页岩气藏体积压裂有效改造体积计算方法

页岩气藏矿场压裂实践表明,储层有效改造体积（effective stimulated reservoir volume,简称ESRV）是影响页岩气藏体积压裂水平井生产效果的关键因素,ESRV的准确计算对页岩气藏压裂方案评价与体积压裂水平井产量预测具有重要作用.基于页岩储层改造体积（stimulated reservoir volume,简称SRV）多尺度介质气体运移机制,建立了SRV区域正交离散裂缝耦合双重介质基质团块来表征单元体渗流模型（representation elementary volume,简称REV）,并结合北美页岩储层实例研究了次生裂缝间距、宽度等缝网参数对页岩气藏气体运移规律的影响.在此基础上根据SRV区域次生裂缝分布特征,采用分形质量维数定量表征裂缝间距分布规律,结合页岩气藏次生裂缝间距对基质团块内流体动用程度的影响规律,得到了页岩气藏体积压裂ESRV计算方法.结果表明SRV区域次生裂缝间距对基质团块内吸附及自由气影响较大,次生裂缝间距小于0.20 m时可以实现SRV区域基质团块内流体向各方向裂缝的"最短距离"渗流.选取北美典型页岩储层生产井体积压裂数据进行ESRV计算,页岩气藏目标井ESRV占体积压裂SRV的37.78%.因此ESRV受改造区域次裂缝分布规律及SRV有效裂缝间距界限的影响,是储层固有性质及人工压裂因素综合作用的结果.      

煤层气储层裂隙阵列侧向测井响应数值模拟与分析

裂隙是煤层气储层重要的流体渗流通道,是煤层气有效储集体形成的重要条件。研究裂隙的测井响应特征是确定煤层裂隙参数的关键。利用三维有限元方法,确定不同裂隙条件的阵列侧向测井响应。研究表明:阵列侧向测井修正的视电导率与裂隙孔隙度、裂隙流体电导率基本为线性关系;随裂隙倾角增大,阵列侧向视电阻率升高;随基块电阻率增大,阵列侧向视电阻率增加;高角度裂隙(组)的阵列侧向测井深浅视电阻率呈现正差异,而基块电阻率较大的低角度裂隙(组)的响应可呈现负差异特征;相同裂隙孔隙度下,裂隙密度增加可能使裂隙组的阵列侧向视电阻率增加,当裂隙密度足够大时,测井响应基本不随裂隙密度发生变化;交叉裂隙的测井响应与平行裂隙组差异明显,且不同倾角组合的交叉裂隙的测井响应之间差异明显。      

The role of in situ stress in determining hydraulic connectivity in a fractured rock aquifer (Australia)

Fracture network connectivity is a spatially variable property that is difficult to quantify from standard hydrogeological datasets. This critical property is related to the distributions of fracture density, orientation, dimensions, intersections, apertures and roughness. These features that determine the inherent connectivity of a fracture network can be modified by secondary processes including weathering, uplift and unloading and other mechanisms that lead to fracture deformation in response to in situ stress. This study focussed on a fractured rock aquifer in the Clare Valley, South Australia, and found that fracture network connectivity could be discriminated from several geological, geophysical and hydrogeological field datasets at various scales including single well and local- to regional-scale data. Representative hydromechanical models of the field site were not only consistent with field observations but also highlighted the strong influence of in situ stress in determining the distribution of fracture hydraulic apertures and the formation of hydraulic chokes that impede fluid flow. The results of this multi-disciplinary investigation support the notion that the hydraulic conductivity of a fracture network is limited to the least hydraulically conductive interconnected fractures, which imposes a physical limit on the bulk hydraulic conductivity of a fractured rock aquifer.     

新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用

天然裂缝是地层中广泛分布的一种地质构造现象,当其在油气开发过程中保持一定有效性时具有重要作用,其有效程度高低是裂缝性油气藏高产富集的关键.本次研究以川西新场气田须二气藏裂缝特征及成因认识为基础,利用气藏各类动静态资料对裂缝张开度、裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度等参数进行解释和评价,明确了不同资料计算获取裂缝参数的物理含义及相互之间的关系,为裂缝有效性评价奠定了基础.文中以井筒附近、地质模型网格单元体内裂缝网络系统作为裂缝有效性定量表征对象,通过裂缝网络系统裂缝参数的分布特征,选取并组合了参数分布的特征变量从而建立了裂缝有效性定量表征指标;基于裂缝有效性定量表征方法和建立的定量表征指标对新场气田须二气藏单井产层段裂缝的有效性及气藏裂缝有效性的纵横变化规律进行了研究和评价,其评价结果与区域构造、应力场分布、井下监测、生产动态具有很好的一致性.本文对油气藏中天然裂缝有效性的认识和定量表征方法为裂缝性油气藏地质建模中裂缝有效参数场的建立和数值模拟工作奠定了基础,为裂缝性油气藏的描述和生产动态研究提供了方向和思路.     

油藏地球化学原理及其在油气勘探与油藏评价中的应用

综合评述了近年来油藏地球化学基础研究方面的主要进展,包括油气藏内流体非均质性成因、烃充注成藏及混合作用模式、储层内流体与岩石相互作用、油藏内烃的地球化学变化等,阐述了烃族群划分及其地球化学意义。结合实例介绍了油藏地球化学在油气勘探、油藏评价与油田生产管理中的主要应用领域与研究现状。在油气勘探领域的应用主要包括烃运移方向的地球化学研究、烃成藏时间及期次的确定、古油水界面的判别等;在油藏评价和油田生产管理方面的应用主要有油藏流体的连通性和分隔性研究、混合开采油藏单层产能贡献研究以及油、水、干层的地球化学识别等。     

歧口凹陷湖盆特征及对油气成藏控制作用研究

通过分析歧口凹陷湖盆基本特征,剖析构造断裂演化与油气成藏关系,探索其对油气成藏的控制作用.歧口凹陷湖盆自古近纪-新近纪经历了断陷期、断坳转换期、拗陷期三大演化阶段,现今表现为多隆多凹、盆岭相间的分布特征.受区域构造应力场及幕式演化影响,湖盆断裂以NE、近EW向为主,主断裂以侧接、转换为特色.凹陷主要发育潜山构造带、断阶构造带、盖层滑脱型断裂构造带,不同构造带油气成藏模式富集特点差异明显.根据断裂构造与油气成藏关系,认为海陆调解带裂缝油气藏的勘探、远源缓坡区沿断裂构造脊的中浅层勘探及大断裂控制的"Y"字型浅层构造及两侧火成岩勘探是下步工作重点方向.     

造缝产烃还是改质造烃？——论含油气源岩层系的储集层属性和烃源岩属性

源岩层系油气已成为世界油气工业体系中举足轻重的重点领域，未来发展潜力很大。本文通过深入解读含油气源岩层系的地质形成条件，发现储集层属性和烃源岩属性在根本上决定了源岩层系油气成功开发的技术路径。储集层属性是指储集层储存和渗滤油气的物理性质及其相互关系，地史时期微—纳米级孔- 喉- 缝系统充注和聚集了大面积连续型油气资源，人工压裂形成缝网系统突破了致密储层的连通属性短板，成功开发了规模油气资源，突破流动属性短板可能是另一个发展方向。烃源岩属性是指烃源岩滞留、转化和排出油气的物理化学性质及其相互关系，包括已转化的滞留油气和未转化的残留有机质，滞留及潜在烃类资源规模巨大，地下人工加热等方式理论上可突破烃源岩的有机质数量和成熟度属性短板，可能是实现成功开发的有效路径。储集层属性和烃源岩属性是实现源岩层系油气规模发展的内在潜质基础，公共属性参数是外部环境基础。造缝产烃还是改质造烃？前提是准确研判优选何种内在属性参数，基础是系统整合优化所有外在属性参数，推动实现源岩层系油气商业化可持续发展，未来中低熟富有机质页岩及油页岩、中高熟富气态烃页岩层系、低变质程度富油煤岩、深层可气化煤炭等是值得期待的战略发展领域。     

Numerical Modeling of Natural Fracture Distributions in Shale

The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马五段碳酸盐岩气藏富气主控因素——以陕200井区为例

靖边气田是中国最早发现的海相碳酸盐岩气藏之一,目前勘探范围仍在不断扩大。在回顾历年勘探和研究的基础上,以靖边气田陕200井区为例,总结和探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层富气的主控因素,以期为进一步勘探开发提供合理建议。研究表明:构造演变是靖边气田成藏的前提,决定了气田的分布范围和产气层位;沟槽的分布位置和切割深度对马五气藏的富集程度有着重要影响,鼻状构造不是主控因素。沉积环境是形成有利储层岩石类型的先决条件,潮间带云坪、潮上带膏云坪和含膏云坪微相是有利沉积微相。建设性的成岩作用是形成有利储集空间的重要保证,研究区多期溶蚀、白云化等建设性成岩作用对储层质量的改进较大,其中多期溶蚀作用是形成优质储集空间的主要成因。裂缝是天然气富集的重要因素,但裂缝发育程度因层位而不同。孔、洞、缝及沟槽的有效配置受构造、沉积、成岩作用的控制,每个层段的储集性能和天然气的富气程度不同。     

延川南地区深部煤层气U型水平井压裂参数优化设计

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气田具有高储低渗的特点,为提高深部煤层气单井产量,基于区域构造特征、煤层厚度、含气量及水文地质特征,从优化U型水平井压裂参数的角度,对水平井及其压裂参数进行设计。通过数值模拟对影响水平井产量的水平段长度、压裂缝等主要因素进行研究。结果表明:不考虑摩阻情况下,煤层气产量随水平段长度增加而增加,当水平段超过800m后,由于阻力作用,水平段长度每增加100m,产气量降低10%;压裂缝条数和半缝长对产气量影响较大,最佳的压裂缝条数为4~5条,最佳半缝长为80~120m;裂缝间距和裂缝渗透率对煤层气产量影响不大。依据数值模拟的最优参数对该区煤层气井S1进行压裂,在相同条件下,煤层气产量比未压裂的S2井提高了10倍以上。      

油气储层裂缝定量描述及其地质意义

在裂缝型油气藏勘探开发过程中,裂缝发育区带、裂缝密度以及连通性是影响生产的关键参数。文章在详细综述储层裂缝定量描述的必要性、地质意义、分维描述、人工智能模糊描述及微观描述等定量描述法的基础上,介绍了裂缝系统各参数之间的关系及裂缝预测方法,进而介绍了定量描述法在裂缝预测中应用的几个实例。     

Effects of fractures on the well production in a coalbed methane reservoir

A water-gas two-phase flow model of a fractured vertical well in a coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir is developed based on the Buckley-Leverett equation. A program is developed based on the proposed model to predict the production of a CBM well. Compared with the monitoring results of an actual vertical fractured well, the accuracy and reliability of the analytical model are approved. The impact of reservoir parameters and fracture parameters on the CBM production are quantitatively studied. The results indicate that the production is affected by the three major factors: gas supply capacity of the matrix (viz., CBM volume released by unit volume of matrix during unit time), supply capacity of the fracture network to the major fracture, and gas exhausting ability of the major fracture to the wellbore. The permeability, matrix radius, and coal seam thickness with larger values are good for the gas supply capacity of the matrix. Higher flow conductivity of major fracture shows a stronger impact on the gas exhausting ability of the major fracture to the wellbore. A smaller fracture interval is beneficial to the supply capacity of the fracture network to the major fracture to obtain higher production. To improve the efficiency of the actual well, the flow conductivity of the major fracture should be no more than 200 mD m and the crack interval should be between 20 and 30 m. The achievements of this study provide a case reference for the production prediction of vertical fractured wells and the optimization design of hydraulic fracture parameters of CBM reservoirs.     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Effect of Horizontal Well Reservoir Stimulation for Gas Hydrate Production

A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injects the developed chemical reagents into a hydrate reservoir through hydraulic fracturing, releasing heat during the chemical reaction to increase the hydrate decomposition rate. The chemical reaction product furthermore has a honeycomb structure to support fractures and increase reservoir permeability. Based on the geological model of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, three development methods are simulated to evaluate hydrate production capacity, consisting of horizontal well, fractured horizontal well and in-situ fracturing with transient heating well. Compared with the horizontal well, the simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of the fractured horizontal well in one year is 7 times that of the horizontal well, while the cumulative gas production of in-situ fracturing with transient heating well is 12 times that of the horizontal well, which significantly improves daily efficiency and cumulative gas production. In addition, the variation patterns of hydrate saturation and temperature-pressure fields with production time for the three exploitation plans are presented, it being found that three sensitive parameters of fracture conductivity, fracture half-length and fracture number are positively correlated with hydrate production enhancement. Through the simulations, basic data and theoretical support for the optimization of gas hydrate reservoir stimulation scheme has been provided.     

An analytical model for multiple fractured shale gas wells considering fracture networks and dynamic gas properties

Multi-stage fractured horizontal wells play an important role in developing shale gas reservoirs by significantly improving productivity. By considering fracture networks, gas desorption, stress-sensitive fracture permeability, and pressure-dependent gas PVT properties, an analytical model is developed for shale gas wells. Fracture networks are handled based on transient linear flow, gas desorption is handled by defining a new total compressibility, stress-dependent hydraulic fracture permeability is handled by variable substitution, and pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time are used to handle pressure-dependent PVT properties. After obtaining the solution of the linearized model, a material balance method and successive substitution iteration procedure are proposed to convert the pseudo-time into real time and calculate the production contribution from gas desorption. The results show that induced fractures also have a great impact on the production of the well. Production contribution from free gas and adsorbed gas could be quantified using the proposed material balance principle and iterative method. The rank of parameters that influence the ultimate recovery is the following: half-length of hydraulic fracture, induced fracture length/hydraulic fracture spacing, hydraulic fracture spacing, conductivity of induced fractures, conductivity of hydraulic fracture, and induced fracture spacing.     

储层构造裂缝定量预测与油气渗流规律研究现状和进展

裂缝型油气藏是21世纪石油增储上产的重要领域之一，但裂缝储层本身的复杂性在一定程度上增加了研究难度。从国内外研究现状来看，尚缺乏一个能全面解决构造裂缝定量预测问题的研究方法，对裂缝型油气藏预测及评价研究仍处于探索阶段。储层裂缝研究主要涉及 3个方面的关键内容，即地下裂缝识别、裂缝空间分布预测和裂缝参数定量表征。构造裂缝发育规律、形态特征以及油气等流体渗流规律主要受控于构造应力场和储层岩石物理性质的非均质性。强调构造应力场与岩石力学属性相互作用的研究方法已成为构造裂缝空间定量预测的主流，固体应力场和流体压力场的联合作用构成流体运移的驱动机制。我国拥有相当数量的裂缝储层的地质储量，进行裂缝型油气藏研究与预测，无论对西部还是东部深层油气藏的勘探突破均有深远意义。系统综述了储层裂缝定量研究和预测方法以及裂缝储层油气渗流规律的研究现状。     

Reservoir architecture and fracture characterization of low-permeability sandstone reservoir: a case study of Biandong oilfield,Jinhu depression,northern Jiangsu Basin,China

Fracture is one of the most important factors through the whole process of low-permeability reservoir development. Biandong oilfield is a typical low-permeability fractured sandstone reservoir, and has stepped into high water cut stage; thus, the waterflooding effect is poor. Therefore, many contradictions such as high moisture content, decreasing production speed, and low recovery efficiency are becoming increasingly prominent, which have seriously hindered the sustainable development, and need to be solved urgently. However, few such studies on reservoir characterization in low-permeability fractured sandstone reservoir have been conducted in China. In this study, through comprehensive analysis on reservoir characterization and sedimentary environment, significant results are achieved. Three types of fracture occurrence are identified; they are high-angle fracture, low-angle fracture, and horizontal fracture, respectively. Two types of reservoir pore (primary porosity and secondary porosity) are recognized based on thin-section observation and analysis. The diagenetic stage of Biandong oilfield are divided into three stages, early A, early B, and late A, respectively. Finally, a regional discrete fracture network model is established with Fisher’s algorithm based on three-dimensional geological model. All the research results presented above can make a significant instructing function for making reservoir development plan and improving recovery efficiency.     

吐─哈盆地丘陵油田裂缝定量预测探讨

裂缝油藏非常复杂和难以评价，本文从岩石脆性变形和递进变形的理论出发，从理论上指出了对裂缝发育程度进行定量预测的可能性，井尝试着在露头和岩芯裂缝资料的基础上，以脆性岩石的裂缝密度取决于岩石应变量为假设前提，通过构造曲率的定量分析、岩石弹性应变能的数值模拟计算，以及裂缝和断层的关系分析几方面相结合的方法，定量估算丘陵油田不同构造部位裂缝的发育程度。预测结果表明，丘陵油区裂缝发育程度总体有如下特征：裂缝密度总体西部相对较高，东部相对较低；中部较高，南北两侧较低。陵２４、２５井的预测结果和实际资料基本吻合。同时，对预测结果的可靠性作了初步评价。     

四川盆地侏罗系流体包裹体与致密油形成演化

四川盆地侏罗系发育具有分型结构的超致密储层,孔隙度多数在5%之下,渗透率小于0.1m D。长期以来,有关侏罗系油藏是裂缝油藏,岩性油藏,还是致密油,一直存在争议;对于如此致密储层,在没有裂缝的情况下,石油能不能进入储层,是如何进去的,运移路径是什么;是储层先致密后进油,还是先进油而后储层致密化;致密油的运聚机理与富集因素是什么,应采取怎样的勘探思路等等,是勘探和研究中需要面临和解决的基础科学问题。本文运用流体包裹体、场发射和环境扫描电镜、纳米CT和成藏物理模拟等方法,从储层微观介质空间含油性、流体包裹体分布及特征、储层演化与生烃演化等研究入手,开展了侏罗系石油运移、聚集机理和富集规律研究,结果表明四川盆地侏罗系油层以致密油为主体,储层致密化过程中及以后发生石油充注,致密储层基质中各种成岩次生微缝、结晶矿物晶间缝隙、各种微-纳米缝隙等基质缝是石油运移和渗滤有效路径,生烃增压和毛细管压力差是致密油运聚的主要动力,致密储层非达西渗流特征明显,具有启动压力梯度。四川盆地侏罗系致密油具有"源储共控、近源富集、网状赋油、甜点高产"的分布规律,指出在勘探中需要遵循致密油的自身属性和地质规律,按照"整体部署、分层评价、优选甜点"的工作思路,实现创新研究、科学评价和效益勘探。     

Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China

Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research. Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated. With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed. The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy. The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly. Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly. When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect. The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs.