多层弹性半空间中的地震波（一）

为了了解地震震源和地球介质的性质,很有必要对地震波的辐射、传播和衰减问题作仔细的分析。作为一种近似,可以暂且忽略地球的曲率,把传播地震波的地球介质视为多层半空间。为简便起见,地震波的衰减问题另作考虑。这样,便需要研究多层、均匀、各向同性和完全弹性半空间中地震震源辐射的地震波传播问题。 用哈斯克尔（Haskell）矩阵法解多层介质中弹性波的传播问题是很方便的。如果     

北京及其邻区Q值分布特征的研究

地震波通过地球介质时,由于实际介质並非完全弹性,因此,地震波的振幅除了因波阵面的几何扩散而减少外,还有因介质内摩擦等因素造成的吸收而使地震波的振幅随距离而减小。研究地震波在地球介质中的衰减特性,对研究震源本身及其周围环境都很重要,归纳起来有以下几方面的意义: 1.用于解决一系列与地震波在实际地球介质中传播有关的地震问题;     

汶川大地震地震波传播的谱元法数值模拟研究

汶川大地震震中位于震害活跃的龙门山断裂带上,其强度超过1976年唐山大地震．地震激发的地震波可以用来研究震源破裂过程及地球内部的层次结构．从弹性波理论基础出发,采用AK135理论地球模型,考虑地表地形、地球介质衰减及地球椭率等特性,利用谱元法结合高性能并行计算,分别对人工点源和复合源所激发的汶川大地震地震波的全球传播过程进行数值模拟重现．数值模拟结果显示了地震波在地球表面的传播形态．通过比较发现,复合源数值模拟结果较点源数值模拟结果更能体现汶川地震震源破裂过程的时空特性．另外,将两种震源的数值模拟结果分别与实际观测台站记录波形资料进行拟合对比,进一步定性地认识到多个点源组成的复合源的数值模拟结果较单个点源的数值模拟结果与实际观测资料的拟合程度更好,证明了汶川大地震破裂过程为多阶段破裂组成的一个复合破裂过程．     

用B-样条双正交小波拾取P波到时

地震波包含有许多震相,这些震相蕴涵着丰富的地球物理信息,反映了震源、传播路径等介质的特征,识别这些震相对于了解震源机制、地层结构以及地震波特性是很重要的.地震事件检测的一个重要目的是在地震发生前后提供地震的相关信息,以减少或避免地震带来的损失.由于P波和S波的特殊性,地震事件检测主要是识别P波和S波以及确定它们的到时,因此准确而高效地确定P波和S波到时方法的研究成为众多地球物理学家的研究热点.     

云南地区S波非弹性衰减Qem值研究/

地震波衰减性质的研究是地震学研究的重要课题.地震台站(地震仪)记录到的地震波,包含了地震震源效应、地震波的传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应.在使用地震波资料研究震源性质时,必须要扣除地震波传播路径效应、台站场地响应及仪器响应的影响.地震波传播的路径效应(地震波衰减),除了随距离存在几何衰减外,还有一个重要的影响因素--即介质的非弹性衰减,用介质品质因子Q值来度量.Q值是地球介质的基本物理参数之一,是对地震进行定量和研究震源性质(如震源参数的测定等)所必需的重要参数,在震源物理和工程地震研究中具有重要应用价值.     

区域尺度主动源探测技术及试验研究

正地震波在地球介质中的传播,携带了丰富的地下介质物性的信息,是我们获取地球内部结构、物质组成及状态的最重要的研究手段。通过对天然地震激发地震波的研究,人们对全球地震分布、地球内部圈层结构及动力学过程、物质组成和横向不均匀性等方面的认识已取得了巨大的进步,较为完整地勾画出了地球整体结构的三维图像。但在面对严重的地震灾害和强烈的火山喷发等问题时仍显得不能满足要求。我们不仅需要地球内部清晰的静态图像,还要了解和掌握地球内部的运动变化过程。到目前为止,国内外学者已分别尝试利用重复天然地震、自然噪声和人工震源等研究地     

地球的振动透视

地震学家利用地震波与爆破波研究地球深部构造,但是地震是突然发生的,震源位置又事先未知;爆破使岩石的结构发生变化,重复试验,条件又巳发生变化,因此难于从事研究。 如果能用振动源(这些振动源将所需持续时间和所需形态的信号送入地球)激发地震波,那就有可能系统地研究地球内部构造及在岩石不发生破坏情况下研究那里所发生的过程。     

聚力创新,提高地震深部探测的分辨和精度

正搞清楚地震发生机理,详尽了解地壳上地幔,特别是发震位置的介质结构以及应力状态是实现地震预报的关键。地震深部探测是了解地壳上地幔介质结构和性状最有效可靠的方法。但我们对地球内部的探测精度远远不能满足地震预报和地震科学研究的需要,主要原因是:(1)人工源能量小,难以达到震源深度。天然地震发生随机,波源的可控性差。地球内部介质对地震波的吸收、几何扩散、能量转换等原因,使到达目的层的地震波信号弱;(2)地震波属于低频,波     

新疆天山中段波速比异常的应用研究

地震波是地球内部信息的主要来源。较大地震前,由于区域构造应力的增大,可能会导致震源及其周围地区介质特性发生变化,从而使得地震波速度发生变化。地震波速或波速比可以反映断层活动情况及地下介质流变性质等的改变（冯德益,1981;傅征祥等,1988;张学民等,2004）。我国的波速比研究已总结出波速比异常时间、幅度、形态与强震的关系,     

二氧化碳相变技术应用于新型震源研发的可行性研究

为了研究二氧化碳物理相变技术应用于新型震源研发的可行性,在地下成层性较好的某煤田地震测区,开展了利用二氧化碳相变技术激发地震波的野外人工震源激发-接收实验．并与传统炸药震源进行了对比．地震数据利用Aries2.66型垂直分量反射地震仪和PDS-2型三分量地震仪接收．根据实测地震数据,从野外地震记录震相识别,初至波传播距离分析,震源近场地震信号时频分析,CO_2相变激发震源子波提取和基于CO_2震源子波的地震初至波波形反演实验等多个方面,进行了关于CO_2相变激发技术能否产生地震波信号以及能否将其应用于新型震源研发的可行性研究．研究结果表明CO_2物理相变膨胀能够产生能量集中的地震波信号;在实验区地质条件和激发参量下地震记录中初至波的可识别的传播距离约为1km;震源近场地震信号的主频集中在8～13Hz;利用震源近场数据提取了CO_2震源子波;通过地震初至波波形反演实验认为这种震源子波能够应用于波形反演等方面的研究．因为CO_2相变激发具有绿色、环保、安全等方面的优点,若能进一步在激发能量、激发—延迟时间一致性等方面加以改进,该技术有望在城市隐伏活动断层探测、城市地下空间探测、煤矿高瓦斯环境人工地震勘探等领域发挥重要的作用．     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.