应用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法研究四川九老洞组页岩微观孔隙特征

微观孔隙结构是页岩储层研究的重点,而扫描电镜方法无法识别机械抛光中由于页岩硬度差异所造成的不规则形貌。本文利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法对四川威远区块九老洞组页岩进行研究,发现了三种孔隙类型:1无机孔以粒间孔和黏土矿物层间孔为主,同时发育晶间孔和生物孔,孔径主体100~500 nm;2有机孔受控于热成熟度或有机黏土复合体,孔径范围数十纳米至数微米;3微裂缝包括成岩收缩裂缝、高压碎裂缝、构造裂缝和人为裂缝,缝宽数微米,缝长数微米至数十微米。研究表明无机孔和微裂缝是九老洞组页岩气的主要储集空间。     

渝东南—黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩微-纳米级孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析

以渝东南-黔北地区牛蹄塘组页岩岩心及野外新鲜露头样品为研究对象,运用低温液氮吸附实验和氩离子抛光扫描电镜观察,划分页岩微纳米级孔隙类型,并对其发育程度和形态结构进行定量表征,结合页岩样品地球化学测试数据,明确页岩微观孔隙发育主控因素,试图建立微纳米级孔隙发育程度与主控因素定性或半定量关系。结果表明：研究区牛蹄塘组页岩微纳米级孔隙分为有机孔、无机孔和微裂缝3大类,包括7个亚类。有机质粒内孔结构特征为球状、细瓶颈状和墨水瓶状,无机孔主要为串珠状、球状和楔状,微裂缝呈四方开口的平行板状、夹板状。有机质粒内孔、矿物粒间孔和微裂缝为主要孔隙类型,且具有较好连通性,可作为页岩气赋存空间和渗流通道。页岩孔隙以中孔为主,其次为宏孔,孔隙直径分布范围主要在1~50 nm。比表面积主要由孔径≤5 nm孔隙所提供,页岩孔隙孔径越小,对比表面积贡献越大,越有利于页岩气吸附聚集,随着孔隙体积的增加,比表面积不断增加。有机碳含量是控制页岩微纳米级孔隙发育和比表面积的最重要内因,特别体现在对微孔和中孔发育的控制上;黏土矿物含量增加能增强页岩吸附能力,但对孔隙体积和比表面积主控作用不明显;脆性矿物含量主要控制宏孔发育,对页岩吸附的贡献可以忽略;热演化程度过低或过高均不利于有机质孔隙的发育,微纳米孔隙体积随着成熟度增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,对于高过成熟页岩,不同干酪根类型的有机质孔隙发育程度和比表面积大小次序为Ⅰ型＞Ⅱ型＞Ⅲ型。     

六盘山盆地固页1井白垩系马东山组泥页岩储层特征

以六盘山盆地固页1井白垩系马东山组泥页岩为研究对象,通过岩心编录、铸体薄片鉴定、X衍射、扫描电镜及等温吸附等手段,对六盘山盆地固页1井白垩系马东山组泥页岩储层特征进行综合研究。结果表明:马东山组泥页岩具有丰富的岩相组合,包括页岩相、泥质碳酸盐岩相、白云岩相、含碳酸盐质泥岩相、含白云质泥岩相、白云质泥岩相及灰质泥岩相;其中含白云质泥岩相和碳酸盐质泥岩相TOC含量最高。马东山组泥页岩为低孔低渗类储层,其矿物组成以黏土矿物含量低、长石类和碳酸盐类矿物含量高为特征,易于压裂。镜下及扫描电镜观察显示,马东山组泥页岩孔裂隙可概括为顺层分布、网状分布、溶蚀和粒间4种微裂缝与粒间、晶间和溶蚀3种孔隙;其孔隙具有丰富的溶蚀现象,且溶蚀孔多被炭质、方解石、白云石、斜长石、伊利石及石膏等充填,形成丰富的粒间孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔及晶体间微裂缝;孔隙大小集中分布于2~10μm,个别可达10~33μm。等温吸附表明,马东山组泥页岩最大甲烷吸附能力介于0.96~4.6 m^3/t,均值2.29 m^3/t;Langmuir压力中等偏低,变化范围为1.27~2.21 MPa,平均1.74 MPa,显示马东山组泥页岩具有较强的储气能力。总之,马东山组泥页岩储层孔裂隙发育丰富、泊松比低、脆性好、储气能力好且易于压裂,是良好的页岩油气储层。     

The effects of clay minerals and organic matter on nanoscale pores in Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs,Guizhou, China

In organic-rich gas shales, clay minerals and organic matter (OM) have significant influences on the origin, preservation, and production of shale gas. Because of the substantial role of nanoscale pores in the generation, storage, and seepage of shale gas, we examined the effects of clay minerals and OM on nanoscale pore distribution characteristics in Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs. Using the Niutitang and Longmaxi shales as examples, we determined the effects of clay minerals and OM on pores through sedimentation experiments. Field emission–scanning electron microscopy combined with low-pressure N₂ adsorption of the samples before and after sedimentation showed significant differences in pore location and pore size distribution between the Niutitang and Longmaxi shales. Nanoscale pores mostly existed in OM in the Longmaxi shale and in clay minerals or OM–clay composites in the Niutitang shale. The distribution differences were attributed largely to variability in thermal evolution and tectonic development and might account for the difference in gas-bearing capacity between the Niutitang and Longmaxi reservoirs. In the nanoscale range, mesopores accounted for 61–76% of total nanoscale pore volume. Considerably developed nanoscale pores in OM were distributed in a broad size range in the Longmaxi shale, which led to good pore connectivity and gas production. Numerous narrow pores (i.e., pores?<?20 nm) in OM–clay composites were found in the Niutitang shale, and might account for this shale’s poor pore connectivity and low gas production efficiency. Enhancing the connectivity of the mesopores (especially pores?<?20 nm and those developed in OM–clay composites) might be the key to improving development of the Niutitang shale. The findings provide new insight into the formation and evolutionary mechanism of nanoscale pores developed in OM and clay minerals.     

Pore structure and heterogeneity of shale gas reservoirs and its effect on gas storage capacity in the Qiongzhusi Formation

Fine characterization of pore systems and heterogeneity of shale reservoirs are significant contents of shale gas reservoir physical property research.The research on micro-control factors of low productivity in the Qiongzhusi Formation(Fm.)is still controversial.The lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Fm.in the Qujing,Yunnan was taken as the object to investigate the influence of mineral compositions on the phys-ical properties of the reservoir and the heterogeneity of shale,using the algorithm to improve the char-acterization ability of Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM).The results showed that:(1)The pores are mainly wedge-shaped pores and V-shaped pores.The pore diameter of the main pore segment ranges from 5 to 10 nm.Mesopores are mainly developed in the Qiongzhusi Fm.shale in Well QD1,with the average pore diameter of 6.08 nm.(2)Microscopic pore structure and shale surface properties show strong hetero-geneity,which complicates the micro-migration of shale gas and increases the difficulty of identifying high-quality reservoirs.(3)The increase of clay mineral content intensifies the compaction and then destroys the pores.Conversely,brittle minerals can protect pores.The support and protection of brittle minerals to pores space depend on their content,mechanical properties and diagenesis.(4)Compression damage to pores,large microscopic roughness and surface fluctuations and strong pore structure heterogeneity are the reasons for the poor gas storage capacity of the Qiongzhusi Fm.,which will lead to poor productivity in the Qiongzhusi Fm.     

剪切作用对页岩有机质孔发育特征和吸附能力的影响

有机质孔是高成熟页岩储层中吸附气和游离气赋存的主要储集空间类型。中国南方海相页岩地层经历了多期构造改造,滑脱构造广泛发育。为了认识剪切作用对页岩有机质孔微观结构和吸附能力的影响,以张家界三岔地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为例,通过大量扫描电镜图像观测统计,对比分析了滑脱带页岩、邻近滑脱带页岩和远离滑脱带页岩有机质孔的发育特征,同时对这三类样品进行了甲烷等温吸附测试。研究结果表明,有机质内孔发育在有机质内部,孔径一般＜20 nm;位于有机质与矿物接触边缘的复合孔孔径整体大于有机质内孔,主要发育在滑脱带页岩中包裹有矿物碎片的有机质中。受剪切作用影响,这两类有机质孔均沿一定优势方向发生形变,形态更趋于狭长且定向性增强;同时页岩甲烷吸附能力变差,从滑脱带向远离滑脱带方向这种影响逐渐减弱。剪切作用对页岩储集性能和含气性具有重要控制作用,对认识复杂构造区页岩气保存条件和富集规律具有重要意义。      

沁水盆地煤系地层页岩气储层特征及评价

沁水盆地是我国重要的含煤盆地,不仅其煤炭及煤层气资源丰富,在上古生界石炭纪-二叠纪地层中还有大量页岩发育。而目前,针对该地区页岩地层的相关研究极少,该地区页岩气资源是否具有勘探开发潜力有待深入而细致的研究。本文以沁水盆地上古生界石炭系-二叠系海陆交互相页岩储层为研究对象,通过薄片鉴定、X线衍射分析、氩离子抛光扫描电镜分析、核磁共振、氦气吸附等实验方法,研究了富有机质页岩储层有机质含量、类型、成熟度等有机地化特征以及储集空间类型、物性、矿物组成、孔隙结构等储层特征。在此基础上,对研究区页岩储层的勘探开发潜力进行了评价。结果表明：沁水盆地石炭纪-二叠纪富有机质页岩储层中发育形态各异的不同类型孔隙及微裂缝。其中,矿物基质孔十分发育,主要包括有呈片状、三角形及不规则形态的粒间孔和晶间孔等;而有机质孔不发育,呈点状,偶见椭圆型。从孔隙结构上看,孔隙具有较大的比表面积,主要分布在2.84~6.44 m2/g,平均值为4.26 m2/g。平均孔径分布在3.64~10.34 nm,以中孔隙发育为主。从矿物组成来看,各矿物含量比例适中,黏土矿物含量较高,达到57.5%,有利于微孔隙发育和页岩气的吸附;以石英及长石为代表的脆性矿物含量较高,达到41.3%,易于后期压裂造缝。从有机地化特征来看,有机碳含量高,有机质类型以腐泥腐殖型为主,且受中生代异常地温场控制,有机质热成熟度高,有利于页岩气的生成和吸附存储。总体来说,虽然研究区石炭纪-二叠纪页岩储层埋深浅,但有机地化参数、矿物组成、孔隙发育及结构特征都有利于页岩生烃和页岩气储存,具有较大的勘探与开发潜力。     

基于嵌入离散裂缝的页岩气藏视渗透率模型

页岩储层具有不同类型的储集空间,但综合考虑不同储集空间,对页岩储层渗透率进行评价的模型未见报道.基于嵌入离散裂缝模型,建立的页岩气藏视渗透率模型包括4个步骤:（1）构建天然裂缝、有机质和无机质的空间分布模型;（2）筛选不同类型储集空间的渗透率计算方法;（3）基于嵌入离散裂缝模型,结合空间分布模型和渗透率计算方法,建立数值模拟模型;（4）在模型的入口和出口端施加压差,求得一定压差下通过该岩心的气体流量,采用达西定律得到该页岩气藏的视渗透率.其计算结果与文献报道的渗透率实验值吻合较好.通过对不同因素的探讨,结果表明,天然裂缝对页岩气藏视渗透率的贡献大于无机质和有机质孔隙.因此,计算页岩视渗透率时有必要对天然裂缝、有机质和无机质孔隙进行综合考虑.      

雪峰隆起西缘湘张地1井牛蹄塘组页岩含气性特征及控制因素

雪峰隆起周缘是四川盆地外围页岩气勘探的重要区域,下寒武统牛蹄塘组为该区主要的页岩气层位,为深入研究页岩含气性特征,以隆起西缘湘张地1井钻井资料为基础,借助现场含气测试数据,对页岩纵向含气性进行精细描述,并以此探讨牛蹄塘组页岩气分布规律与控制因素.湘张地1井牛蹄塘组页岩气整体呈上低下高、局部富集的分布规律,受有机质含量、矿物组分、孔隙与裂缝、物性、滑脱构造等因素共同控制.下部页岩有机质和脆性矿物含量高、裂缝与孔隙较发育,气体吸附的比表面积主要由有机质孔隙提供,脆性矿物有利于孔缝的形成与保存,裂缝与孔隙的发育有效改善了储层物性,为游离气提供大量储集空间,配合存在的滑脱构造带,使下部总含气量较高,且以游离气为主,占比58%~82%,尤其底部滑脱带内吸附气含量极低,孔缝发育程度对总含气量的影响大于有机质含量,同时,孔缝分布的不均也导致气体在局部较为富集;上部页岩孔缝欠发育,有机质与脆性矿物含量均低于下部,整体含气性较差,吸附气占比略大,主要受有机质含量控制,可作为下部含气段直接有效的盖层.此外,下部页岩岩石力学脆性强、成岩作用晚、热演化程度高、抗压强度与主应力差低,具备较强的可压裂性,有利于后期改造.      

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩裂缝特征与地应力研究

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组是我国近些年陆相页岩气的重点勘探区之一。本文从页岩的露头观测、岩石学特征、成像测井分析、地应力特征及可压裂性等方面,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组泥页岩层段的裂缝发育特征,以及地应力对人工压裂诱导缝的影响。基于岩石学分析,延长组长7和长9段的泥页岩脆性矿物平均含量较高,分别为57.2%和44%。根据泥页岩露头观测和成像测井分析,长7段泥页岩发育有北东东向为主的垂直裂缝组,同时可见北北东向和南北向的垂直裂缝组。此外,压裂诱导缝的优势方位和成像测井分析结果表明,现今最大水平主应力方向为70°左右（即北东东向）。裂缝开启性分析表明,北东东向至近东西向裂缝组与现今最大水平地应力方向一致,开启性较好;而北北东裂缝组与现今最大水平地应力交角相对较大,开启性相对较差。因为现今地应力的水平应力比值（σH/σh = 1.54）相对较小,在后期人工压裂中延长组泥页岩中的诱导裂缝更倾向形成复杂的裂缝网格系统,这样会使裂缝与储层之间获得最大的接触,从而更有利于提高产能。     

Graptolite‐Derived Organic Matter and Pore Characteristics in the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Black Shale of the Sichuan Basin and its Periphery

A key target of shale gas exploration and production in China is the organic-rich black shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery. The set of black shale contains abundant graptolites, which are mainly preserved as flattened rhabdosomes with carbonized periderms, is an important organic component of the shale. However, few previous studies had focused on the organic matter (OM) which is derived from graptolite and its pore structure. In particular, the contributions of graptolites to gas generation, storage, and flow have not yet been examined. In this study, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) was used to investigate the characteristics of the graptolite-derived OM and the micro-nanopores of graptolite periderms. The results suggested that the proportion of OM in the graptolite was between 19.7% and 30.2%, and between 8.9% and 14.4% in the surrounding rock. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the graptolite was found to be higher than that of the surrounding rock, which indicated that the graptolite played a significant role in the dispersed organic matter. Four types of pores were developed in the graptolite periderm, including organic gas pores, pyrite moulage pores, authigenic quartz moldic pores, and micro-fractures. These well-developed micro-nano pores and fractures had formed an interconnected system within the graptolites which provided storage spaces for shale gas. The stacked layers and large accumulation of graptolites resulted in lamellation fractures openning easily, and provided effective pathways for the gas flow. A few nanoscale gas pores were observed in the graptolite-derived OM, with surface porosity lie in 1.5%–2.4%, and pore diameters of 5–20 nm. The sapropel detritus was determined to be rich in nanometer-sized pores with surface porosity of 3.1%–6.2%, and pore diameters of 20–80 nm. Due to the small amount of hydrocarbon generation of the graptolite, supporting the overlying pressure was difficult, which caused the pores to become compacted or collapsed.     

Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shale Oil Reservoir Spaces in the Bohai Bay Basin

The Cenozoic continental strata of the Bohai Bay Basin are rich in shale oil resources, and they contain various types of reservoir spaces that are controlled by complex factors. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), automatic mineral identification and characterization system(AMICS), CO2 and N2 gas adsorption, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy(FIB-SEM), the types of shale reservoir spaces in the Bohai Bay Basin are summarized, the spatial distribution and connectivity of the various types of pores are described in detail, the microscopic pore structures are characterized, and the key geological mechanisms affecting the formation and evolution of the reservoir spaces are determined. Three conclusions can be drawn in the present study. First, the shale reservoir spaces in the Bohai Bay Basin can be divided into three broad categories, including mineral matrix pores, organic matter pores, and micro fractures. Those spaces can be subdivided into seven categories and fourteen sub-categories based on the distribution and formation mechanisms of the pores. Second, the complex pore-throat structures of the shale reservoir can be divided into two types based on the shape of the adsorption hysteresis loop. The pore structures mainly include wedge-shaped, flat slit-shaped, and ink bottle-shaped pores. The mesopores and micropores are the main contributors to pore volume and specific surface area, respectively. The macropores provide a portion of the pore volume, but they do not significantly contribute to the specific surface area. Third, the factors controlling the development of microscopic pores in the shale are complex. The sedimentary environment determines the composition and structure of the shale and provides the material basis for pore development. Diagenesis controls the types and characteristics of the pores. In addition, the thermal evolution of the organic matter is closely related to inorganic diagenesis and drives the formation and evolution of the pores.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区延长组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价陆相页岩气储层的储集空间和储气能力,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段、长9段页岩为研究对象,运用电子扫描显微镜、高压压汞、低温CO2和N2气体吸附等实验方法,对陆相页岩气储层孔隙类型特征、孔隙结构及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)延长探区上三叠统延长组陆相页岩发育多种类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,少量晶间孔和溶蚀孔,有机质孔发育较少,为陆相页岩气赋存提供了储集空间;(2)延长组页岩中介孔(2～50 nm)贡献了其主要的孔容和比表面积,占总孔容的7437%,占总比表面积的6440%,且长9段页岩的总孔容和总比表面积均大于长7段页岩;(3)延长组页岩孔隙结构以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔径主要分布在04～09 nm、3～25 nm和5～200 μm区间段内,延长组页岩平均孔径为853 nm,且长7段页岩平均孔径大于长9段页岩;(4)页岩有机碳含量、有机质成熟度及矿物成分含量共同影响着延长组页岩孔隙的发育,其中矿物成分含量是以介孔孔隙为主的延长组页岩孔隙发育的主控因素,有机碳含量及成熟度的增加主要对页岩中微孔孔隙的发育起到积极作用。     

海陆过渡相与海相富有机质页岩储层特征差异

海陆过渡相页岩气逐渐成为非常规油气的接替能源,系统分析海相与海陆过渡相储层特征差异,可为海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发提供借鉴。选取大吉区块山23亚段底部海陆过渡相、威远区块龙一11小层海相页岩,开展TOC、有机质显微组分、全岩—黏土X衍射、物性、氩离子抛光扫描电镜、氮气吸附、核磁共振等实验,厘清了海相与海陆过渡相页岩储层宏观参数与微观孔隙结构两方面差异。结果显示:与海相页岩储层相比,海陆过渡相页岩储层TOC含量高达10.91%,干酪根类型为Ⅱ₂型,黏土矿物以高岭石为主,孔隙度与含气量略低。微观储层特征方面,海相页岩储层孔隙类型以有机孔为主,孔径分布介于10~50 nm,微裂缝主要为生烃增压缝和成岩缝,而海陆过渡相页岩储层孔隙类型以无机孔为主,孔径分布介于5~20 nm,有机孔多为孤立状不规则孔隙,微裂缝主要为有机质边缘缝和黏土矿物层间缝。在此基础上,初步揭示了海陆过渡相优质页岩储层孔隙发育受控于有机质和黏土矿物类型,阐释了页岩气赋存的优势孔隙类型为黏土矿物粒间孔。借鉴浅层海相页岩气的成功勘探实践经验,仍需加强有机质、矿物组分、孔隙赋气机制之间的三元耦合关系研究,以期为海陆过渡相页岩气的勘探开发提供坚实的理论支撑。     

陆相页岩微观孔隙结构及分形特征——以徐家围子断陷沙河子组为例

为揭示陆相页岩微观孔隙结构特征,应用低温氮气吸附-解吸实验,结合扫描电镜分析、有机碳测定及X射线衍射等手段,分析页岩有机质和矿物组成,厘清孔隙结构和分形特征,并探究其影响因素。结果表明:沙河子组陆相页岩矿物组成以黏土矿物、石英和长石为主。储集空间类型主要为黏土矿物粒内孔、长石溶蚀孔和颗粒边缘孔,有机孔隙不发育。氮吸附曲线主要呈现为Ⅳ类吸附曲线,发育H2和H3两类迟滞回线,其中H3型比表面积较低,平均孔径较大,宏孔含量较高。页岩孔体积主要由介孔和宏孔贡献,比表面积主要由介孔贡献。孔径分布呈现双峰态,左峰约为2.7 nm,右峰分布在20~70 nm。页岩发育两段分形特征,分形维数显示H3型页岩孔隙结构非均质性及复杂性较弱。孔隙结构主要受矿物组成控制,与TOC无明显相关性,微孔含量与比表面积越高,宏孔含量与平均孔径越高,页岩孔隙结构越复杂,越不利于页岩气的运移及产出。陆相页岩因沉积环境控制下赋存的腐殖型有机质,从本质上影响了其孔隙空间、孔隙结构及页岩气富集特征,与海相页岩区别显著。      

中扬子地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙结构特征

通过氩离子抛光-SEM技术,分析了中扬子地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙类型、孔隙形态、孔径和面孔率特征,探讨了这些孔隙的油气地质意义。研究认为,陡山沱组页岩储层发育有机质孔隙、粒间孔隙、粒内孔隙和微裂缝4种孔隙类型。页岩孔隙形态可分为不规则多边形孔、圆形或椭圆形孔、复杂网状孔、串珠状孔、长条形孔、线状孔6种类型,其中复杂网状孔的连通性最好,有利于压差传递,可提高页岩气的解吸效率和储层的渗透率。页岩孔径为10~2 000 nm,主体范围为20~200 nm,平均面孔率为1.4%~6.2%。不同类型的孔隙能够为页岩气的赋存提供不同尺度的储集空间,微裂缝和粒间孔隙对页岩气的运移最为有利。     

Pore Connectivity of Deep Lacustrine Shale and its Effect on Gas-bearing Characteristics in the Songliao Basin:Implications from Continental Scientific Drilling

The lacustrine shale of deep Shahezi Formation in the Songliao basin has great gas potential,but its pore evolution,heterogeneity,and connectivity characteristics remain unclear.In this work,total organic carbon analysis,rock pyrolysis,X-ray diffraction field emission scanning electron microscopy,the particle and crack analysis system software,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment,fractal theory,high-pressure mercury injection experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment were us...     

鄂西地区陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙特征及影响因素

页岩储层孔隙结构是评价页岩气资源潜力的基础。本文基于有机碳含量、沥青反射率、X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)及低温氮气吸附等方法,探讨鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩沉积组成、孔隙结构及其控制因素。结果表明:(1)陡山沱组为硅质和钙质页岩,TOC介于3.29%～6%,主要为I型干酪根,处于高-过成熟阶段;(2)陡山沱组页岩有机孔发育程度较低,无机孔提供主要储集空间,包括脆性矿物和黏土矿物的粒间孔、层间孔和部分溶蚀孔,以及少量微裂缝;(3)孔径分布范围为1.1～284nm,总孔体积平均为0.034ml/g,微孔、介孔和大孔体积分别为0.005ml/g、0.023ml/g和0.006ml/g,以介孔为主;(4)陡山沱组页岩TOC与孔体积无明显相关性,表明有机孔对孔体积贡献较小。硅质矿物和黏土矿物含量与页岩孔体积正相关性较好,表明矿物组成是陡山陀组页岩孔隙发育的主要控制因素。鄂西地区陡山沱组页岩具有良好的物质条件、生烃条件和页岩气储集空间,是潜在的页岩气勘探开发层系。     

Research Progress in Shale Nanopores

With the rise of shale oil and gas exploration and great success of North American shale oil and gas development in recent years, the study of gas shale reservoir pores gets more and more attention. The pore diameters of shale reservoirs are mainly in nano-scale which are different from conventional reservoirs, and they can not be evaluated by conventional methods. On the basis of the research on the classification of shale pore types and nanopore characterization techniques, qualitative and quantitative nanopore characterization methods were classified and summarized. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods as well as application scopes were summarized. Qualitative characterization methods can obtain the morphologic information, connectivity and filling conditions of shale pores directly by focused ion beam milling scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, broad ion beam scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and Nano-CT. Quantitative characterization methods can measure pore diameters, pore distribution and specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption experiments, carbon dioxide adsorption experiments, mercury injection experiments, small-angle neutron scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The factors that control nanopore developments and the effects of nanopore on shale gas accumulation were discussed. The nanopore developments are related to total organic carbon content, clay minerals content, carbonate content and thermal maturity. Nanopores have influences on shale gas storage capacity, occurrences of shale gas and seepage mechanisms. Frontier research and development directions were proposed. In the aspect of nanopore characterization techniques of shales, the accuracy and efficiency of the experiments and three dimensional imaging technology should be improved constantly. Qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques should be combined. As to the evaluation of shale nanopore reservoirs, the factors that control nanopore developments, shale gas storing and producing and nanopores characterization and evaluation of continental heterogeneous shale are the key issues for further research.     

页岩气富集带地质控制因素及地震预测方法

首先对页岩气富集带的地质控制因素及各家的评价指标进行了探讨,认为页岩气的评价指标可以分为两大类：一类是评价页岩气量的多少,即资源因素,它决定了该区页岩气资源潜力及储量的多少,是页岩气资源评价、有利区块优选的关键指标。主要包括页岩厚度、有机质（TOC）丰度、干酪根类型、成熟度(Ro)、天然气含量及状态（游离、吸附）等。另一类决定了页岩气能否经济地开采出来,以及产量的高低,即所谓的“核心区”或“甜点”区。包括埋藏深度、页岩本身的矿物成分、脆度、孔隙度（裂缝）、渗透率以及原始地应力大小、方向及差异等。这两类指标共同控制了页岩气的富集和最终产量。因此,在页岩气勘探开发过程中,应首先利用地质和地球化学方法对第一类指标进行评价,从中优选出有利区块。在有利区块内,可以利用地震相关技术对第二类指标预测和评价,从中优选出适合钻井和开采的页岩气富集带或“甜点”区。根据对页岩气富集带（甜点）地质控制因素的讨论,可以将页岩气划分为“裂隙” 型页岩气藏及“脆性”型页岩气,两种类型均需位于弱应力各向异性区,以便于压裂过程中得到理想的复杂网状裂缝系统。笔者认为,对于“裂隙”型页岩气藏,几何地震属性分析技术（包括相干体、蚂蚁体、曲率体等）可以很好地刻画断层、隐伏断层及裂缝发育带,对这些成果的解释可以以玫瑰图的方式展示,从而可以揭示该区域的裂缝的主要发育方向及次要方向,进而推断该区的局部主应力方向,为水平井位部署提供依据。而对于“脆性”型页岩气藏,叠前反演技术、叠后反演技术可以揭示低泊松比(υ),纵横波速比等来进行有利目标（甜点）识别。曾经在常规油气勘探中发挥重要作用的地震技术,在页岩气等非常规油气资源勘探开发中,仍然是一种不可或缺的关键技术。