新疆北山二叠纪大型镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的动力学背景及成矿潜力

新疆北山地区聚集着坡北、罗东、红石山、漩涡岭和笔架山等众多的二叠纪大型镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体,主要由橄榄岩、辉石岩和辉长岩组成,具有堆晶韵律层,其形成年龄(260.7~289 Ma)与塔里木大火成岩省年龄接近。岩体橄榄石Fo值与Ni含量正相关;与原始地幔相比,微量元素富集Rb、Sr和Pb,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf;稀土元素具LREE亏损-平坦型球粒陨石标准化配分曲线。岩石PGE含量低、具IPGE亏损型原始地幔标准化配分型式。SrNd同位素位于亏损地幔(DM)与OIB范围之间,Re-Os同位素组成与地幔柱岩浆作用形成的Noril'sk铜镍硫化物矿床和峨眉山溢流玄武岩重叠。模拟计算表明,母岩浆Mg O含量高,岩浆初始液相线温度及结晶温度高,岩浆演化过程中经历了分离结晶作用、地壳混染以及早期的硫化物熔离。由此推断北山大型镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体可能是在后碰撞伸展环境叠加地幔柱作用,诱发软流圈上涌、岩石圈底侵,导致俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔在高温条件下高程度部分熔融形成的,具有较大的岩浆矿床成矿潜力。     

东昆仑夏日哈木超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床成矿特征

超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床的形成多与大陆裂谷或地幔柱活动密切相关,是何种机制促使深部幔源金属元素超常富集于东昆仑造山带而形成超大型岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床呢?文章通过剖析夏日哈木岩体及矿体基本特征,发现赋矿岩体整体呈东宽西窄的楔状体,以富集轻稀土元素、贫重稀土元素以及Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素的亏损为特征,镍钴矿体主要富集于辉石岩和橄榄岩中,西段矿石富,东段矿石贫,矿石品位与橄榄石含量呈正相关关系.精细矿物学研究发现,寄主矿物"巨型"斜方辉石所包裹的橄榄石Fo值及Ni含量从核部到边部均增高,揭示含矿岩相侵入过程中可能存在至少2次岩浆活动.由橄榄石和铬尖晶石成分分析,推测夏日哈木母岩浆为低Ti、高Mg的拉斑玄武质岩浆,可能起源于软流圈地幔.结合区域构造演化和岩体形成时代,认为东昆仑夏日哈木镁铁-超镁铁质岩体形成于伸展环境,深部部分熔融形成的岩浆多次脉冲上涌叠加,地壳混染对硫化物达到饱和具有关键作用,于柴达木盆地南缘东昆仑造山带中构造薄弱部位成岩成矿,可能是伴随古特提斯洋演化开始大陆裂解岩浆镍钴成矿响应的表现.该认识对丰富造山带中的岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床成矿理论研究、拓宽岩浆镍钴矿床找矿空间与潜力、支撑并指导区域找矿新突破,具有重要作用.     

南祁连化隆地区镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩地质、地球化学特征与铜镍成矿

南祁连化隆地区的镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩带是青海省重要的含镍矿岩带,铁质系列良好的岩相分异及较高的Ni、Cu、Co元素含量表现出了很好的成矿条件与找矿潜力。通过对区内裕龙沟、亚曲、阿什贡及下什堂等岩体地质特征、岩石地球化学特征及区域对比分析研究,表明稀土元素的球粒陨石和微量元素的原始地幔蛛网图表现出轻稀土元素相对富集的右倾模式,并且富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、Rb、Ba)、相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Hf、Zr)。γOs值表现为大的正值且变化范围较大(+80~+1183),连同普遍存在的Nb、Ta亏损,进一步说明可能也与地壳同化混染密切相关。这些表明带内岩体的母岩浆来自一个曾被交代富集的地幔源区,其εNd(t)=-7.74~+8.36,这些共同表明其岩浆源区应该位于软流圈地幔,并混有一部分被俯冲板片交代的地幔楔物质。而这种交代富集事件可能与祁连、柴北缘在早古生代期间大规模的板片俯冲有关。化隆群富硅地层为硫化物的不混溶创造了同化混染的条件,并最终导致富硅物质的加入,致使岩浆中硫化物的不混溶作用发生,从而可形成不同品位不同类型的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床。     

青海省化隆地区镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩含矿特点与成矿规律

铁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩具有镍矿成矿专属性,但并非所有的类似侵入岩都含矿,根据镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩含矿特点可总结成矿规律,有效指导区域找矿实践。青海省化隆地区发育114个镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩体,其含矿性特点与成矿规律是制约该岩带找矿突破的关键因素。本文通过对区内裕龙沟、亚曲、阿什贡及下什堂等岩体地质特征、年代学、岩石地球化学特征及区域对比分析研究,发现这些岩体具有相近的成岩时代,集中于436~449 Ma,可能是同一构造背景的产物。S同位素、Re-Os同位素及Sr-Nd同位素共同揭示了岩体的母岩浆来自一个曾被交代富集的地幔源区,其εNd(t)=-7.74~+8.36,初步表明其岩浆源区应该位于软流圈地幔,并混有一部分被俯冲板片交代的地幔楔物质。而这种交代富集事件可能与祁连、柴北缘在早古生代期间大规模的俯冲有关,是弧岩浆作用的成矿表现。化隆群富硅地层S的混入为硫化物的不混溶创造了条件,致使岩浆中熔离出的硫化物液滴聚集,侵位到理想空间形成不同品位不同类型的铜镍矿体。岩相分异充分、橄榄石富集、基性程度较高的侵入岩体相对易形成镍矿体,对青海省化隆地区镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的含矿性评价具有重要指示作用。     

新疆中天山白石泉含铜镍矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体地球化学特征与岩石成因

白石泉含Cu-Ni硫化物镁铁-超镁铁侵入体位于中天山地块,其主要岩石类型有辉石橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、橄长岩、辉长岩及角闪辉长岩等,具有明显的堆晶结构.对岩体的主要、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明,岩体属铁质镁铁-超镁铁岩,具有拉斑玄武质岩浆的分异趋势;并相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),以及具有LREE富集((La/Yb)n=1.27～9.95)的右倾型稀土元素分布模式.Pb同位特征表明母岩浆与软流圈地幔和EM Ⅱ地幔物质有关.综合地球化学特征表明,母岩浆为来源于受早期俯冲物质混染的软流圈地幔的高镟拉斑玄武岩浆.岩浆在上升过程中,没有受到上地壳及围岩的混染.原生岩浆形成后,经过了橄榄石、辉石、斜长石及铬铁矿的分离结晶作用和硫化物的熔离作用.目前出露的岩体为富含橄榄石及硫化物的“晶粥“在高位岩浆房中演化的产物.     

造山带铜镍硫化物矿床的岩浆起源:以东天山黄山南铜镍矿床为例

位于中亚造山带南缘的新疆东天山地区因其出露大量的二叠纪镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体并产出一系列铜镍硫化物矿床而成为近年来地质学界关注的焦点.选择新疆东天山地区黄山南含铜镍矿镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体为研究对象,对其开展了系统的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究,以探讨造山带铜镍硫化物矿床的岩浆起源与性质.黄山南岩体主要由方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩、（橄榄）辉长苏长岩和闪长岩组成.各岩相显示富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、强烈亏损Nb-Ta、Ti,类似于典型岛弧火山岩特征.黄山南镁铁质-超镁铁质岩具有较大变化范围的ε_Nd（t=282.5 Ma）值（-1.31~4.22）和（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值（0.703 2~0.706 9）以及高的（206Pb/204Pb）_i比值（17.67~18.90）,暗示其来源于一个适度富集的亏损地幔并经历了5%~20%新生地壳物质混染和~5%上地壳物质混染.根据橄榄石最高Fo牌号（摩尔含量为86.6%）计算的黄山南母岩浆为苦橄质岩浆（MgO=12.11%、FeO_Total=11.14%、Ni=306×10-6）,指示其岩浆源区应为软流圈和交代地幔楔共同熔融的源区.黄山南橄榄石低的Ca（< 725×10-6）和100×Mn/Fe（1.18~1.38）、高的Ni（1 451×10-6~2 813×10-6）和Mn/Zn（11.09~23.53）,暗示黄山南母岩浆来源于含有辉石岩的不均一橄榄岩地幔源区.因此,我们推测黄山南岩体的原始岩浆来源于早期经历过俯冲流体改造的含有辉石岩的交代岩石圈地幔源区.      

新疆黄山铜镍硫化物矿床成矿岩浆作用过程

黄山铜镍硫化物矿床镁铁．超镁铁质岩体岩相发育良好,主要包括橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩和闪长岩,橄榄岩中部分橄榄石包含有硫化物珠滴。对该岩体不同岩相进行了主元素、微量元素、铂族元素和单矿物的分析,结果表明,不同类型岩石的化学组成受橄榄石、辉石和斜长石结晶分异作用的控制。微量元素和稀土元素具有相似的分布模式,（La／Yb）N介于1．14—3．65之间,明显亏损Nb和Ta,富集Sr。含矿岩石Cu／Pd和Ti／Pd比值大于原生地幔岩浆。上述结果揭示黄山镁铁-超镁铁质岩体不同岩性的岩石具有不同的主元素和微量元素特征,但母岩浆来自同一源区。根据橄榄石的F0值和全岩的主要氧化物组成估算出母岩浆为高镁（MgO约为15％）玄武岩岩浆,在岩浆作用过程中地壳富硅组分的混染是导致硫化物熔离的主要机制。     

四川力马河镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的地球化学特征及成岩成矿分析

四川会理力马河镍矿是峨眉山大火成岩省最重要的岩浆硫化物矿床之一,成矿岩体为一小型锾铁-超镁铁岩侵入体,由含斜长石的超镁铁岩(包括舍长辉石橄榄岩和斜长橄榄辉石岩)和辉长岩类的镬铁质岩组成.矿床富含硫化物,成矿元素组合为铜、镍,铂族元素含量很低,没有铂族元素的工业富集,是蛾眉山大火成岩省中富铜镍贫铂族元素的代表性岩浆硫化物矿床.本文对力马河镍矿成矿岩体的镁铁、超镁铁岩及矿床中各种硫化物矿石进行了主量元素、微量元素及铂族元素含量分析.分析结果表明,力马河岩体的镁铁、超镁铁岩属拉斑玄武岩成因系列,岩石特征微量元素比值大致与高钛的峨眉山玄武岩相当、与低钛的峨眉山玄武岩有明显区分,但估计原始岩浆强不相容微量元素绝对含量大大低于高钛玄武岩,因此,其成矿岩体不是与一般的低钛或高钛峨眉山玄武岩(不包括苦橄岩在内)直接对应的深成相.岩体超镁铁岩及矿石铂族元素组成特征表现为无钌亏损的型式,钯/铱比值较小、在5左右,也显著不同于一般的峨眉山玄武岩,而类似于峨眉山大火成岩省苦橄岩的铂族元素组成.运用岩石地球化学研究方法计算,原始岩浆为苦橄质成分:MgO含量约17%、SiO2含量约48%.估计原始岩浆形成于130公里左右的深度,由类似于洋岛玄武岩岩浆源区成分的地幔经19%左右的部分熔融形成.超镁铁岩及硫化物矿石铂族元素含量一般在10-9～10-8暑级,铂族元素相对铜镍强烈亏损,铜/钯比值高于原始地幔10～100倍,铜镍铂族元素组成的原始地幔标准化曲线呈铂族元素显著亏损的“U“型.模式分析说明,导致铂族元素亏损的原因是岩浆成矿演化过程中多阶段硫化物熔离作用造成的,早期熔离出来的硫化物被丢失并造成岩浆中铂族元素亏损,其铂族元素亏损后的岩浆(第)二次硫化物熔离富集形成铂族元素亏损的矿石.     

CuNi-VTiFe复合型矿化镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体岩相学及岩石地球化学特征:以新疆北部为例

铜镍硫化物矿床和钒钛磁铁矿矿床是镁铁-超镁铁杂岩重要的矿床类型,但二者共生的情况在国内还不多见。新疆北部这类铜镍-钒钛铁复合型矿化岩体较为发育,目前已发现有香山、牛毛泉、土墩南和哈拉达拉等4个岩体属于此类。它们的成岩时代多集中在早二叠世,出露面积在2.8～22km~2,介于通道型铜镍矿化小岩体和大型层状岩体之间,韵律构造发育;岩石组合为超基性-基性-中性岩类,以出现浅色的闪长岩或淡色辉长岩为特点,岩石中金属矿物氧化物(钛铁矿、磁铁矿)和硫化物(黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿,有时有镍黄铁矿)共存和共生;含矿岩石组合和岩石化学特征与典型铜镍硫化物矿床和钒钛磁铁矿矿床相比,具有重叠和过渡特征;稀土和微量元素特征反映出杂岩体不同岩石类型可能具有相同或相似岩浆来源,是经过强烈分异和演化的产物。新疆北部这类复合型矿化,与北疆地区典型铜镍矿床和典型钒钛磁铁矿矿床,共同构成了新疆北部后碰撞幔源岩浆矿床成矿谱系。     

东天山黄山南镁铁-超镁铁岩体的岩浆演化过程:矿物学、Sr-Nd同位素特征的指示

黄山南镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东天山造山带觉罗塔格构造带内,属于土墩-黄山-图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质岩带。本文在前人研究的基础上,从橄榄石、辉石矿物学组成和全岩Sr、Nd同位素等方面对黄山南岩体进行了分析研究,并与黄山、黄山东、香山等典型含矿岩体作了对比,旨在进一步查明黄山南岩体的岩浆源区和母岩浆性质及其岩浆演化过程。Sr-Nd同位素特征表明黄山南岩体来自一个弱亏损的地幔源区,相较黄山、黄山东、香山等岩体的源区具有更加富集的特征。黄山南岩体中的橄榄石属于贵橄榄石,斜方辉石主要为古铜辉石,少数为紫苏辉石,单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石、普通辉石和少数的透辉石。单斜辉石和橄榄石的成分特征表明形成黄山南岩体的母岩浆为演化程度较低的拉斑玄武质岩浆,且母岩浆成分具有高Mg、高Ni的特点。计算得到黄山南岩体母岩浆的Fe O~T=13.20%、MgO=16.96%、Ni=377.2×10~(-6),且母岩浆在结晶分异过程中没有经历充分的硫化物熔离作用,这也是造成母岩浆中Ni含量较高以及岩体含矿性较差的主要因素。     

Mineral chemistry and genesis of the Permian Cihai and Cinan magnetite deposits,Beishan, NW China

Cihai and Cinan are Permian magnetite deposits related to mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Beishan region, Xinjiang, NW China. The Cihai mafic intrusion is dominantly composed of dolerite, gabbro and fine-grained massive magnetite ore, while gabbro, pyrrhotite + pyrite-bearing clinopyroxenite and magnetite ore comprise the major units in Cinan. Clinopyroxene occurs in both deposits as 0.1–2 mm in diameter subhedral to anhedral grains in dolerite, gabbro and clinopyroxenite. High FeO contents (11.7–28.9 wt%), low SiO₂ (43.6–54.3 wt%) and Al₂O₃ contents (0.15–6.08 wt%), and low total REE and trace element contents of clinopyroxene in the Cinan clinopyroxenite imply crystallization early, at high pressure. This clinopyroxene is FeO-rich and Si and Ti-poor, consistent with the clinopyroxene component of large-scale Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the Eastern Tianshan and Panxi ares, as well as Tarim mafic intrusion and basalt, implying the Cinan mafic intrusion and sulfide is related to tectonic activity in the Tarim LIP. The similar mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene, apatite and magnetite in the Cihai and Cinan gabbros (e.g., depleted LREE, negative Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta anomalies in clinopyroxene, lack of Eu anomaly in apatite and similarity of oxygen fugacity as indicated by V in magnetite), indicate similar parental magmatic characteristics. Mineral compositions suggest a crystallization sequence of clinopyroxenite/with a small amount of sulfide – gabbro – magnetite ore in the Cinan deposit, and magnetite ore – gabbro – dolerite in Cihai. The basaltic magma was emplaced at depth, with magnetite segregation (and formation of the Cinan magnetite ores) occurring in relatively low fO₂ conditions, after clinopyroxenite and gabbro fractional crystallization. The evolved Fe-rich basaltic magma rapidly rose to intermediate or shallow depths, forming an immiscible Fe-Ti oxide magma as fO₂ increased and leaving a Fe-poor residual magma in the chamber. The residual magmas was emplaced at different levels in the crust, forming the Cihai gabbro and dolerite, respectively. Finally, the immiscible Fe-Ti oxide magma was emplaced into the earlier formed dolerite because of late magma pulse uplift, resulting in a distinct boundary between the magnetite ores and dolerite.     

新疆北山二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁质岩成因、成矿作用和找矿信息

为认识新疆北山二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁质岩石成岩成矿作用,基于地质调查获得的新资料,对这套岩石存在争议或认识模糊的年代学、岩浆起源与性质、动力学背景、硫化物熔离机制等进行了重新梳理.区内幔源岩浆除了早二叠世大规模侵入,中二叠世还有一期小规模侵入（261~266 Ma）.母岩浆起源于受俯冲流体交代改造的亏损地幔在相对浅的深度发生高程度部分熔融,其具高温、高镁、含水、氧化特征.这些岩石并非地幔柱成因,亦非产于岛弧环境,而是造山后伸展背景下板片断裂引起的软流圈地幔上涌形成镁铁质侵入岩.坡北亚带和红石山亚带具有类似的岩石矿物组合和地球化学特征,但是矿化方式有明显差异.不同类型矿化是硫化物多期次熔离的产物,来自邻近VMS型铜矿床的外源硫混染触发硫化物在橄榄石结晶分异之前熔离,高品位脉状矿化是硫化物矿浆晚期贯入苏长岩的产物.超镁铁质岩相橄榄石中较低的Ni含量,岩体低Ti、高Mg、高m/s和m/f比值、母岩浆MgO含量大于11.5%、部分熔融程度不低于10%、固结指数SI大于50,均是有利的找矿指标,红十井深大断裂一带可能具有找矿潜力.      

Re–Os isotope and platinum-group element geochemistry of the Pobei Ni–Cu sulfide-bearing mafic–ultramafic complex in the northeastern part of the Tarim Craton

A number of mafic–ultramafic intrusions that host Ni–Cu sulfide mineralization occur in the northeastern Tarim Craton and the eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt (NW China). The sulfide-mineralized Pobei mafic–ultramafic complex is located in the northeastern part of the Tarim Craton. The complex is composed of gabbro and olivine gabbro, cut by dunite, wehrlite, and melatroctolite of the Poyi and Poshi intrusions. Disseminated Ni–Cu sulfide mineralization is present towards the base of the ultramafic bodies. The sulfide mineralization is typically low grade (<0.5 wt.% Ni and <2 wt.% S) with low platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations (<24.5 ppb Pt and <69 ppb Pd); the abundance of Cu in 100 % sulfide is 1–8 wt.%, and Ni abundance in 100 % sulfide is typically >4 wt.%. Samples from the Pobei complex have εNd (at 280 Ma) values up to +8.1, consistent with the derivation of the magma from an asthenospheric mantle source. Fo 89.5 mol.% olivine from the ultramafic bodies is consistent with a primitive parental magma. Sulfide-bearing dunite and wehrlite have high Cu/Pd ratios ranging from 24,000 to 218,000, indicating a magma that evolved under conditions of sulfide saturation. The grades of Ni, Cu, and PGE in 100 % sulfide show a strong positive correlation. A model for these variations is proposed where the mantle source of the Pobei magma retained ~0.033 wt.% sulfide during the production of a PGE-depleted parental magma. The parental magma migrated from the mantle to the crust and underwent further S saturation to generate the observed mineralization along with its high Cu/Pd ratio at an R-factor varying from 100 to 1,200. The mineralization at Poshi and Poyi has very high γOs (at 280 Ma) values (+30 to +292) that are negatively correlated with the abundance of Os in 100 % sulfide (5.81–271 ppb) and positively correlated with the Re/Os ratios; this indicates that sulfide saturation was triggered by the assimilation of crustal sulfide with both high γOs and Re/Os ratios. When compared to other Permian mafic–ultramafic intrusions with sulfide mineralization in the East Tianshan, the Poyi and Poshi ultramafic bodies were formed from more primitive magmas, and this helps to explain why the sulfide mineralization has high Ni tenor.     

塔里木板块东北部坡一镁铁质-超镁铁质层状侵入体岩石成因

坡一侵入体位于塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体内,是该岩体第三阶段岩浆活动形成的十几个小侵入体中的一个,锆石U-Pb年龄为278±2Ma。该侵入体属于以超镁铁质岩石为主的层状岩系,堆晶结构与韵律性堆晶层理非常发育。岩浆分异充分,形成了从纯橄岩到石英闪长岩的多种岩石类型。在超镁铁质岩石中,所有的橄榄石和大部分斜方辉石是堆晶相,少量斜方辉石是填隙相,大部分单斜辉石、褐色普通角闪石和黑云母是填隙相。在镁铁质岩石中,橄榄石和斜方辉石全部是堆晶相,单斜辉石与斜长石既可以是堆晶相,也可以是填隙相;褐色普通角闪石、黑云母和石英均为填隙相。超镁铁质岩石属拉斑玄武岩系列,镁铁质岩石属钙碱性系列。侵入体中大量存在的捕掳体、微量元素地球化学、Nd-Sr同位素组成的EMⅡ型演化趋势,充分证明了同化混染作用伴随岩浆演化过程而逐渐增强,并不断促进了岩浆的分异,而且导致了岩石化学系列的转化。PGE和亲硫元素地球化学以及硫同位素组成证明,硫主要来自于岩浆,硫化物形成于岩浆阶段,岩浆未经历过早期硫化物熔离作用,硫化物熔离起始于橄榄岩相结晶的晚期阶段,并伴随着此后的岩浆演化过程而继续熔离。硫化物熔离是岩浆自身演化和同化混染共同作用的结果。橄榄石Fo分子含量和全岩FeO含量显示,原生岩浆是苦橄质岩浆;源区物质应该是石榴石辉石岩;岩浆生成于地幔柱轴部。在塔里木板块东北部还存在分别来自于软流圈和亏损型大陆岩石圈地幔的二叠纪岩浆岩,它们都应该是塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分。     

Metallogenic Series Related to Permian Mafic Complex in North Xinjiang: Post-collisional Stage or Mantle Plume Result?

There are four deposit types related to a Permian mafic complex in northern Xinjiang, i.e., copper-nickel sulfide deposit, vanadic titanomagnetite deposit, magnetite （-cobalt） deposit and Cu-Ni- VTiFe composite deposit. The deposits are distributed spanning tectonic units with close and consecutive metallogenic ages. A transitional deposit type can occur among the end-member deposits. Trace elements of host rocks show that they can derive from similar source area. Hence, they constitute a particular metallogenic series related to a mafic-ultramafic complex that is also a symbol series of the post-collisional stage of the Central Asia Metallogenic Province （CAMP）. The metallogenic ages of the series are between 260 Ma and 300 Ma throughout the Permian. Unlike mineralization from a mantle plume, the metallogenic period of this series spans at least 40 Ma. Compared with related deposits of the Emeishan mantle plume, the North Xinjiang series has a similar ore-forming element assemblage but has preferably developed Cu-Ni sulfide deposits rather than vanadic titanomagnetite deposits. In concomitance with this series, North Xinjiang area has developed a set of syntectonic Au-Cu-Mo metallogenic series related to a felsic volcanic-intrusive complex, which might indicate that there is no direct relationship with mantle plume activity. From early to late, i.e., the sequence of copper-nickel sulfide to magnetite （-cobalt） to vanadic titanomagnetite deposit, the host rock series evolves from mafic-ultramafic and tholeiite series to mafic and alkalic series, the ~REE content tends to increase with increasing of REE fractionation, and some of the trace elements （particularly LIL） also show an increasing tendency. The above evolutionary regularity possibly reflects a course where the magma source deepens and thermal interface moves down, energy gradually exhausts, and neo-continental crust forming in the postcollision stage tends to stabilize.     

Re–Os isotopic ages of pyrite and chemical composition of magnetite from the Cihai magmatic–hydrothermal Fe deposit, NW China

The Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the Beishan terrane of the Tarim Block, NW China, host numerous Fe deposits. The Cihai Fe deposit (>90 Mt at 45.6 % Fe) in the Beishan terrane is diabase-hosted and consists of the Cihai, Cinan, and Cixi ore clusters. Ore minerals are dominantly magnetite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite, with minor chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. Gangue minerals include pyroxene, garnet, hornblende and minor plagioclase, biotite, chlorite, epidotite, quartz, and calcite. Pyrite from the Cihai and Cixi ore clusters has similar Re–Os isotope compositions, with ～14 to 62 ppb Re and ≤10?ppt common Os. Pyrrhotite has ～5 to 39 ppb Re and ～0.6 ppb common Os. Pyrite has a mean Re–Os model age of 262.3?±?5.6 Ma (n?=?13), in agreement with the isochron regression of ¹⁸⁷Os vs. ¹⁸⁷Re. The Re–Os age (～262 Ma) for the Cihai Fe deposit is within uncertainty in agreement with a previously reported Rb–Sr age (268?±?25 Ma) of the hosting diabase, indicating a genetic relationship between magmatism and mineralization. Magnetite from the Cihai deposit has Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Ga, and Sn more elevated than that of typical skarn deposits, but both V and Ti contents lower than that of magmatic Fe–Ti–V deposits. Magnetite from these two ore clusters at Cihai has slightly different trace element concentrations. Magnetite from the Cihai ore cluster has relatively constant trace element compositions. Some magnetite grains from the Cixi ore cluster have higher V, Ti, and Cr than those from the Cihai ore cluster. The compositional variations of magnetite between the ore clusters are possibly due to different formation temperatures. Combined with regional tectonic evolution of the Beishan terrane, the Re–Os age of pyrite and the composition of magnetite indicate that the Cihai Fe deposit may have derived from magmatic–hydrothermal fluids related to mafic magmatism, probably in an extensional rift environment.     

造山带环境钴岩浆成矿作用——以夏日哈木镍钴硫化物矿床为例

东昆仑造山带新发现的夏日哈木和石头坑德等岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床伴生有钴资源,它们与区域上火山-热液型、喷流沉积型等钴独立矿床共同指向早古生代镁铁质岩浆活动相关的钴成矿作用,表明镁铁质岩浆是区域钴富集成矿的重要载体,并预示东昆仑造山带的钴成矿潜力巨大。夏日哈木超大型镍钴硫化物矿床为造山带环境镍钴岩浆成矿作用的产物,本文在现有岩石地球化学数据甄别的基础上,分析了不同岩相和矿物Co、Ni和Cu等成矿元素的含量变化特征,探讨了镁铁质岩浆钴富集机制和控制因素。镁铁—超镁铁质岩具有较高的钴含量,随空间位置(期次)、岩石与矿物类型钴含量变化较大。在Mg O含量最高的橄榄岩、辉石岩相中钴富集,在硫化物矿物中钴含量较高。钴含量与全岩Mg O、硫、镍和铜含量正相关,这些规律表明夏日哈木镁铁质岩浆富集钴金属,不同期次岩浆中钴的富集程度不同,硫化物熔体是钴富集的主要途径之一,岩浆演化过程中钴在矿物中的富集机制需要原子层面钴赋存状态的系统认识。     

The Early Permian mafic–ultramafic complexes in the Beishan Terrane,NW China: Alaskan-type intrusives or rift cumulates?

The petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Early Permian mafic–ultramafic complexes in the Beishan Terrane, NW China have important bearing on the prospects of Ni–Cu–PGE sulfide and Ti–Fe oxide deposits, as well as in understanding the history of evolution of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Here we present results from a detailed study on a representative suit of a mafic–ultramafic rocks from the Bijiashan complex in the Beishan Terrane. The complex is composed of dunite, troctolite, olivine gabbro and gabbro without clinopyroxenite or hornblendite. In addition to olivine and clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase are also present in all these rock types, in the absence of chromite or primary hornblende. The minerals display marked compositional variations with the Fo content in olivines ranging from 66 to 83 and the clinopyroxenes ranging from diopside to augite. The whole-rock geochemistry shows good correlations among the major elements, and the trace elements are characterized by flat REE patterns with Eu positive anomalies, and HFSE depletion relative to LILE. These features are comparable to other mafic–ultramafic complexes in the Beishan and Eastern Tianshan terranes, but obviously deviate from the typical features of Alaskan-type intrusives. The present study suggests that the Beishan complexes were formed in a post-orogenic extensional environment with potential for Ni–Cu mineralization, rather than in arc-related setting with Alaskan-type PGE mineralization. Our study confirms that the Beishan area does not conform to an arc-related setting, but was located within a rift setting in Permian probably related to Permian mantle plume event, suggesting that the subduction of the Paleo-Asian ocean had culminated by this time, and the southern CAOB witnessed a post-orogenic extensional regime in late Paleozoic.     

蛇纹岩化对洋中脊超基性岩热液硫化物成矿的影响:来自青藏高原德尔尼铜矿床的启示

洋中脊超基性岩热液成矿系统通常与洋底核杂岩构造有关,多发育大型矿床,具有巨大的资源前景。然而,受大洋调查取样手段的限制,超基性岩蛇纹岩化对成矿的影响仍需进一步研究。德尔尼铜矿床是地质历史上该类矿床的典型案例,对于理解其成矿模式,以及大洋硫化物勘探具有指导意义。本文选取德尔尼铜矿床块状硫化物样品进行黄铁矿的S同位素分析,结果表明其δ³⁴S值主要分布在-0.4‰～+6.3‰。结合前人研究发现,形成于深部网脉状、条带状矿石中的δ³⁴S值为负值,而经历表层喷流和破碎作用的块状和角砾状矿石中的δ³⁴S值为正值,二者呈对称分布,这主要是由于还原条件下岩浆排气产生的SO_2和H_2S动态平衡并逐渐沉淀S^2-,表明蛇纹岩化提供的还原环境对热液系统演化产生了重要影响。然而,磁黄铁矿和矿床Ni的分布指示成矿物质中超基性岩的贡献较小,主要物质来源是洋中脊深部的基性岩浆,通过热液循环将物质运移至海底并喷流成矿。对比现今超基性岩赋矿的高温热液硫化物矿床,德尔尼铜矿床形成温度更低,代表了超基性岩赋矿热液硫化物中的中温端元,表明在距离拆离面一定距离(约2～4km)的位置也可能形成大型的热液硫化物矿床,这对于现今洋中脊热液硫化物勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

新疆坡北杂岩体西端镁铁-超镁铁质岩体成因的稀有气体同位素制约

新疆坡北镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体由一个辉长岩体以及二十多个超镁铁质侵入体组成,其中坡一超镁铁质岩体稀有气体同位素组成揭示存在地幔柱的贡献。坡北杂岩体西端的坡一、坡四、坡十和坡十四等几个超镁铁质岩体的稀有气体同位素对比分析结果表明,岩浆矿物的³He/⁴He值（0.26~2.79Ra）分布于地壳与地幔值之间,较高的²⁰Ne/²²Ne和较低的²¹Ne/²²Ne值分布于Ne质量分馏线（MFL）和L-K线之间,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=295~598。³He/⁴He与⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值揭示坡北杂岩体西端不同超镁铁质岩体形成过程中地幔（柱）、地壳和大气组分的贡献不同,岩体成因也可能不同。其中,坡一岩体具有地幔柱作用的贡献,其他三个岩体的岩石圈地幔及地壳流体组分的贡献较大。岩浆地幔源区由深部地幔柱物质叠加俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔物质所组成,大气与地壳物质组分可能由俯冲再循环洋壳带入到岩浆地幔源区以及围岩物质的混入。