冀北内蒙古隆起带及其南缘侏罗纪煤系地层探讨

通过对冀北内蒙卉隆起带及其南缘侏罗纪煤系岩性特征及所含植物化石进行研究,并将其与内蒙古早-中侏罗世含煤地层进行对比,认为研究区早一中侏罗世下花园组下部以碎屑岩为主夹煤线的杂色岩性段,以植物化石Coniopteris种数和数量的稀少为特征,应单独划分为一个组,与内蒙古五当沟组相当,应称之为五当沟组。上部灰、深灰色夹灰绿色以砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩为主含可采煤层的细碎屑岩性段,以含有丰富的植物化石Coniopteris为特征,是内蒙古召沟组在冀北的延伸,应称之为召沟组。     

西藏羌塘北部地区晚二叠世地层再研究

西藏羌塘北部晚二叠世地层,主要分布在双湖办事处-热觉茶卡一带,称为“热觉茶卡组”,其下部为深灰色、灰绿色粉细砂岩、粉砂质页岩、夹生物碎屑灰岩、含竹蜓类、腕足类等化石;上部为黄灰色砂岩夹炭质粉砂岩、泥岩和多层煤层,含植物化石。上、下两部分之间为断层接触。根据1/25万玛依岗日幅区域地质调查的最新资料,其上部产大羽羊齿植物化石的陆相碎屑岩沉积与下部产竹蜓类动物化石的海相沉积,二者为连续沉积。通过古生物化石的研究与岩石地层学分析,将原热觉茶卡组拆分为两个组,保留下部含有竹蜓类等化石海相沉积为主的热觉茶卡组,将上部含植物化石的地层建立一新的岩石地层单位—黑土沟组,代号P3h。     

粤西德庆地区晚奥陶世化石的发现及其地质意义

本文介绍了广东西部德庆地区近年来新发现的一个晚奥陶世动物群,包括化石产出层位、生物组合类群及其科学意义。该动物群产自原划分为中奥陶世东冲组的地层内,化石产出层位岩性为泥质粉砂岩,动物类群以三叶虫为主,伴生有腕足动物、棘皮动物及少量短剑类化石,化石保存多较破碎,仅少部分保存较好,分布非常集中,结合野外露头与沉积相特征,其沉积环境为正常浪基面至风暴浪基面间的高能滨浅海环境。该动物群的发现,不仅厘定了这套地层时代,而且丰富了粤西地区晚奥陶世的生物组合面貌,为该地区奥陶系的划分对比和区域地质演化研究提供了新资料。     

川西高原的上白垩统及第三系

川西高原的上白垩统及第三系属于山间盆地型陆相沉积 ,红层发育 ,化石稀少 ,地层划分、对比困难。本地区有化石证据的白垩纪地层仅见于雀儿山南麓的德格县 ,错阿组为一套红色含砾砂岩和粉、细砂岩 ,上部夹灰黄、灰黑色钙质粉砂岩及含铜砂岩 ,深灰色含铜砂岩中产有以希指蕨孢居统治地位的孢粉植物群 ,地质时代为晚白垩世中期。本区古近系红层发育 ,理塘县热鲁村附近的热鲁群下部为红色岩系 ,中上部灰黄、灰色粉砂岩内产以 Pali-binia和桃金娘科为主的植物群 ,时代为早—中始新世。目前可以肯定的中新统仅见于松潘县红土坡一带 ,为一套含煤的灰、灰黄色碎屑岩系 ,其中所含的叶化石和孢子花粉表明其时代为中新世。上新统至更新统分布较广 ,北部以白玉县昌台地区较为典型 ,称昌台群。无论从化石或岩性看昌台群均可分为上、下两套 :下部以杂色碎屑岩为主 ,夹砾岩和玄武岩 ,其中的孢粉组合以麻黄及榆科、藜科花粉丰富为特征 ;上部以含褐煤的暗色碎屑岩为主 ,除丰富的植物化石外 ,孢子花粉为松科、菊科、杜鹃科等居优势的组合 ,昌台群的地质时代为上新世到到早更新世。南部的上新统—更新统以昔格达组为代表 ,主要是河湖相暗色岩系 ,局部地区有褐煤夹层 ,产植物叶化石和孢子花粉 ,时代主要属于更新世 ,下部在某     

云南禄丰地区首次发现晚侏罗世早期轮藻化石组合

近年来云南禄丰地区在地层学方面有两项重要的进展：①川街盆地不仅具有“禄丰晰龙动物群”, 在其上部还相继发现了中侏罗世“川街龙动物群”和相当晚侏罗世的恐龙化石;②按照国际地层规范,厘定并新建了一套侏罗纪岩石地层单位。新近又在前人称之为“上禄丰组”下部（川街组）及“酒红层”（麻地山组）中分别鉴定出中侏罗世轮藻组合Aclistochara maanshanensis-Aclistochara abshirira-Aclistochara karierica和晚侏罗世早期轮组合Aclistochara jaisalmerensis-Aclistochara karierica-Mesochara voluta。这一晚株罗世早期轮藻化石组合在中国属首次发现。     

鄂尔多斯北部侏罗纪延安组、直罗组孢粉化石及其古气候意义

神山沟剖面位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘内蒙古东胜地区,侏罗纪延安组、直罗组富含孢粉化石。延安组为煤系沉积地层,岩性以灰白色砂岩、灰色粉砂岩夹泥岩为主,局部发育砾岩,可见5、6套煤层;直罗组为重要的含铀岩系,岩性以灰色-黄绿色砂岩、灰色粉砂岩夹紫红色泥岩、泥质粉沙岩为主。文中通过对神山沟剖面延安组和直罗组孢粉化石的分析,在延安组中识别出Cyathidites-Dictyophyllidites-Cycadopites(CDC)和Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Lycopodiumsporites-Concentrisporites-Disacciatrileti(COLCD)2个孢粉组合带,通过对孢粉化石属种的分析,得出本剖面延安组孢粉组合的时代为早中侏罗世早期;直罗组孢粉组合为Cyathidites-Osmundacidites-Cycadopites-Disacciatrileti(COCD)组合带,时代中侏罗世中期。结合地质、元素地球化学、古植物及其孢粉化石的定量分析表明,从延安组向直罗组其总体上反映了从温暖潮湿的亚热带向半干旱-干旱炎热的气候转变,反映燕山运动早期中侏罗世一次重要的古气候变化事件,古气候对煤、砂岩型铀的成矿具有特殊的地质意义。     

福建政和地区"稻香组"问题的探讨

在野外实际调研成果并结合前人资料的基础上,从岩石组合、岩石地球化学特征及构造组合特征等方面分析,认为原“稻香组”建组剖面(政和稻香-高堀剖面),可划分为三套分属不同时代的岩性组合,且将稻香组的定义重新修订。其下部为细砂岩、粉砂岩、硅质岩、泥岩组合,时代暂置晚古生代。三套岩石组合间为构造拼接关系,其性质为逆冲推覆．运动方向由南东向北西,推测逆冲推覆事件发生在晚侏罗世。     

上黑龙江凹陷晚中生代含煤地层对比

上黑龙江凹陷已知含煤地层为中侏罗世、晚侏罗世、早白垩世。根据岩性组合和古生物化石组合提出两个地层对比方案，即霍拉盆煤田应和大磨拐河组对比，鸥浦煤田可和开库康组对比。     

福建侏罗纪生物地层学初步研究

福建侏罗纪地层广泛分布,本文通过大量野外调查和资料综合分析,着重论述了福建侏罗纪地层分区、地层划分和代表性剖面的层序、岩性以及生物群特征。对福建早、中侏罗世岩相古地理概况作了简略论述。福建侏罗纪地层分区,划分为含有海相地层的闽中-闽西南地层小区,该区早侏罗世火山岩发育。陆相地层的闽北地层小区以及中侏罗统发育较好的闽西地层小区。下侏罗统生物群,双壳类在下部为海相的 Parainoceramus-Hunanonectes 动物群,上部为 Qiyangia 动物群;陆相植物下部为 Otozamites-Thinnfeldia 植物群,上部为 Conipters-Phoenicopsis 植物群;叶肢介下部为 Euestheria shandanensis-Palaeolimadia hojiensis 动物群,上部为 Eosolimnadiopsis-Asiolimnadiopsis 动物群;介形类下部为 Gomphocythere rhomboidalis-G?yubacumensis 组合,早侏罗世早期还含有菊石 Arietites 和 Coroniceras。中侏罗统生物群,植物组合不太明显,双壳类 Pseudocardinia-Tutuella 动物群,其中下部含有 Cuneopsis-psilunio-Eolamprotella 动物群;叶肢介为 Euestheria yanjiawanen-sis-E·camplanata 动物群;介形类在中下部为 Darwinella sarytirmanensis-D·magna 组合。此外,本文概述了福建早侏罗世南海北陆的古地理面貌。     

论上扬子区南部中奥陶统大沙坝组

中奥陶统上部大沙坝组的命名地点在四川长宁双河附近 ,岩性以泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩为主 ,夹钙质结核和灰岩透镜体 ,分布在川东南的长宁—兴文—叙永—古蔺一带 ,其中笔石和壳相化石经常交互出现 ,均比较丰富 ;笔石动物属于上层下垂对笔石动物群 ( Didymograptus artus Fauna) ,据此 ,大沙坝组的地层时代可定为中奥陶世达瑞威尔期 (相当于兰维恩期 ) ;腕足动物可称作 Saucrorthis- Parisorthis动物群。大沙坝组的岩性和其中所含的动物群均明显有别于在黔北和黔东北广泛分布的、大致同期的以钙质泥岩和钙质粉砂岩为主的十字铺组。四川北部平武县水柏乡的中元古代大沙坝组 ,由于命名在后 ,应予以废弃。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

Mine-water chemistry: the good, the bad and the ugly

 Contaminative mine drainage waters have become one of the major hydrogeological and geochemical problems arising from mankind's intrusion into the geosphere. Mine drainage waters in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom are of three main types: (1) saline formation waters; (2) acidic, heavy-metal-containing, sulphate waters derived from pyrite oxidation, and (3) alkaline, hydrogen-sulphide-containing, heavy-metal-poor waters resulting from buffering reactions and/or sulphate reduction. Mine waters are not merely to be perceived as problems, they can be regarded as industrial or drinking water sources and have been used for sewage treatment, tanning and industrial metals extraction. Mine-water problems may be addressed by isolating the contaminant source, by suppressing the reactions releasing contaminants, or by active or passive water treatment. Innovative treatment techniques such as galvanic suppression, application of bactericides, neutralising or reducing agents (pulverised fly ash-based grouts, cattle manure, whey, brewers' yeast) require further research. Received: 13 August 1996 · Accepted: 3 January 1997