以外并与之相对应的地域,两者之间存在着相互依存、相互渗透、相互转化的阶段性空间关系。 乡村地理学在第二次世界大战以前,主要局限于研究乡村聚落和农业,重点放在研究乡村聚落的起源、成长和发展,与城市地理和人口地理关系十分密切。当时的代表人物有法国     

现代港口地理学的研究进展及展望

基于港口地理研究的时代背景变迁,分析了现代港口地理学的研究进展与研究内容,重点从港口地理的基本研究范畴、港口理论、港口体系、枢纽港、港口与腹地关系、航运网络、航运企业和码头企业等角度深入解析其重点历程与主要论点,对中国港口地理学的研究进展和国际学者的相关论点进行了阐述,然后从研究内容、研究范式、研究重点和研究地区等角度,总结和评价现代港口地理学的研究特征,梳理其发展规律与研究轨迹。同时基于以上研究,从研究范式、研究重点、研究单位等角度,对港口地理学的未来研究趋向进行了深入探讨。通过该研究,系统总结了港口地理学的研究进展,有助于该学科的理论和实证研究。     

论全球变化背景下的自然地理学研究

全球变化给地球上的自然要素和自然过程乃至社会、经济和人们日常生活都带来了广泛和深刻的影响。全球变化研究已成为目前国际地学研究最活跃的前沿领域之一。在全球变化的大背景下 ,自然地理学在哲学思维和方法论上必须进行革新。例如用目的论替代传统的因果论 ,在继续重视研究地理事物的同一性的同时应更多地强调其多样性和独特性。此外 ,自然地理学研究应注意将多样性观念融入研究之中 ,在研究中树立“四维”(自然维、人类维、时间维和区域维 )观念 ,加强尺度观念 ,将区域尺度的研究作为今后的优先领域 ,并将研究重点放在关键性区域。     

基于空间计量的农地城市流转驱动机制研究综述

采用文献回顾法、归纳法,对农地城市流转的国内外已有关研究进行归纳和总结。农地城市流转的相关研究并未将地块间的空间联系纳入考虑,割裂了其地理空间上的相关性。对空间计量中空间相关性及地理加权回归模型的产生及发展进行了分析,提出应将空间计量应用于土地利用管理研究,并考虑各区域在土地利用方面的空间关联,以寻求更为科学合理的路径研究农地城市流转的驱动机制。     

Image spaces and the geography of Internet screen-space

This article aims, first, at the exposition of image space and a scalar model differentiating among its four visual classes: virtual space (visual presentations of real space and material artifacts), cyberspace (digital communications and information media), the Internet (digital communications and informational spaces), and Internet screen-space (ISS) (users’ visual interface with the Internet), thus leading from the wider to the specific. This differentiation is followed by discussions of cyberspace and Internet screen-space geography. Cyberspace has been spatially defined as artificial reality, interactivity, and conceptual and metaphorical spaces. As a spatial experience, cyberspace involves co-presence, low cognitive mapping, and egalitarian and global communications. The article aims further at the development of interpretations for ISSs and their uses along dimensions originally developed for real-space geography. These include: real space parameters (ground; distance; places; scale/regions; boundaries; and flows); user spatial parameters (speed; directionality; circularity; distanciation); and user socio-spatial parameters (proximity; networking; time–space compression).     

Food porn,pro-anorexia and the viscerality of virtual affect: Exploring eating in cyberspace

By engaging with ‘pro-anorexia’ and ‘food porn’ on the Internet, this paper explores eating in cyberspace. Reflecting on the ways in which virtual, but affective, consumption is central to both food porn and pro-anorexia websites, the paper asks what the act of eating ‘triggers’ and produces, connects and displaces. It traces how eating in, and through, cyberspace shapes the biological materialities of bodies whilst also collapsing neat distinctions between offline and online worlds. Virtual vectors of spectating, salivating and digesting are disembodied and yet corporeal. Eating is seen to take place beyond and among bodies and to be dissipated both spatially and temporally. As such, cyberspace is outside and other to lived corporeality, and yet also folded into and productive of the intimate geographies and embodied subjectivities of everyday lives. As eating takes myriad forms across the de-materialised viscerality of the Internet, it also emerges as central to the production and ‘matter(ing)’ of cyberspace itself; this is (an) eating space in which what is eaten, by whom and with what bodies, perpetually shifts. Thus, seeking to contribute to geographical scholarship on affect and food, this paper engages with eating as both the subject of enquiry and also as a productive pathway into an interrogation of cyberspace and its place within the affective productions of the everyday. It suggests that this is a key site in which to explore the intimate socialities, materialities and biopolitics of food.     

There is no such thing as the ‘Ediacara Biota'

The term‘Ediacara Biota’(or many variants thereof)is commonly used to refer to certain megascopic fossils of Precambrian and early Palaeozoic age e but what does the term actually mean?What differentiates a non-Ediacaran‘Ediacaran’and an Ediacaran‘Ediacaran’from an Ediacaran non-‘Ediacaran’?Historically,the term has been used in either a geographic,stratigraphic,taphonomic,or biologic sense.More recent research and new discoveries,however,mean that the term cannot actually be defned on any of these bases,or any combination thereof.Indeed,the term is now used and understood in a manner which is internally inconsistent,and unintentionally implies that these fossils are somehow distinct from other fossil assemblages,which is simply not the case.Continued use of the term is a historical relic,which has led in part to incorrect assumptions that the‘Ediacara Biota’can be treated as a single coherent group,has obscured our understanding of the biological change over the PrecambrianeCambrian boundary,and has confused research on the early evolution of the Metazoa.In the future,the term‘Ediacaran’should be restricted to purely stratigraphic usage,regardless of affnity,geography,or taphonomy;suffcient terminology also exists where reference to specimens on a geographic,taphonomic,or biologic basis is required.It is therefore time to abandon the term‘Ediacara Biota’and to instead treat equally all of the fossils of the Ediacaran System.     

矢量地理数据安全保护关键技术和方法

近年来,矢量地理数据在政府、国防、国土、交通、海洋等多个领域广泛应用.矢量地理数据在存储、传输、共享过程中正面临日趋严重的安全威胁.矢量地理数据的安全保护与数据共享矛盾已成为制约地理信息产业发展的关键问题之一.针对上述问题,分析了现有矢量地理数据安全保护中数据加密、数据水印、数据置乱和信息伪装等若干关键技术及其进展,分析了矢量地理数据安全保护所面临的方法及新技术融合带来的技术挑战.结合当前矢量地理数据和网络空间安全领域的新进展,提出了敏感信息度量和局部动态处理等一些未来研究和发展的重要方向,为矢量地理数据安全保护与数据共享技术的研究和应用作出一些有益的探索.      

基于微博平台的中国城市网络信息不对称关系研究

网络信息空间的空间关系及信息流研究为信息化影响下的地理空间演变研究奠定基础。借助微博这一新兴网络信息传播平台获取中国城市间网络信息联系数据,采用流分析方法呈现城市间网络信息联系的空间格局。研究发现:中国城市网络信息关系呈现出"一超多强"的空间极化不对称格局。网络空间不对称格局与地理距离、经济社会发展水平存在密切关联性,表现为:城市对外网络信息总不对称度与其经济社会发展水平的相对一致性;经济社会发展差距对城市间网络信息不对称程度影响的距离衰减性;城市间网络信息不对称程度与经济社会发展差距的相对一致性;东、中、西部三大地区间网络信息不对称关系与经济发展梯度的相对一致性。     

Canadian Inuit,digital Qanuqtuurunnarniq,and emerging geographic imaginations

Using the Canadian Arctic as a case study this paper explores how Internet-based research can be used to advance area studies in an era of rapid global change. Regions of the world are rapidly changing due to social, technological, and environmental processes, and traditionally marginalized groups are increasingly using digital tools to help shape new geographical imaginations of these regions. Digital research is uniquely capable of analyzing these political uses of digital technologies, to produce a better understanding of how many different stakeholders are shaping emerging geographical imaginations. The Canadian Arctic offers a particularly powerful case study to understand these processes both because it represents a geographic region that is complex, multi-scalar, and rapidly evolving, and also because it is a region in which traditionally marginalized indigenous groups are using the Internet to increase the visibility of their perspectives. This paper develops an innovative methodology, combining computational analysis of ‘big data’ along with traditional forms of qualitative analysis, to analyze representations of the Arctic across the websites of five different organizations. These organizational websites were chosen because each of the organizations has a different relationship to the Arctic, operates at a different geographic scale, has some relevance to areas of the Canadian Arctic in which Inuit live, and has a large website. The analysis successfully reveals how these different organizations use the web to shape different types of geographic imaginations of the Arctic, as well as the types of discursive politics being used by the organizations to push forward their own political goals. The result is a powerful form of area studies capable of highlighting the geographic imaginations and re-imaginations of a complex set of actors operating at many different scales.     

A brave new (virtual) world: distributed searches, relevance scoring and facets

Our ability to deal with complex systems has improved through information system research which includes improved modeling (both data and system), the use of semantics and advances in distributed computing. The past decade has seen an explosion in the amount and variety of geosciences data and the emergence of true open data repositories through which scientists can freely access this data. Those data are found in thousands of repositories located around the world. Virtual observatories have been created to address the challenge of helping scientists search those repositories to find and access the required data. This challenge is been addressed by using technologies such as the Internet (with ample connectivity and bandwidth), the Web, cheap computing power, cheap storage and standards for critical components. Many scientific disciplines are developing virtual observatories. Yet some of the most compelling science questions cross multiple domains. While semantics can provide cross domain reasoning, often the first step in answering a question is determining what resources are available which may be relevant to a topic. The topic can be expressed as simple phrases or word sequences. Using a common relevance scoring method at all locations can enable a federated search across loosely coupled providers. The results of which can be organized into facets to aid the user in selecting the most promising resources with which to pursue the scientific investigation. We describe an approach to developing and deploying relevance scoring methods and faceted results in this brave new (virtual) world. We have found that a scoring method which considers both the presence of terms and the proximity of these terms relative to the order of the terms in the query improves the assessment of relevance. We call this Term Presence-Proximity (TPP) scoring and describe a method for calculating a normalized score. TPP scoring compares favorably with other scoring approaches.     

我国城市游憩空间研究现状与重点发展领域

首先从城市游憩空间的类型、结构、演化、评价、规划设计与游憩行为特征等方面分析了我国目前的研究现状并进行了评述,指出了其中存在的各种问题。在此基础上针对我国城市游憩空间研究面临的机遇与挑战,提出了今后应重点研究的若干方向和领域。