ZC地区嘉四~1—嘉三碳酸盐岩储层非线性预测

基于碳酸盐岩储层裂缝系统岩石物理实验研究,裂缝系统具有明显非线性特征,采用裂缝非线性预测技术对ZC构造嘉四1-嘉三储层裂缝发育带进行精细刻画。ZC构造嘉陵江组嘉四1~嘉三储层裂缝展布分为三个带,两个主要裂缝发育区块,并分为五级,裂缝展布特征与构造特征及断层分布密切相关。应用地震优化非线性反演方法对嘉四1-三段储层过井剖面进行了速度反演,获得了高分辨率速度反演剖面,清晰而详细地反映了嘉四1-三段储层的变化特征,有效地提高了储层预测效果,实际钻探证明,研究区有效裂缝富集区与天然气富集区具有对应关系;在利用构造特征、地震反射特征、速度特征及非线性参数特征对嘉四1-嘉三储层预测研究的基础上,为研究区的勘探开发提供科学基础与依据,具有重大的实际经济意义。     

基于混合模糊神经网络储层裂缝地震反演研究

基于储层裂缝系统具有非线性特征,储层裂缝地震反演是由遗传算法(GA)、模糊神经网络(ANF IS)和禁忌搜索算法(TS)有机地结合而构成的自适应混合模糊神经网络技术。该技术在成像测井约束下,形成的自适应混合算法分别训练ANF IS网络的前提参数和结论参数,从而获得满足精度要求的储层裂缝密度的最佳估计值。针对目标储层段,应用储层裂缝地震反演方法对过井地震剖面和联井地震剖面进行了储层裂缝密度反演处理,获得了可用于地质解释和油气预测的视裂缝密度剖面。这种裂缝密度剖面含有裂缝定量信息,其裂缝密度相对误差为:0.8%~24%,满足勘探开发的要求。经与研究区的地质对比分析表明,视裂缝密度剖面上的裂缝展布特征符合研究区的沉积相分布和岩石力学性质的变化特征,对研究区的勘探开发具有重要意义。     

基于神经网络的井间地震数据外推及多尺度反演

多尺度地震资料联合反演将地面地震、井间地震和VSP等资料有机结合在一起,充分利用了不同地震资料的优点,达到了提高反演分辨率的目的。但受观测系统的限制,井间地震获得的只是一段二维剖面的信息,而地面地震是地下三维数据体的综合响应,因此无法对整个工区进行联合反演。针对这一问题,基于地层对地震波吸收的非线性系统理论,提出了利用神经网络建立地面地震数据和井间地震资料映射关系的方法。由于神经网络具有层状结构且输入、输出之间的映射关系是非线性的,从而建立地面地震数据与已有的井间地震数据之间的非线性理论模型,再将此映射关系应用到整个工区,得到高分辨率的井间地震。然后利用模型测试研究了该方法的可行性和鲁棒性。最后,将该方法应用到实际地震资料中,所得的多尺度反演结果分辨率明显提高,证明了该方法的可靠性及适应性。     

塔河油田3区石炭系超深薄层碎屑岩储层预测研究

针对塔河油田3区石炭系卡拉沙依组地震数据很难识别薄砂体的问题,对比分析了采用地震资料提频处理、分频处理、储层高分辨率敏感参数反演等不同手段得到的储层预测结果,筛选出高分辨率储层敏感参数反演作为卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段储层主要预测手段。通过探讨砂泥岩对声波时差的响应,以及对比分析自然电位、自然伽马以及补偿中子孔隙度与声波时差的关系,确定自然电位与声波时差的相关性最好,由此选取自然电位作为最佳电性敏感参数参与高分辨率敏感参数反演预测。从井点、剖面、平面等方面检验和评价高分辨率储层预测成果,结果表明其反演预测效果较好,符合塔河油田3区石炭系的储层预测要求,实现了对石炭系主力砂体空间展布的解释与描述,建立了塔河油田3区石炭系卡拉沙依组储层模型。     

W地区储层孔隙度地震预测技术及应用研究

在W地区,储层孔隙度预测技术是将支持向量机方法与分频法相结合构成一种新的地震非线性预测技术.支持向量机是一种基于统计理论的新型机器学习算法,它是建立输入与输出的一个隐形的映射关系,在我们的问题中,应用测井数据作为支持向量机的输入向量,通过支持向量机优选参数,对实际样本数据构造核函数,实现全局最优解.分频法采用短时快速傅利叶变换(SFFT)将地震数据进行时频转换,形成高分辨的分频数据体,作为独立的输入数据体,以提高储层孔隙度反演的分辨率和精度.因此,构成的这种联合预测技术,充分发挥了支持向量机和分频法的优势,这种全新的储层孔隙度预测技术适应储层地质参数高维非线性特点.依据建立的储层孔隙孔隙度预测技术,利用W地区实际地震数据形成的分频数据体和测井数据,对朱海组储层孔隙度进行了预测,获得了高分辨率和高精度储层孔隙度剖面和储层孔隙度数据体.在W地区,预测的朱海组储层孔隙度与测井孔隙度具有良好的一致性,其相关系数值为(0.816～0.945),平均值为0.882,因此,预测的储层孔隙度具有较高的可信度和准确率.在W地区成功应用表明,其方法技术具有通用性和较好的推广性,它的适用面广,预测效果好,易于实现,它将油气储层孔隙度预测推向一个新的发展水平.     

基于高分辨率波形指示反演方法在“甜点”预测中的应用：以四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩储层为例

针对常规叠后稀疏脉冲反演方法分辨率不足,以及传统叠后地质统计学反演方法缺乏横向地质意义的局限,应用基于高分辨率波形指示反演方法刻画了四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段波阻抗剖面展布及其优质页岩储层段时间域厚度平面展布情况。通过对焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段波阻抗剖面展布进行“盲井”检测,与常规叠后稀疏脉冲反演方法的刻画精度相比,高分辨率波形指示反演方法计算结果的刻画精度提高了一倍。进一步应用高分辨率波形指示反演方法模拟了焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段有机碳含量(TOC)剖面展布,为后期页岩储层精细评价以及“甜点”预测奠定了基础。     

叠前多属性概率神经网络反演储层孔隙度

近十年来非线性反演方法(如人工神经网络、遗传算法)在地球物理解释中,得到越来越多的应用,但人工神经网络反演目前通常只采用叠后波阻抗反演结果和叠后地震属性(如振幅、频率和相位)进行预测,而忽略了地震叠前道集中包含的地层信息.这里通过叠前地震反演获得纵波、横波阻抗和密度信息,结合叠前地震属性,综合应用PNN神经网络方法来反演地层孔隙度参数.其过程包括:①提取叠前地震属性和叠前反演纵波、横波阻抗和密度参数;②分析孔隙度和各类叠前属性和叠前弹性参数的相关程度,确定出与孔隙度关系密切的主要参数;③综合叠前反演弹性参数和叠前属性等参数,应用神经网络分析方法反演得出孔隙度体.该方法克服了由于砂泥岩波阻抗重叠造成的叠后波阻抗反演储层预测存在多解性的问题,反演孔隙度体提高了储层识别精度,储层预测和钻井结果一致,符合实际地质规律,证明本方法正确有效.     

碳酸盐岩薄储层气藏地震参数综合预测

针对碳酸盐岩薄储层气藏预测受制于地震分辨率,用常规反演方法往往很难解决薄储层气藏预测问题,通过参数加权综合法研究,从地震信息中提取薄储层5大类共计35种地震波场特征参数,通过Karhune—Loeve变换压缩降维,采用广义线性分类判别及加权综合处理,可获得能反映薄储层气藏特征的综合参数,较好地解决薄储层气藏预测的难题。在实际推广应用中也见到了良好的效果．如四川同福场构造嘉陵江组嘉二^1气藏为一典型碳酸盐岩薄储层气藏,储层纵向上厚度较薄,一般有效储层厚度多为1m～3m,曾采用地震速度反演方法做过多轮储层预测,但因储层测井差异性特征不明显以及储层太薄等因素,预测效果均不理想,而采用地震参数综合法则较好地解决了本区薄储层气藏的预测难题,预测符合率达到95．5％。     

L1-L2范数联合约束稀疏脉冲反演的应用

稀疏脉冲反演实际上就是利用反褶积原理, 从带有噪声的地震道中计算出具有稀疏分布特征的反射系数的振幅和时间.稀疏脉冲反演是非线性优化问题, 通常都是把非线性优化问题转化为线性优化问题, 然后用线性优化算法求解.以范数约束为基础, 提出L1-L2范数联合约束求解的方法.该算法采用了目前国际流行的内点算法, 与传统的优化算法相比, 这种算法具有精度高, 速度快的优点.通过研究人工模型和南海某油田实际数据, 表明该算法的计算结果和测井记录吻合好, 提高了地震分辨率, 目的层段分辨率优于8m.利用反射系数剖面预测的储层厚度和开发井吻合很好, 大大地降低了资源量计算的风险和油田开发的不确定性.      

利用地质统计学反演进行薄砂体储层预测

某地区三角洲前缘砂体相变快,非均质性强,单砂体厚度小,常规的确定性反演由于受到地震频带限制,反演地震体的垂向分辨力低,往往难以识别。基于随机建模技术的地质统计学反演方法,能有效地综合地质、测井和三维地震数据,极大地提高了预测结果的垂向分辨率,能更加精确地描述储层细微的变化,可以更好地识别薄层砂体。利用地质统计学反演方法对某地区三角洲前缘目标层段的薄层砂体进行了预测,通过高分辨率的地质统计学反演波阻抗体和密度反演体剖面对比,可以有效识别出薄层砂体在反演剖面上横向展布。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of