海量气象数据计算处理及可视化在决策气象服务移动平台上的应用

针对高效智能的决策气象服务需求及海量气象数据在移动端应用瓶颈,国家气象中心气象大数据处理及网络应用团队设计研发了中央气象台决策气象服务移动平台,本文介绍了该平台服务器和移动终端总体结构,及其在气象实况监测、基于位置服务的精细化网格预报、预报预警、决策服务产品快速推送、灾害性天气智能提醒等方面的功能特点,并通过分布式实时计算处理框架、HTML5和移动GIS等关键技术实现了对海量气象数据高效处理计算、移动网络传输、网络服务、移动端实时渲染和交互操作等。该平台在国家、省级决策气象服务业务应用中运行稳定,在台风登陆、暴雨灾害、重大活动等气象服务保障中发挥了重要作用,为决策气象服务人员提供了基于位置服务的气象实况、预报预警、决策服务产品推送、灾害性天气智能提醒等综合服务功能,对建设智慧型气象服务系统具有重要意义。     

中国高速公路交通气象灾害风险预警业务系统设计与应用

针对中国高速公路交通气象灾害风险预警业务需求,以基于影响的预报预警服务技术为指导,综合考虑高速公路致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境暴露度、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力因子,构建交通气象灾害风险预警模型。在此基础上,采用C/S体系架构,综合运用多源数据接入与可视化、基于GIS技术的产品自动加工制作方法等技术,研发高速公路交通气象灾害风险预警业务系统。系统具备气象实况监测告警、灾害预警分析、产品自动加工制作、人机交互订正、服务产品交互制作、数据接入与综合显示、地图管理与操作等功能。系统在交通气象服务业务使用过程中,突显出较好的业务应用能力与发展前景。     

基于插件技术的湖南气象服务平台设计与实现

为达到整合省级气象服务数据资源、统一气象服务出口的目标,推动气象数据产品在防灾减灾和公共服务中的高效应用,基于Spring Cloud云架构,采用软件插件(Plugin)、WEB服务(WebService)等技术研发了湖南气象服务平台。本文详细介绍了此平台的分层模型和功能结构,以及所采用的多源气象数据融合处理、基于微服务的气象数据并行处理、基于可缩放矢量图形(Scalable Vector Graphics, SVG)的气象数据矢量化和数据安全交互等关键技术方法。此平台通过天擎获取气象数据产品,统一加工处理后封装为数据插件、图形插件和行业插件,通过标准接口提供观测资料、预报预警、卫星云图、雷达拼图等产品,基于气象数字对象标识符(Meteorological Digital Object Identifier, MOID)保障气象数据产品服务过程的安全性。此平台的气象服务插件已应用于湖南省应急管理厅、自然资源厅、水利厅等单位的业务系统。应用结果表明：此平台的插件服务模式适应C/S客户端、WEB网站、移动APP等不同类型的气象服务需求,实现了气象数据服务的统一管理、高效加工和规范应用,提升...     

移动飞信在气象预警信息发布中的应用与推广

文章针对新形势下气象服务的需求,对移动飞信平台进行了详细地介绍,在服务、业务和效益等方面阐述了移动飞信在气象预警中的优势,以便更好地为国民经济发展和防灾减灾服务。     

地市级气象灾害短信预警系统

龙岩短时灾害性天气预警系统从提高气象预警信息的准确率及制作发布的时效和针对性出发,将灾害天气的多级自动预警、预警短信快捷制作和高效自动发布三者紧密结合起来,建立以即时手机气象预警短信息发布为主的灾害性天气预警、制作、发布一体化流程。将密切结合地方防灾减灾及经济建设需要的手机气象预警发布对象分级分类和地理信息化,应用电子地图与雷达产品、区域自动站等资料叠加,快捷制作气象预警短信和图形化自动选定手机发布对象,直接向防灾各部门和第一线用户发布,显著提高了短时灾害性天气监测预警能力和预警短信制作发布时效。图形可视化操作直观快捷、地域和级别预警针对性强,短信发布机动灵活、以点带面,具有很强的时效性和覆盖面。     

广西电网灾害性天气短信预警发布系统及应用

为提高行业气象预警信息的针对性、准确性、及时性,实现电网定区域、定点气象灾害精细化预警,充分发挥气象预警信息在行业气象领域的防灾减灾作用,在Window操作系统环境下,采用VC＋＋6.0开发工具,利用现有的广西气象短信发布系统、精细化流域分区面雨量监测和区域自动站实时监测资料,建立了阈值判断、针对性预警用语的电网灾害性天气短信预警发布系统;该系统具有自动检索、灾害性天气识别、人工与自动发送预警信息的功能,通过业务应用证实,该系统能及时、快捷提供更准确的针对性预警服务,为广西电网水电优化调度安排、电力发电增益、防灾减灾等生产决策提供及时有效的决策信息。     

用Surfer绘制区域站等值线图

<正>1引言区域自动气象站是一种适用于中小尺度天气系统监测的无人自动站。随着气象现代化的发展,区域自动气象站已成为气象综合观测站网的重要组成部分,其数据对提高天气预报水平、气象服务、气象防灾减灾预警等发挥着重要的作用。而其中区域站各要素等值线图对预报、决策人员有着很大帮助。在众多绘图软件中,Surfer最为方便实用,Surfer是一款十分流行的二、三维数据处理和显示软件,在气象业务中得到广泛的应用,其视图功能强大,等值     

基于单多普勒天气雷达产品的短时预报预警业务工作平台

以多普勒天气雷达产品和气象信息网络为依托,运用天气学、雷达气象学原理及计算机技术,集多种气象信息综合分析于一体,建成了具有信息自动采集与处理、语音及文字自动预警、短时预报产品制作、产品包装与决策服务、预报质量监控与评估、学习培训、业务技术总结、灾害性天气资料库、信息共享和在线帮助等多功能的短时预报预警业务系统与业务工作平台.     

利用微信企业号开展川岛航线气象服务

通过新浪云服务器SAE(Sina App Engine)及PHP编程,采用C/S架构,以"江门市气象公共服务中心"微信企业号为例,介绍如何利用微信企业号开展川岛航线专业气象服务,重点介绍川岛航线小时极大风超阈值自动推送原理,实现移动端专业气象信息发布的自动化和智能化,提高气象实况信息的监测和发布效率,从而满足专业用户实际需求,达到气象防灾减灾目的,也减轻业务工作压力,使专业气象服务增值。     

基于单多普勒天气雷达产品的短时预报预警业务工作平台

以多普勒天气雷达产品和气象信息网络为依托，运用天气学、雷达气象学原理及计算机技术，集多种气象信息综合分析于一体，建成了具有信息自动采集与处理、语音及文字自动预警、短时预报产品制作、产品包装与决策服务、预报质量监控与评估、学习培训、业务技术总结、灾害性天气资料库、信息共享和在线帮助等多功能的短时预报预警业务系统与业务工作平台。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;