陕西省大荔县高氟地下水的形成条件分析

为了查明陕西省大荔县高氟地下水的分布、形成条件,本文通过环境地质调查及水样测试,从地层、气象、地质地貌、水文地质及水文地球化学等几个角度进行了系统分析。研究表明,大荔县高氟地下水的分布、形成条件受地质、气候、地貌和水文地质的控制,大气降水在入渗过程中通过水岩作用及淋滤作用将岩石和土壤中氟元素带入地下水中,在蒸发作用下浓缩,最终形成高氟地下水。该研究可为解决大荔县饮水安全问题提供水文地质依据。     

北京大兴区第四系高氟地下水分布规律研究

北京市大兴区供水以地下水为主,研究该区高氟地下水的分布规律及其成因,对指导区域地下水的开发利用和保障居民饮水安全是必要的。在野外调查和以往研究成果的基础上,测试了北京大兴区地下水氟离子浓度。结果表明,高氟水分布区地层岩性以粘性土为主;浅层高氟水主要分布在大兴区的南部及东南部,超标区面积为258.57 km2;深层高氟水主要分布在中部,超标区面积为20.91 km2。建议对浅层高氟地下水加大止水深度,统一并严格设计饮用水井结构;对深层氟超标水,避免饮用或采取降氟措施后再饮用。     

江西兴国均村-高兴地区氟水文地球化学特征研究

氟广泛分布于地下水且与人体健康相关,世界上许多国家和地区均存在高氟水。本文以江西省均村-高兴地区为例,结合区域水文地质调查成果开展地下水中氟水文地球化学特征研究,探讨研究区地下水中F-的分布特征与来源。对研究区4个地下水系统中的442个地下水样品的F-、Ca²⁺、HCO_3^-浓度及pH值、TDS等进行分析,研究认为各地下水系统地下水中的F-浓度与Ca²⁺浓度、HCO_3^-浓度、pH值、TDS正相关,含氟矿物的溶解是地下水中氟的主要来源,较强烈的地下水交替条件及弱酸性的地下水特征是导致地下水中氟浓度低的重要原因。     

张家口坝下地区高氟地下水成因分析与健康风险评价

为了明晰张家口坝下地区高氟地下水的成因,探究其对当地居民饮用水安全的潜在影响,采集了391组潜水样品(井深≤100 m),通过水化学分析法、图解法、离子比例法、饱和指数计算法等对高氟地下水的分布与成因进行了分析,并利用美国EPA非致癌健康风险评价模型对四类受体人群进行健康风险评价.结果 表明,研究区高氟地下水(ρ(F)...     

西宁盆地地下热水的TDS分布特征及富集机理

西宁盆地大部分地下热水中TDS含量较高,极大限制了地热水的可利用性,研究盆地地下水TDS的成因机理,可为后期指导地热资源开发利用提供参考价值.通过对西宁盆地药水滩至盆地中心沿线地下水的常、微量组分的分析,探讨了区内TDS的分布特征及富集机理.结果 表明:从盆地边缘到盆地中心,地下水由HCO3 Ca· Mg型淡水逐渐向S...     

地下水氟离子分布规律与超标成因浅析——以北京南郊第四系地下水为例

饮用水中氟浓度超标,是导致地方性氟中毒疾病的主要因素。通过水质资料综合分析,结合农村安全饮水工程的施工及水质专项调查,开展了地下水中氟分布规律的研究,掌握了氟在地下水空间的分布规律。浅层地下水中氟离子浓度超标范围主要集中在东南部及南部地区,氟离子浓度与含水层深度呈反相关系,随时间变化幅度较大。深层地下水中氟离子浓度超标区主要集中在中部,当含水层埋深在300m以内时,氟离子浓度与含水层深度呈正相关系,随时间变化幅度较小。浅层地下水中氟的富集与气候条件、含水层岩性、地下水径流速度密切相关,深层地下水氟超标是由地质原因造成的。研究成果为水井施工设计提供了技术支持,为研究治理地下水中氟浓度超标的措施提供依据。     

聊城市东阿岩溶水系统水化学特征研究

针对地下水水化学环境恶化的现象,分析研究东阿岩溶水系统典型监测点多年水质动态变化资料,并对系统内2015年枯水期、丰水期主要水化学指标的分布、变化规律进行了分析对比,结果表明:多年来TDS位于400~700 mg/L之间,总硬度变化不显著,降雨补给是导致离子含量变化的重要因素;2015年东阿岩溶水系统内水质类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主,枯丰水期离子运移规律大致相同,部分监测点存在污染问题,离子含量因污染现象发生明显改变;丰水期TDS含量高于枯水期TDS含量,排泄区TDS浓度偏高,对居民饮水安全造成一定影响。     

山东省地下水氟富集规律及其驱动机制

本文以生命必需元素氟为研究对象,选择地方性氟病分布典型、地下水类型分布全面的山东省全境为研究区,依托2006～2016年间采集的4321件地下水无机分析数据,综合运用数理统计分析、离子比值分析、水化学平衡体系分析,详细研究了山东省高氟地下水的分布特征和富集机制.结果表明:山东省浅层高氟地下水集中连片分布于胶莱盆地和鲁西南平原地区地势低洼地带,地下水氟含量超过1 mg/L的分布面积13227 km2,最大值22 mg/L;深层承压孔隙水高氟区集中分布于平原盆地中心的德州、滨州、菏泽等地深层承压孔隙水水位降落漏斗区,氟含量超过2 mg/L的分布面积15086 km2,最大值7.5 mg/L,地下水开采是驱动深层承压孔隙水氟富集的主要因素;不同类型地下水氟平均含量从大到小依次是深层承压孔隙水、浅层松散岩类孔隙水、侵入岩变质岩基岩裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水;深层承压孔隙水F-含量与Ca2+含量呈明显的负相关,其他类型地下水F-含量与Ca2+含量相关关系不明显.综合得出:山东省高氟地下水形成受地貌与地质构造部位、含水介质地球化学特性、人类地下水开采等三方面因素共同驱动,含氟矿物的溶解是地下水中氟的物质来源,淋滤、蒸发浓缩、水岩相互作用使得地下水氟含量进一步升高,氟-钙拮抗作用机制最终决定地下水中氟含量.此研究揭示了控制不同类型地下水氟富集的关键因素,深化了氟在地下水中化学行为的认识.     

模糊数学方法在天津市地下水水质评价中的应用

运用模糊数学方法,以TDS、氟离子等9个组分作为评价因子,构造综合评判模糊数学模型,计算各评价因子的权重,建立模糊数学最大隶属度函数。对2001年10月采集天津市的地下水水质样本进行了实例计算和评价,对天津市地下水水质进行评价。针对评价结果进行分析,验证评判模型的可靠性。     

泰安市农村人畜饮水水质分析及保护对策等

本文根据248个监测站点,36项水质指标的监测数据,依据国家生活饮用水卫生标准,对泰安市农村人畜饮水水质进行了评价.摸清了泰安市农村人畜饮水水质构成、超标参数、分布规律和污染原因,分析出泰安市农村地下水化学异常区、高氟区,并提出了相应的保护措施.     

地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能评价的关系

针对中国北方地下水评价中偏重资源而对地下水的生态功能和地质环境功能重视不足的问题,立足于流域尺度的地下水循环系统和地下水的自然属性,突出协调综合发挥地下水的资源功能、生态功能和地质环境功能的目标,从地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能的理念基础、评价原则和评价机理3个方面探讨二者的内在关联性,认为它们同源于人与自然和谐的理念,都以流域尺度的地下水循环系统为研究主体,以保护生态与地质环境为目标,彼此相互促进和相互支撑.地下水功能评价是合理确定地下水可持续开采量的充分条件,地下水可持续开采量的合理确定是实现地下水功能评价目标的必要条件;如果二者缺一,则地下水的生态功能或地质环境功能难以得到有针对性的保护.     

Patterns in groundwater chemistry resulting from groundwater flow

 Groundwater flow influences hydrochemical patterns because flow reduces mixing by diffusion, carries the chemical imprints of biological and anthropogenic changes in the recharge area, and leaches the aquifer system. Global patterns are mainly dictated by differences in the flux of meteoric water passing through the subsoil. Within individual hydrosomes (water bodies with a specific origin), the following prograde evolution lines (facies sequence) normally develop in the direction of groundwater flow: from strong to no fluctuations in water quality, from polluted to unpolluted, from acidic to basic, from oxic to anoxic–methanogenic, from no to significant base exchange, and from fresh to brackish. This is demonstrated for fresh coastal-dune groundwater in the Netherlands. In this hydrosome, the leaching of calcium carbonate as much as 15 m and of adsorbed marine cations (Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) as much as 2500 m in the flow direction is shown to correspond with about 5000 yr of flushing since the beach barrier with dunes developed. Recharge focus areas in the dunes are evidenced by groundwater displaying a lower prograde quality evolution than the surrounding dune groundwater. Artificially recharged Rhine River water in the dunes provides distinct hydrochemical patterns, which display groundwater flow, mixing, and groundwater ages. Received, May 1998 · Revised, August 1998 · Accepted, October 1998     

福建厦门市地下水质量及开发利用建议

地下水质量和污染问题已成为制约城市发展的重要因素.该文对厦门市平原区地下水的有机和无机化学组分进行了系统全面的分析,根据"地下水标准"和"矿泉水标准"对地下水质量进行了综合评价.研究表明:厦门市地下水质量总体一般,可以直接饮用的水占22.9％,经过适当处理可以饮用的水占59.8％,不能饮用的占17.3％.有益人体健康的...     

Delineation of groundwater potential zones and electrical resistivity studies for groundwater exploration

The electrical resistivity method is widely used in groundwater exploration studies. The method is particularly well suited to carry out groundwater studies in hard-rock terrains. The popular Schlumberger method of electrode configuration was applied in the study area. In all, 112 vertical electrical soundings (VESs) were carried out at different locations in the study area. VES interpretations were used to generate a top-layer contour map and a depth-to-basement map. Finally, a groundwater quality/potential map for the study area was generated using the depth-to-bedrock map, a water-level fluctuation map, and the second-layer thickness. Furthermore, this groundwater potential map was classified into three sectors, i.e. poor, moderate and good zones with respect to the prospects of finding groundwater in the study area. This map has a practical value, as it provides guidance to farmers in selecting favourable well sites, thereby avoiding unnecessary financial losses.     

Isotope hydrology of deep groundwater in Syria: renewable and non-renewable groundwater and paleoclimate impact

The Regional Deep Cretaceous Aquifer (RDCA) is the principal groundwater resource in Syria. Isotope and hydrochemical data have been used to evaluate the geographic zones in terms of renewable and non-renewable groundwater and the inter-relation between current and past recharge. The chemical and isotopic character of groundwater together with radiometric ¹⁴C data reflect the existence of three different groundwater groups: (1) renewable groundwater, in RDCA outcropping areas, in western Syria along the Coastal and Anti-Lebanon mountains. The mean δ¹⁸O value (?7.2 ‰) is similar to modern precipitation with higher ¹⁴C values (up to 60–80 pmc), implying younger groundwater (recent recharge); (2) semi-renewable groundwater, which is located in the unconfined section of the RDCA and parallel to the first zone. The mean δ¹⁸O value (?7.0 ‰) is also similar to modern precipitation with a ¹⁴C range of 15–45 pmc; (3) non-renewable groundwater found in most of the Syrian interior, where the RDCA becomes confined. A considerable depletion in δ¹⁸O (?8.0 ‰) relative to the modern rainfall and low values of ¹⁴C (<15 pmc) suggest that the large masses of deep groundwater are non-renewable and related to an older recharge period. The wide scatter of all data points around the two meteoric lines in the δ¹⁸O-δ²H diagram indicates considerable variation in recharge conditions. There is limited renewable groundwater in the mountain area, and most of the stored deep groundwater in the RDCA is non-renewable, with corrected ¹⁴C ages varying between 10 and 35 Kyr BP.     

降水和开采变化对石家庄地下水流场影响强度

为能精确识别降水和开采对石家庄地下水流场影响强度,应用小波变换和相关分析等研究方法,对区域平均地下水位、地下水降落漏斗面积及中心水位与降水和开采变化之间的互动特征进行了研究。结果表明:① 1961—1973年期间,平均地下水位随降水量增大呈幂函数递减趋势;1974—2010年期间,降水量每减小100 mm,漏斗中心水位下降速率增大7.35 m,平均地下水位下降速率增大2.15 m;② 1961—1973年期间,开采量每增加1亿m3,平均地下水位下降0.28 m,漏斗面积扩大11.74 km2,中心水位下降0.52 m,1974年以来累计超采量每增加1亿m3,漏斗面积增幅1.52 km2,中心水位降幅0.18 m;③ 降水量每减小100 mm,降水贡献度减弱3.0%,人类开采影响强度增大2.76%。     

石家庄市地下水污染特征及其与超量开采的关系

石家庄市地下水污染以常量组分的含量和指标升高为主要特征，污染源主要来自城市污水，这在我国城市地区地下水污染问题中极具代表性。本在分析污染特征的基础上，对地下水污染与超量开采的关系进行了研究和探讨，揭示了超量开采加剧地下水污染进程的机理，进而提出，超量开采地下水是导致地下水污染的重要诱导因素。     

A graphic expression of salinization and pollution of groundwater The case of Israel's groundwater

 Anthropogenic activities create various contaminated leachate, which can migrate downward from the vadose zone to groundwater, transferring contaminants, including some hazardous ones. When these various sources of contamination influence the groundwater aquifer simultaneously, the effects of contamination are enhanced. The major concern of this study has been to determine whether the shape of a groundwater chlorograph might be the result of such deterministic effects as accumulation of one or more particular processes of groundwater contamination, and how this might relate to specific hydrological situations. This study proposes a classification of groundwater contamination on the basis of properties of the main components of groundwater quality graphs and the corresponding hydrogeological/environmental situation. The study further suggests that contamination of groundwater in any hydrogeological situation (e.g. sea water) may be graphically expressed. A variety of chlorographs and nitrographs, representative of various groundwater aquifers sampled from a number of wells throughout Israel attest to this. The study thus indicates that groundwater quality graphs may be considered as a complementary tool for groundwater quality control and better understanding aquifer situations.     

Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation

 In evaluating groundwater development both the positive and negative effects must be considered; otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be achieved. Examination of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse. In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by the regulations that enforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use of groundwater resources for the present and future generations. Received: July 1997 · Accepted: 15 September 1997