太平洋年代际涛动对ENSO与华南冬季降水关系的可能影响

基于中国160站冬季降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及NOAA SST资料,本文分析了太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)不同位相时期ENSO事件对华南冬季降水影响的差异。结果表明:在PDO正位相时期,El Nio年华南冬季降水显著增加,而La Nia年华南冬季降水没有明显变化;在PDO负位相时期,El Nio年华南冬季降水增加虽然显著,但仅是PDO正位相时期的一半,而La Nia年华南冬季降水显著减少,这说明PDO对ENSO事件影响华南冬季降水具有调制作用,且El Nio(La Nia)事件对华南冬季降水的影响在PDO不同位相时期具有不对称性。前人研究指出,El Nio(La Nia)事件主要通过西北太平洋异常反气旋(气旋)影响华南冬季降水。本文分析发现,在PDO正位相时期,El Nio年西北太平洋异常反气旋北侧西南气流影响华南,造成降水增加,而La Nia年西北太平洋异常气旋位置向南推,对华南地区影响很小;在PDO负位相时期,El Nio年西北太平洋异常反气旋位置东移,对华南影响不大,而La Nia年华南地区基本为西北太平洋异常气旋北侧东北风异常所控制,从而使降水减少。由此可见,PDO不同位相时期El Nio(La Nia)事件影响华南冬季降水异常差异的主要原因是西北太平洋异常反气旋(气旋)的差异造成的。此外,源自孟加拉湾低槽南侧的西风水汽输送异常在PDO不同位相时期El Nio(La Nia)年份也存在非对称性的差异。     

2010/2011年中部型La Nia事件形成机理及其垂直环流异常

应用TAO(Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project)热带太平洋实测海温和风场资料,分析研究了2010/2011年La Nia事件的变化特征,讨论了此次过程中赤道太平洋次表层异常海温的变化特征及其传播过程,以及上层海温场的异常变化机理。结果表明,2010/2011年的La Nia事件与传统事件不同,是一次明显的中部型La Nia事件(简称CPP La Nia),其爆发过程主要存在两个不同机制的响应过程:一是西太平洋暖池(WPWP)区域次表层异常冷海温通过赤道潜流的作用沿温跃层东传,导致赤道东太平洋上层海洋温度场出现异常降温:二是赤道中东太平洋出现强的距平东风,通过上升流作用,导致冷海温上传影响中太平洋上层异常海温场。前者是导致La Nia事件的必要条件,后者则是形成此次中部型La Nia事件的关键过程。由分析结果还表明,日界线以东赤道太平洋纬向风变化对中西太平洋上层海温场变化有重要影响,是导致此次中部型事件爆发的重要机制。文章进一步分析了此次中部型La Nia事件过程中热带垂直环流的变化,结果表明经向和纬向大气环流都表现出明显的异常。     

2011/2012年我国冷冬与中部型La Niña事件的联系

应用中国气象局国家气候中心提供的160个站逐月气温观测资料以及74项环流特征量中西太平洋副热带高压资料、TAO实测资料以及美国国家海洋和大气局提供的OI-SST海表温度资料和NCEP-NCAR再分析资料,采用合成分析、相关分析等统计诊断方法,对2011/2012年我国冬季的天气状况,以及大气环流异常及其对我国气候产生影响的可能机理进行了分析,为我国气候变化预测提供参考。结果表明,2011/2012年我国冬季(DJF)出现异常寒冷的天气状况可能与2011/2012年赤道太平洋海表温度冷异常最大值出现在中部太平洋的La Nia事件(简称中部型La Nia事件)的爆发存在一定联系。赤道太平洋海表温度的异常分布对北半球大气环流形势产生重要影响,它直接影响着赤道地区Walker环流和Hadley环流的异常,导致西太平洋副热带高压的异常偏弱、偏东。由于西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、偏东,对冬季的经向环流产生重要影响,最终导致我国2011/2012年冬季出现冷冬现象。     

两类La Nia季节演变过程的海气耦合特征对比

利用1951—2010年逐月的HadISST海表温度资料、SODA次表层海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对比分析了东太平洋(EP型)La Nia和中太平洋(CP型)La Nia的海气耦合特征在季节演变过程中的差异。EP La Nia海表温度异常中心在发展年夏季出现于南美沿岸,随后向西移动,盛期最大海表温度异常中心位于赤道东太平洋,而CP La Nia海温异常中心少动,基本维持在160°W附近,其强度更强,持续时间更长。受海温分布形态影响,热带大气对两类La Nia的响应非常不同,成熟期间CP型在中太平洋偏旱的强度和范围比EP型大,且略偏西。发展年夏、秋季,北半球位势高度响应较弱;冬季,负PNA位相易伴随两类La Nia出现,但异常活动中心的位置和强度不同,在北大西洋其大气响应几乎相反,这些差异会引起显著不同的区域气候异常。     

伴随IOD型和独立型ENSO对山东气候年际变化的影响

使用1951年以来66 a的观测和再分析资料,通过合成分析的方法对比分析了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Nio/La Nia)伴随正/负印度洋偶极子(positive/negative Indian Ocean Dipole,pIOD/nIOD)发生年或独立发生年山东夏、秋季气温和降水的年际变化特征,结果表明,伴随IOD型和独立型El Nio/La Nia对山东夏、秋季气温和降水的影响在强度、范围、正负位相、空间型态上存在很大的差异。在气温方面,El Nio在p IOD的调制作用下对山东南部地区夏季气温年际变化的影响加强;El Nio与p IOD伴随发生时,山东秋季气温较常年偏高,而独立发生时气温则偏低,呈反位相变化;La Nia与n IOD伴随发生年夏季鲁西北气温较常年偏低,La Nia独立发生年夏季半岛东部气温较常年偏高,气温异常呈反位相变化;nIOD对La Nia的调制促进作用有利于山东秋季气温较常年异常偏高;850 h Pa气温异常与山东表面气温异常有很强的正相关关系。在降水方面,El Nio在pIOD的调制作用下容易引起山东北部地区夏季降水偏少,但会削弱其对山东中部地区秋季降水负异常的影响;La Nia在n IOD的调制作用下山东境内降水都较常年偏多,但降水异常地域分布非常不均,鲁西北降水较常年显著偏多;独立型La Nia更易引起鲁西北西部、鲁中、鲁南大部分地区夏季降水偏少。850 h Pa环流异常配合温度场异常对山东夏、秋季降水异常分布有一定的影响。     

热带太平洋第二类El Nio事件及其对中国气候的影响

基于热带太平洋次表层海温资料,分析了热带太平洋第二类El Nio事件海温异常的分布特征及其形成机制,讨论了与经典El Nio事件、El Nio Modoki、WP(西太平洋暖池)及CT(冷舌)El Nio事件之间的关系,揭示了第二类El Nio事件对中国降水的影响,得到以下结论。(1)第二类El Nio事件表征为热带太平洋次表层海温异常第三模态,占总方差贡献的4.7%。在海洋表面层,第二类El Nio事件暖期赤道东太平洋为沿赤道西伸的冷舌,热带中西太平洋为环绕冷舌的马蹄型大范围暖区。该型具11a和30~40a年代际振荡及3~4a年际变率,峰值多出现在春季。第二类El Nio事件是热带太平洋异常海面风应力场和赤道两侧的风应力旋度共同作用的结果,在赤道东印度洋-中西太平洋与赤道东太平洋-南美洲上空出现以反号垂直运动为特征的异常Walker环流。(2)El Nio Modoki与第二类El Nio事件有密切关系,它实质上是第二类El Nio事件次表层海温与近海面大气相互作用的结果,捕捉了第二类El Nio事件的主要信息。(3)第二类El Nio事件对中国春季及夏初降水有一定影响。在事件暖期,东海地区存在一个显著的异常反气旋性环流,其南侧的中国南方地区盛行异常东北气流,水汽来源减少,导致该地区少雨,其西侧的异常偏南气流北上直达华北地区,异常多水汽向北输送,并与北方的偏北流场相遇,导致该地区降水偏多。在第二类El Nio事件冷期相反。本文结果还指出,WP与CT El Nio事件是由经典El Nio事件第一模态与El Nio Modoki事件组合而成,它们不是独立的El Nio类型。此外,还讨论了夏半年El Nio事件对大气环流影响的物理过程。     

太平洋北赤道逆流年际变化的特征及其影响因子分析

采用SODA数据资料,分析了1950—2008年太平洋北赤道逆流(NECC)的年际变化特征及其与ENSO循环的联系。研究结果表明:(1)El Nio(La Nia)盛期是NECC流量由年际异常增大(减小)到异常减小(增大)的转折点;(2)NECC流轴的纬度在El Nio(La Nia)盛期达到年际异常最南(北)端;(3)NECC流轴在深度上呈西深东浅倾斜,El Nio(La Nia)盛期倾斜最弱(强)。通过构造典型ENSO循环的海表面风应力场,驱动一层半线性约化重力数值模式,结果验证了在NECC的年际变化中海表面风应力场是关键因素,而大洋波动(Kelvin波和Rossby波)和洋流本身是海洋内部的主要动力调整机制。     

西北太平洋热带气旋与上层海洋热含量的关系

利用SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)的海温资料和Unisys Weather的热带气旋资料,研究了1960-2008年期间北太平洋上层150 m的热含量分布特征及其与西北太平洋热带气旋发生频次的关系。考虑了纬度的变化对热含量的影响后,北太平洋热含量的高值中心位于10°N左右,与上层海温结构相符,计算结果更加符合物理意义。北太平洋热含量与西北太平洋热带气旋频数年际相关性研究表明在北太平洋中高纬度大洋内区和赤道东太平洋热带不稳定波发生区呈现出前期冬季正相关性。此相关性存在显著年代际的变化,在1970-1975年和1984-2008年期间最强,1976-1983年期间较弱。在北太平洋中高纬度大洋内区,同期春夏秋季同样存在强正相关。在西太平洋暖池区,同期秋季负相关最为显著。赤道中太平洋区域在夏季呈显著的正相关,秋季减弱。赤道东太平洋海域的相关性前期冬季负相关最为显著,春季负相关性减弱,夏季和秋季无显著相关。     

El Nio对东亚气候年际异常影响的数值模拟

根据1949~1998年期间8次显著El Nio事件合成的24个月年际海温异常(SSTAs)和气候平均的海温(SST),利用CCM3分别进行了3个包含10次积分的集合试验,即控制试验(CTRL),热带太平洋海洋全球大气试验(TOGA)以及整个太平洋海洋全球大气试验(TOGA-NP),通过对比分析这3个试验之间的集合模拟结果,揭示了在El Nio不同演变阶段东亚气候年际异常响应结构以及北太平洋年际SSTAs在此过程中的调制作用.结果表明:El Nio发展阶段夏季,东亚地区大气环流异常呈显著的负PJ波列,副热带高压减弱、偏东,东亚夏季风增强,东北和江淮流域降水偏多,华北和长江流域及其以南地区降水偏少;El Nio成熟阶段冬季,东亚大槽加强,东亚北部冬季风加强,西太平洋副热带地区低层有显著的反气旋式异常风场,华南地区降水显著增多;El Nio衰亡阶段夏季东亚气候年际异常型与其发展阶段夏季几乎相反.同时,北太平洋年际SSTAs对El Nio影响东亚气候年际异常有一定的调制作用,使模拟的我国降水异常分布更符合观测.     

2011/2012年我国冷冬与中部型La Ni(n)a事件的联系

应用中国气象局国家气候中心提供的160个站逐月气温观测资料以及74项环流特征量中西太平洋副热带高压资料、TAO实测资料以及美国国家海洋和大气局提供的OLSST海表温度资料和NCEP-NCAR再分析资料,采用合成分析、相关分析等统计诊断方法,对2011/2012年我国冬季的天气状况,以及大气环流异常及其对我国气候产生影响的可能机理进行了分析,为我国气候变化预测提供参考.结果表明,2011/2012年我国冬季(DJF)出现异常寒冷的天气状况可能与2011/2012年赤道太平洋海表温度冷异常最大值出现在中部太平洋的La Ni(n)a事件(简称中部型La Ni(n)a事件)的爆发存在一定联系.赤道太平洋海表温度的异常分布对北半球大气环流形势产生重要影响,它直接影响着赤道地区Walker环流和Hadley环流的异常,导致西太平洋副热带高压的异常偏弱、偏东.由于西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、偏东,对冬季的经向环流产生重要影响,最终导致我国2011/2012年冬季出现冷冬现象.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,