近50a阿克苏河流域土地利用/覆被变化过程

针对干旱区跨境河流域土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)研究薄弱、无法满足环境变化评价的问题,选择西天山跨越吉尔吉斯斯坦国和中国的阿克苏河流域为研究区,在遥感和GIS的支持下,获取了近50a阿克苏河流域土地利用/覆被数据,并利用数理统计模型,对该流域LUCC的过程、趋势及土地利用程度变化进行系统分析.结果表明:阿克苏河流域土地变化从前期(1960-1990年)的准平衡状态转变为后期(1990-2008年)的不平衡状态,土地类型也呈现出从双向转换向单向转换过渡,且不同类型差异较大;流域后期LUCC的速度是前期的2.1倍,其中耕地和建设用地增加最快而沼泽地和盐碱地减少最快,草地变化速度最小.流域土地利用处于发展时期,且流域下游绿洲区域土地利用程度综合指数及其变化较大.政策调整、人类活动增强、气候变化以及径流变化是LUCC的主要驱动因子.     

EPR of a hydrogen/double-lithium centre in α-quartz

 X-band electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on a gamma-irradiated α-quartz crystal have revealed a new hydrogarnet-like defect. Analysis of the spectral data suggests that the centre consists of an oxygenic electron hole adjacent to a silicon vacancy, charge-compensated by a proton and two lithium +1 ions. The principal directions of the spin-Hamiltonian g matrix indicate that the oxygenic hole occurs on the oxygen ion that would be long-bonded to the missing silicon atom. Modelling of the proton and lithium hyperfine matrices via three different methods has provided a detailed physical view for the structure of the defect centre, which is presented here. Received: 12 June 2002 / Accepted: 10 January 2003 RID="‡" ID="‡" Deceased August 2001     

Did the 7/9/1999 M5.9 Athens Earthquake Come with a Warning?

Prior to the 7/9/1999 M_S = 5.9 Athens earthquake, regional seismicity has exhibited a power-law increase, of the form = K+A(t_c - t)ⁿ, where is estimated using an expression log = cM + d and t_c is the time of the culminating event. Such changes appeared after the 17/8/1999 M7.4 Izmit event. We quantified the performance of the power law vs. the null hypothesis of constant seismic release rates, by defining the curvature C as the ratio of the power law fit RMS/linear fit RMS, so that the smaller C is, the better the power law behaviour. By mapping C, we have established a critical radius of 110 km and observed that the region of correlated accelerating seismic release extended from the N. Aegean, through Euboea and Attica to the SW Peloponnese. A few days prior to the Athens event, min(C) was centred at the epicentral area and numerical simulation yielded t_c = 1999.676 and predicted M_S = 5.77. Seismicity rates returned to normal (quasi-constant) after the Athens event. We interpret this effect as critical point behaviour, following remote excitation of a broad area by stress redistribution due to the Izmit event which, at Athens, has triggered `premature' failure of a fault nearing its load bearing capacity. If this is correct, we have documented a case of remote earthquake triggering by another earthquake, as well as insight into the mechanisms producing it. As a corollary, we note that a large event may beget another large event in its broader region of interaction, which may be preceded by characteristic precursory seismicity changes.     

基于AVHRR/NOAA影像的天山北坡近10a植被变化

提出一套基于遥感和GIS技术的干旱区植被变化和生态环境质量初步评价的研究方法,在天山北坡及其典型区域三工河流域应用取得满意结果.研究表明:1)1992—1998年天山北坡植被覆盖度和生物量持续增加,与同期温度和降水变化趋势一致,从植被角度响应了天山北坡气候向暖湿发展的态势.2)1987—1998年三工河流域从前山带到北部沙漠区植被覆盖度和生物量显著增加,尤其是绿洲外围的北部沙漠区和荒漠过渡带;从增加的幅度看,平原区增幅明显大于山区,后期大于前期;植被指数与6～7a温度、降水的均值呈现出明显的正相关,和6～7a蒸发潜力的均值表现出负相关,三工河流域植被变化显著地响应了6～7a时间尺度的气候变化.     

MIS 5a/5b时期亚洲夏季风变化的高分辨率石笋记录

由于深海氧同位素阶段5时期 (Marine Isotope Stage 5, MIS 5)高分辨率的亚洲夏季风记录较少,限制了对该时期亚洲夏季风变化的认识。本文利用重庆金佛山羊口洞石笋的δ18O记录,重建了MIS 5a/5b时期平均分辨率为38年的亚洲夏季风演变历史。发现该时段亚洲夏季风在千年—百年尺度上与北大西洋地区气候变化存在紧密联系。得益于误差小于0.4%的230Th测年结果,本文标定了中国间冰阶(Chinese Interstadial, CIS)21的开始时间为84.6±0.3 ka BP,CIS 22的起止时间分别为91.2±0.3 ka BP和88.9±0.3 ka BP。此外,羊口洞石笋记录的CIS 21和CIS 22的变化模式与格陵兰记录不同,而与南极冰芯记录呈反相对应,可能表示在此阶段亚洲夏季风受到了南半球气候变化的影响。      

Was the lethal eruption of Lake Nyos related to a double CO2/H2O density inversion?

The 1986 lethal eruption of Lake Nyos (Cameroon) was caused by a sudden inversion between deep, CO₂-loaded bottom lake waters and denser, gas-free surface waters. A deep CO₂ source has been found in fluid inclusions which occur predominantly in clinopyroxenes from lherzolitic mantle xenoliths, brought to the surface by the last erupted alkali basalts. P–T conditions of CO₂ trapping correspond to a gas density equal (or higher) than that of liquid water. It is suggested that this dense CO₂, found in many ultrabasic mantle xenoliths worldwide, has accumulated at km depth, below a column of descending lake water. It may remain in a stable state for a long period, as long as the temperature is above the density inversion temperature for pure H₂O/CO₂ systems. At an estimated depth of about 3 km, cooling by descending waters (to about 30 °C) induces a density inversion for the upper part of the CO₂ reservoir. This causes a constant, regular upstream of low-density CO₂ which, in its turn, feeds the shallower lake density inversion.     

Can a Training Image Be a Substitute for a Random Field Model?

In most multiple-point simulation algorithms, all statistical features are provided by one or several training images (TI) that serve as a substitute for a random field model. However, because in practice the TI is always of finite size, the stochastic nature of multiple-point simulation is questionable. This issue is addressed by considering the case of a sequential simulation algorithm applied to a binary TI that is a genuine realization of an underlying random field. At each step, the algorithm uses templates containing the current target point as well as all previously simulated points. The simulation is validated by checking that all statistical features of the random field (supported by the simulation domain) are retrieved as an average over a large number of outcomes. The results are as follows. It is demonstrated that multiple-point simulation performs well whenever the TI is a complete (infinitely large) realization of a stationary, ergodic random field. As soon as the TI is restricted to a limited domain, the statistical features cannot be obtained exactly, but integral range techniques make it possible to predict how much the TI should be extended to approximate them up to a prespecified precision. Moreover, one can take advantage of extending the TI to reduce the number of disruptions in the execution of the algorithm, which arise when no conditioning template can be found in the TI.     

重庆羊子洞MIS5a/MIS4转换时期石笋微量元素记录及其气候意义

利用重庆丰都羊子洞石笋Y02 ICP-MS测年数据、微量元素数据和石笋氧同位素数据重建了三峡库区76~69 ka B.P.时段的古气候环境信息。将石笋Y02测试数据与太阳辐射曲线、格陵兰NGRIP冰芯和南海海表温度进行对比分析,结果显示石笋Mg/Ca主要响应降水变化,而Sr/Ca、Ba/Ca和U/Ca更多地响应地表土壤状况和当地大气粉尘活动,间接响应降水变化;石笋Y02 δ18O记录出现偏重的趋势比微量元素比值增大时间晚1 ka多,表明石笋微量元素比值可能还受到温度影响。     

Landscape variations in stream water SO4 and δSSO4 in a boreal stream network

Despite reduced anthropogenic deposition during the last decades, deposition sulphate may still play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of S and many catchments may act as net sources of S that may remain for several decades. The aim of this study is to elucidate the temporal and spatial dynamics of both SO₄²⁻ and δ³⁴S_SO4 in stream water from catchments with varying percentage of wetland and forest coverage and to determine their relative importance for catchment losses of S. Stream water samples were collected from 15 subcatchments ranging in size from 3 to 6780 ha, in a boreal stream network, northern Sweden. In forested catchments (<2% wetland cover) S-SO₄²⁻ concentrations in stream water averaged 1.7 mg L⁻¹ whereas in wetland dominated catchments (>30% wetland cover) the concentrations averaged 0.3 mg L⁻¹. A significant negative relationship was observed between S-SO₄²⁻ and percentage wetland coverage (r² = 0.77, p < 0.001) and the annual export of stream water SO₄²⁻ and wetland coverage (r² = 0.76, p < 0.001). The percentage forest coverage was on the other hand positively related to stream water SO₄²⁻ concentrations and the annual export of stream water SO₄²⁻ (r² = 0.77 and r² = 0.79, respectively). The annual average δ³⁴S_SO4 value in wetland dominated streams was +7.6‰ and in streams of forested catchments +6.7‰. At spring flood the δ³⁴S_SO4 values decreased in all streams by 1‰ to 5‰. The δ³⁴S_SO4 values in all streams were higher than the δ³⁴S_SO4 value of +4.7‰ in precipitation (snow). The export of S ranged from 0.5 kg S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (wetland headwater stream) to 3.8 kg S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (forested headwater stream). With an average S deposition in open field of 1.3 kg S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (2002-2006) the mass balance results in a net export of S from all catchments, except in catchments with >30% wetland. The high temporal and spatial resolution of this study demonstrates that the reducing environments of wetlands play a key role for the biogeochemistry of S in boreal landscapes and are net sinks of S. Forested areas, on the other hand were net sources of S.     

A nonlinear HHT-α method with elastic–plastic soil–structure interaction in a coupled SBFEM/FEM approach

This article presents a new method for the calculation of elastic–plastic building ground deformations and elastic–plastic building ground failure including wave propagation in the ground. The presented procedure is a hybrid method, based on several common calculation methods. Included is a nonlinear calculation with the finite element method (FEM), a nonlinear HHT-alpha method with full Newton–Raphson iteration and the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). The presented method can be used as a tool for the accurate calculation of building ground deformations and the stability of the subsoil with included dynamic loading.     

Is there a possibility to correct fossil n-alkane data for postsedimentary alteration effects?

The long chain n-alkane composition of plant material can significantly differ between plant groups e.g. trees and grasses. Due to their relative recalcitrance, they have been employed in paleoecological research as molecular proxies for different types of vegetation. Most of those paleoenvironmental studies rely on the assumption that characteristic molecular fingerprints of plant material are preserved in the fossil organic material without significant alteration. However, there exists evidence that n-alkane distributions may change in the course of plant litter degradation. Here, the authors propose and discuss a conceptual approach to the correction of n-alkane patterns in paleosols and terrestrial sediments for postsedimentary alteration effects. This might have potential to improve paleoenvironmental reconstructions derived from these molecular fossils. In soil depth profiles typically a correlation between the OEP (odd over even predominance) and paleoecological valuable long-chain n-alkane ratios (LARs) can be found. Similar relationships have been also obtained from n-alkane records in paleosols. With the OEP serving as a proxy of microbial reworking, the correction procedure applies OEP vs. LAR regression functions to correct fossil LARs for degradation effects. The regression functions have been derived from modern soils. The application of the procedure and its significance for paleoecological interpretations is demonstrated on a case study of a loess-paleosol sequence (∼400–700 ka) in Romania. It is shown that changes in the C27/C31 n-alkane ratio at this site are closely related to degradation effects rather than to changes in the paleovegetation (e.g. tree vs. grass abundance). However, it was found that the C29/C31 ratio is a more suitable paleoenvironmental proxy at the Mircea Voda site. The results indicate that there is a future potential to correct fossil n-alkane ratios via the OEP/LAR relationship, however at the moment a general straight forward application of this approach might be critical due to lack of extended and diverse n-alkane records from modern soils. The need of more systematic n-alkane studies on soil profiles is highlighted to improve knowledge concerning dynamics and actual mechanisms of postsedimentary LAR and OEP changes.     

Hydrous olivine (Mg1? y? Fe2+y)2? x ?v x ? SiO4H2 x – a new DHMS phase of variable composition observed as nanometer-sized precipitations in mantle olivine

 An olivine grain from a peridotite nodule 9206 (Udachnaya kimberlite, Siberia) was investigated by TEM methods including AEM, HRTEM, SAED and EELS techniques. A previous study of the 9206 olivine sample revealed OH absorption bands in the IR spectrum and abundant nanometer-sized OH-bearing inclusions, of hexagonal-like or lamellar shape. Inclusions, which are several hundred nm in size, consist of 10 ? phase, talc and serpentine (chrysotile and lizardite). The lamellar (LI) and hexagon-like small inclusions of several ten nm in size (SI) are the topic of the present paper. AEM investigations of the inclusions reveal Mg, Fe and Si as cations only. The Mg/Si and Fe/Si atomic ratios are lower in the inclusions than in the host olivine. The Si concentration in the olivine host and both lamellar inclusions and small inclusions is the same. A pre-peak at 528eV was observed in EEL spectra of LI and SI, which is attributed to OH⁻ or Fe³⁺. From these data it is concluded that there is a OH⁻- or Fe³⁺-bearing cation-deficient olivine-like phase present. HRTEM lattice fringe images of LI and SI exhibit modulated band-like contrasts, which are superimposed onto the olivine lattice. Diffraction patterns (Fourier-transforms) of the HREM images as well as SAED patterns show that the band-like contrasts in HRTEM images of the inclusions are caused by periodic modulations of the olivine lattice. Three kinds of superperiodicity in the olivine structure such as 2a, 3a and 3c, were observed in SAED patterns. The corresponding olivine supercells labelled here as Hy-2a, Hy-3a and Hy-3c were derived. The M1-vacancies located in the (100) and (001) octahedral layers of the olivine lattice are suggested to form ordered arrays of planar defects (PD), which cause the band-like contrasts in HRTEM patterns as well as the superperiodicity in the SAED patterns. The vacancy concentrations as well as the chemical composition of Hy-2a, Hy-3a and Hy-3c olivine supercells were calculated using crystal chemical approaches, assuming either {(OH)^< _O−V^" _Me−(OH)^< _O}^↔, or {F e ^< _Fe −H _Me ^′}^↔ or {2F e ^< _Fe −V _Me ^"}^↔ point defect associates. The calculated theoretical compositions Mg_1.615Fe⁺² _0.135v_0.25SiO₄H_0.5 (Hy-2a) and Mg_1.54Fe²⁺ _0.12v_0.33SiO₄H_0.66 (Hy-3a and Hy-3c) are in a good agreement with the AEM data on inclusions. Hy-2a, Hy-3a and Hy-3c are considered to be a hydrous olivine with the extended chemical formula (Mg_1-yFe²⁺ _y)_2−xv_xSiO₄H_2x. The crystal structure of hydrous olivine is proposed to be a modular olivine structure with Mg-vacant modules. The crystal chemical formula of hydrous olivines in terms of a modular structure can be written as [MgSiO₄H₂] · 3[Mg_1.82Fe_0.18SiO₄] for Hy-2a, [MgSiO₄H₂] · 2[Mg_1.82Fe_0.18SiO₄] for Hy-3a and Hy-3c. Hydrous olivine is suggested to be exsolved from the olivine 9206, which has been initially saturated by OH-bearing point defects. The olivine 9206 hydration as well as the following exsolution of hydrous olivine inclusions is suggested to occur at high pressure-high temperature conditions of the upper mantle. Received: 15 January 2001 / Accepted: 2 July 2001     

50～1000 a地下水定年新方法：放射性成因32P法

地下水年龄是重要的水文地质学参数,可以指示地下水的循环时间和更新能力。常用环境同位素测定地下水年龄,但不同的环境同位素由于半衰期不同导致定年范围有限,50～1 000 a成为地下水定年的“短板”。然而,50～1 000 a是近代人类活动频繁的时期,地下水资源、水环境和水气候记录档案等研究都需要年龄标尺。³²Si可以用来确定50～1 000 a地下水的年龄,但是由于其复杂且费时费力的前处理和测试限制了³²Si定年的应用。³²Si衰变生成子同位素³²P,³²Si和³²P在3个月内会达到放射性平衡,放射性活度达到一致。天然状态下50～1 000 a地下水中的³²Si与³²P一直处于放射性平衡状态,所以直接富集地下水中的³²P可以用于50～1 000 a地下水的年龄测定。地下水中³²P的富集采用氢氧化镁共沉淀法,方便快捷。因此,放射性成因³²P有望解决50...     

Alloriite, Na5K1.5Ca(Si6Al6O24)(SO4)(OH)0.5 · H2O, a new mineral species of the cancrinite group

Alloriite, a new mineral species, has been found in volcanic ejecta at Mt. Cavalluccio (Campagnano municipality, Roma province, Latium region, Italy) together with sanidine, biotite, andradite, and apatite. The mineral is named in honor of Roberto Allori (b. 1933), an amateur mineralogist and prominent mineral collector who carried out extensive and detailed field mineralogical investigations of volcanoes in the Latium region. Alloriite occurs as short prismatic and tabular crystals up to 1.5 × 2 mm in size. The mineral is colorless, transparent, with a white streak and vitreous luster. Alloriite is not fluorescent and brittle; the Mohs’ hardness is 5. The cleavage is imperfect parallel to {10 0}. The density measured with equilibration in heavy liquids is 2.35g/cm³ and calculated density (D _calc) is 2.358 g/cm³ (on the basis of X-ray single-crystal data) and 2.333 g/cm³ (from X-ray powder data). Alloriite is optically uniaxial, positive, ω = 1.497(2), and ɛ = 1.499(2). The infrared spectrum is given. The chemical composition (electron microprobe, H₂O determined using the Penfield method, CO₂, with selective sorption, wt %) is: 13.55 Na₂O, 6.67 K₂O, 6.23 CaO, 26.45 Al₂O₃, 34.64 SiO₂, 8.92 SO₃, 0.37 Cl, 2.1 H₂O, 0.7 CO₂, 0.08-O = Cl₂, where the total is 99.55. The empirical formula (Z = 1) is Na_19.16K_6.21Ca_4.87(Si_25.26Al_22.74O₉₆)(SO₄)_4.88(CO₃)_0.70Cl_0.46(OH)_0.76 · 4.73H₂O. The simplified formula (taking into account the structural data, Z = 4) is: [Na(H₂O)][Na₄K_1.5(SO₄)] · [Ca(OH,Cl)_0.5](Si₆Al₆O₂₄). The crystal structure has been studied (R = 0.052). Alloriite is trigonal, the space group is P31c; the unit-cell dimensions are a = 12.892(3), c = 21.340(5) ?, and V = 3071.6(15) ?³. The crystal structure of alloriite is based on the same tetrahedral framework as that of afghanite. In contrast to afghanite containing clusters [Ca-Cl]⁺ and chains ...Ca-Cl-Ca-Cl..., the new mineral contains clusters [Na-H₂O]⁺ and chains ...Na-H₂O-Na-H₂O.... The strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern [d, ? (I, %)(hkl)] are: 11.3(70)(100), 4.85(90)(104), 3.76(80)(300), 3.68(70)(301), 3.33(100)(214), and 2.694(70)(314, 008). The type material of alloriite is deposited in the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. The registration number is 3459/1. Original Russian Text ? N.V. Chukanov, R.K. Rastsvetaeva, I.V. Pekov, A.E. Zadov, 2007, published in Zapiski Rossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, 2007, No. 1, pp. 82–89. A new mineral alloriite and its name were accepted by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, Russian Mineralogical Society, May 8, 2006. Approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, International Mineralogical Association, August 2, 2006.     

Anak Krakatau — a colonization model within a colonization model?

The ppaer re-examines three suggestions previously made concerning the colonization of the Krakatau islands since the extirpating 1883 eruption that involve the more recently emergent volcanic island Anak Krakatau, which itself suffered a devastating eruption in 1952. The suggestions re-addressed in the light of recent comments by other workers are:

Ecological–Biogeochemical Monitoring of a Linden Avenue in a Megapolis

Ecological–biogeochemical monitoring of a linden avenue on Kosygin Street, Moscow, has revealed that soils at sites regarded as contaminated contain elevated Mn, Fe, Sr, and Se concentrations and lower Zn contents. Linden leaves at the assumed contaminated sites typically contain higher Cu and Fe concentrations and not as much higher Zn, As, and Cr concentrations but much lower Mn and Sr concentrations. Water leachates of soils at sites regarded as background have slightly lower pH and lower Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations and total mineralization. Test for phytochelatins in the leaves proved to be rather ineffective, as also were estimates of the fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf laminas. The greatest differences were detected in the degree of leaf pathology and the contents of pigments.     

Modeling speleothem δC variability in a central Sierra Nevada cave using C and Sr/Sr

Carbon isotopes in speleothems can vary in response to a number of complex processes active in cave systems that are both directly and indirectly related to climate. Progressing downward from the soil zone overlying the cave, these processes include soil respiration, fluid-rock interaction in the host limestone, degassing of CO₂ and precipitation of calcite upflow from the speleothem drip site, and calcite precipitation at the drip site. Here we develop a new approach to independently constrain the roles of water-rock interaction and soil processes in controlling stalagmite δ¹³C. This approach uses the dead carbon proportion (dcp) estimated from coupled ¹⁴C and ²³⁰Th/U measurements, in conjunction with Sr isotope analyses on stalagmite calcite from a central Sierra Nevada foothills cave in California, a region characterized by a highly seasonal Mediterranean-type climate, to determine the roles of water-rock interaction and soil processes in determining stalagmite δ¹³C. Increases in stalagmite dcp between 16.5 and 8.8 ka are coincident with decreased δ¹³C, indicating a varying yet substantial contribution from the soil organic matter (SOM) reservoir, likely due to significantly increased average age of SOM in the soil veneer above the cave during wet climatic intervals.We use geochemical and isotope mixing models to estimate the host-carbonate contribution throughout the δ¹³C time series and determine the degree of degassing and calcite precipitation that occurred prior to precipitation of stalagmite calcite. The degree of degassing and prior calcite precipitation we calculate varies systematically with other climate indicators, with less degassing and prior calcite precipitation occurring during wetter climatic intervals and more during drier intervals. Modeled δ¹³C values and degassing calculations suggest that some degree of prior calcite precipitation is necessary at all time intervals to explain measured stalagmite δ¹³C values, even during relatively wet intervals. These results illustrate the importance of constraining degassing and prior calcite precipitation in the interpretation of speleothem δ¹³C records, particularly those from caves that formed in seasonal semi-arid to arid environments.     

Croatia — “a small country for a great vacation”

Croatia is a country of tourism, and this is primarily due to its position by the warm Adriatic Sea, its varying and picturesque landscapes, its diverse and generally favorable climate for tourism, its rich Mediterranean and Central European cultural heritage and its proximity to the leading European consumer countries.In the international tourism market, Croatia presents itself with the slogan A Small Country for a Great Vacation, because its 4.8 million inhabitants and surface area of 56,538 km² place Croatia in the ranks of the world's smaller countries. Its significance is increased by an additional 33,200 km² of territorial waters, of which a large part is considered internal waters because of its location within the limits of a series of islands.The tourism offering of Croatia is very diverse, but its basis is formed by three differing and mutually complimentary regions, through their natural characteristics and cultural heritage: coastal, montane and Pannonian and peri-Pannonian Croatia. The total tourism offering of Croatia includes 900,000 beds, of which over one-fifth are in hotels or similar places, two-fifths are in private rooms and one-third in camps.The tradition of tourism in Croatia is over one hundred years old, and according to the number of foreign tourists it is ranked as the fifth country for tourism in southern Europe.