油藏地球化学原理及其在油气勘探与油藏评价中的应用

综合评述了近年来油藏地球化学基础研究方面的主要进展,包括油气藏内流体非均质性成因、烃充注成藏及混合作用模式、储层内流体与岩石相互作用、油藏内烃的地球化学变化等,阐述了烃族群划分及其地球化学意义。结合实例介绍了油藏地球化学在油气勘探、油藏评价与油田生产管理中的主要应用领域与研究现状。在油气勘探领域的应用主要包括烃运移方向的地球化学研究、烃成藏时间及期次的确定、古油水界面的判别等;在油藏评价和油田生产管理方面的应用主要有油藏流体的连通性和分隔性研究、混合开采油藏单层产能贡献研究以及油、水、干层的地球化学识别等。     

特大型矿床与异常成矿作用

通过对美国BigMoose湖鱼类死亡和德国莱茵河流域Cd污染的生态地球化学预警例案分析 ,就中国将要开展的区域生态地球化学预警所面临的问题进行了讨论 ,指出中国正在进行的多目标地球化学填图项目 ,其实质是对整个生态系统进行地球化学填图。进行区域生态地球化学预警时 ,战略上应以跨生态系统的江河流域为重点 ,尤其对沿长江流域分布的镉异常 ,沿江各省应有全局观念 ,把长江流域作为一个整体 ,进行镉异常的生态地球化学预警研究 ;战术上 ,应在可持续发展的框架下 ,充分考虑大气生物水土等层圈各项预警指标的协调一致。生态地球化学预警研究是一个全新的研究方向 ,中国拥有全球独一无二的区域地球化学资料 ,开展区域生态地球化学预警研究 ,不但有可能使中国勘查地球化学在国际上继续占有重要地位 ,而且还将为勘查地球化学的发展提供重要的机遇     

地球化学在环境和农业领域中的应用研究

勘查地球化学和环境地球化学及农业地球化学研究在实验区选择、布点、样品采集、项目分析等方面有所不同,对于如何将勘查地球化学的优势和区域化探资料应用于环境及农业领域中,起到指导环境治理和农业生产的作用,笔者进行了研究。     

勘查地球化学工作的进展

地球化学勘查,主要是利用先进的微量元素测定技术,系统地研究各种天然物质(如岩石、疏松沉积物、水系沉积物、水、气体、生物等)中元素的分布和分配特征,从而获得找矿信息的一种找矿方法。在我国,从五十年代初期至今三十多年来,化探工作从无到有,化探队伍由小到大,建立了一支有一定基础的专业队伍,初步形成了我国自己的方法技术体系,获得了丰硕的地质—找矿成果。     

运用土壤地球化学寻找深部矿体的原理及方法

深部找矿已成为我国矿产勘查的主方向,难度很大,需要有效的方法技术,而本文则主要论证了运用传统的土壤地球化学寻找深部矿体的可行性及有效性。笔者对深部矿体中的矿石元素在地下深处的垂向运移及在汇水盆地内分散形成土壤地球化学晕的过程进行了半定量分析,通过计算和分析认为：运用土壤地球化学寻找深部矿体仍是有效的。最后,对运用土壤地...     

古流体研究的无机地球化学方法综述

研究与成藏过程相关的古流体活动有助于深入认识油气成藏过程,从经济目的出发预测储层质量,精确分析不同阶段古流体活动对油气成藏的影响具有重要意义。目前国内外石油地质学家主要利用同位素地球化学、元素地球化学、流体包裹体分析等无机地球化学方法分析古流体活动特征及其对油气成藏的影响。在归纳前人研究成果的基础上,总结了各种无机地球化学方法的最新研究进展,认为同位素地球化学方法有助于分析古流体来源与成因,元素地球化学方法可示踪烃类流体的运移,流体包裹体分析技术结合岩相学研究可分析油气运移的时间、期次、相态、通道和油气藏的富集规律,并指出油气运移和聚集的有利方向。在运用无机地球化学方法研究古流体活动时不应局限于单一方法,综合利用多种无机地球化学方法更有利于全面分析古流体活动特征。     

干旱荒漠景观区金属微粒迁移机制浅析

干旱荒漠景观区面积辽阔,找矿潜力巨大,受限于常规地球化学勘查方法,被认为是勘查地球化学的难点重点区。本研究简要总结干旱荒漠景观区潜在的金属微粒向上迁移的机制,依据其作用范围分为:潜水面以下的机制,包括地下水作用、压力泵机制、地气流和电化学迁移机制;潜水面以上的机制,包括毛细管作用、植物吸收、气态物质迁移和生物扰动。研究中介绍各迁移机制的作用原理、有效性及其局限性,认为每种机制在特定的环境条件下均能以不同形式运移相关的金属微粒,但由于复杂的地形地貌、漫长的地质演化,任何机制不可能独立单一地存在,彼此间相互协同作用。另外,潜水面以上与包气带有关的机制主要发生在沉积地段的运移覆盖层中,在开展深穿透地球化学(地气类方法、选择性提取方法、植物地球化学方法和地球电化学方法)找矿之前,有必要了解研究区古气候、沉积物性质和地貌演化史,便于合理选择采样层位和采样介质,尽可能发现由金属运移机制引起的综合异常。     

Separating anthropogenic from natural anomalies in environmental geochemistry

Environmental geochemistry has attracted increasing interest during the last decade. In Sweden, geochemical mapping is carried out with methods that allow the data to be used in environmental research, including sampling plant roots and mosses from streams, soils and bedrock. These three sample types form an integrated strategy in environmental research, as well as in geochemical exploration. However, one problem that becomes prominent in geochemical mapping is to distinguish the signals derived from natural sources from those derived from anthropogenic sources. So far, this has mostly been done by using different types of samples, for example, different soil horizons. This is both expensive and time-consuming.We are currently developing alternative statistical solutions to this problem. The method used here is PLSR (partial least squares regression analysis). In this paper, we present an initial discussion on the applicability of PLSR in differentiating anthropogenic anomalies from natural contents.PLSR performs a simultaneous, interdependent principal component analysis decomposition in both X- and Y-matrices, in such a way that the information in the Y-matrix is used directly as a guide for optimal decomposition of the X-matrix. PLSR thus performs a generalized multivariate regression of Y on X overcoming the multicollinearity problem of correlated X-variables. The advantage of PLSR is that it gives optimal prediction ability in a strict statistical sense.Bedrock geochemistry from different lithologies in the mapping area in southern Sweden (Y-matrix) is analyzed together with stream or soil data (X-matrix). By modelling the PLS-regression between these two data sets, separate multivariate geochemical models based on the different bedrock types were developed. This step is called the training or modelling stage of the multivariate calibration. These calibrated models are subsequently used for predicting new (X) geochemical samples and estimating the corresponding Y-variable values. Information is obtained on how much of the metal contents in each new geochemical sample correlate with the different modelled bedrock types.By computing the appropriate X-residuals, we obtain information on the anthropogenic impact that is also carried by these new samples. In this way, it is possible from one single geochemical survey to derive both conventional geochemical background data and anthropogenic data, both of which can be readily displayed as maps.The present study concerns development of data analysis methods. Examples of the applications of the methodology are presented using Pb and U. The results show the share of these contents in different sampling media that is derived from bedrock on the one hand, and from anthropogenic sources, on the other.     

内蒙古二连盆地砂岩型铀矿深穿透地球化学扫面技术的应用

铀矿资源的勘查一直是全球矿业领域的一个重点和热点,砂岩型铀矿是我国铀矿勘查的主要矿床类型。砂岩型铀矿在我国主要分布在盆地当中,矿体埋藏较深,找矿难度较大。本文通过深穿透地球化学扫面技术在二连盆地开展砂岩型铀矿的试验,主要得出以下结论:(1)通过土壤微细粒分离技术分离土壤样品,可以实现对富含活动性铀的粘土矿物进行物理富集,方法简单高效;(2)地表铀地球化学异常的发现反映的是活动性铀迁移扩散的结果,即深部铀矿(化)体产生的易溶于水的铀酰阳离子,在地下水及蒸发蒸腾作用下通过垂向迁移至地表,而通过地表径流等水平运移形成了大面积的地表铀异常;(3)利用能捕捉来自深部铀矿(化)体发出的直接找矿信息的土壤微细粒分离技术能有效圈定盆地内砂岩型铀矿在地表引起的地球化学异常,可在盆地内快速有效地开展砂岩型铀矿地球化学扫面工作。     

森林沼泽区矿产资源地球化学勘查

通过景观调查和中大比例尺化探方法试验,对我国东北森林沼泽区景观地球化学特征、元素存在形式、迁移富集机制、影响因素、采样介质、采样粒度、采样方法等理论和方法技术问题进行研究,提出该类地区元素表生分散富集的某些地球化学规律和中大比例尺化探工作方法.     

Geochemical exploration in China

Geochemical exploration in China was commenced in the early 1950's. In 1951, the first experimental work was carried out in Yeshan, and a geochemical exploration section was set up in the Ministry of Geology in 1953.Regional geochemical reconnaissance (metallometric surveying) was initiated in 1956 on a nation-wide scale. Soil samples have been collected, and analyzed by semiquantitative spectrography. The results were heavily biased and were not adequately processed and utilized. Renewed efforts have been made to reprocess the vast amount of data accumulated and to utilize them more fully in mineral exploration.Meanwhile, another nation-wide project of regional geochemistry using more refined techniques is in its preparatory stage. It is the Regional Geochemistry-National Reconnaissance Project. In this project stream sediment sampling with a density of one per km² will be used in China Proper, and low-density sampling of various kinds of media in different environments will be used in remote areas. Pilot surveys covering areas of several thousand square kilometers are being undertaken in several provinces.Beside regional reconnaissance, geochemical prospecting has been carried out at virtually all phases of mineral prospecting in China.A brief summary of current research in exploration geochemistry taken by research institutes and universities is given, including studies on the methodology of regional geochemical surveys, primary halos around various types of ore deposits, mercury vapor survey techniques, refinement of analytical methods and instrumentation, and computerized data processing and plotting techniques.Several case histories are described where geochemical exploration techniques have led to successful ore discoveries in China.     

勘查地球化学主要新进展与今后的重要发展领域

对国内外勘查地球化学一些最新进展进行了综述,认为矿体-成矿系列地球化学异常模式、矿区化探和隐伏矿体定位预测依然是今后的重要领域.同时提出急需建立新的生态环境地球化学理论体系,认为固体矿山受损生态系统的地球化学恢复前景广阔,值得重视的地方病生态环境地球化学预防-预警体系仍需加强.需要开拓研究的新领域有：污染土壤和水体植物地球化学修复理论和新技术、特殊地质环境与综合生态农林业开发的应用地球化学;国外特殊景观地球化学勘查新方法试验和应用研究.     

福建省沿海经济带多目标地球化学调查成果及应用前景

福建省沿海经济带多目标地球化学调查为全国多目标生态农业地球化学调查计划的一部分，将区域地球化学调查引入新的领域。介绍了该项目的土壤地球化学参数、异常分布特征及初步评价结果，对今后在农业、环境评价、矿产勘查等方面的应用前景进行了探讨。     

黔西南金矿勘查地球化学30年:回顾与展望

勘查地球化学是快速寻找黔西南金矿的重要方法和技术手段.30年来,根据勘查地球化学圈定的金异常,为找寻肉眼难以识别的微细浸染型金矿提供了重要找矿线索和直接找矿靶区,并取得显著的找矿效果.黔西南金矿勘查地球化学的历史和研究表明,该区金的成矿地球化学条件优越,金地球化学块体内部结构及其套合的地球化学模式谱系预示尚有较大资源远景和找矿潜力.勘查地球化学需要结合地质、物探、遥感等方法,在新深度、新理论、新领域上进一步指导地质找金工作,才能不负时代所赋予的历史使命.     

Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA–SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce–Matehuala, Mexico

The threshold between geochemical background and anomalies can be influenced by the methodology selected for its estimation. Environmental evaluations, particularly those conducted in mineralized areas, must consider this when trying to determinate the natural geochemical status of a study area, quantifying human impacts, or establishing soil restoration values for contaminated sites. Some methods in environmental geochemistry incorporate the premise that anomalies (natural or anthropogenic) and background data are characterized by their own probabilistic distributions. One of these methods uses exploratory data analysis (EDA) on regional geochemical data sets coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to spatially understand the processes that influence the geochemical landscape in a technique that can be called a spatial data analysis (SDA). This EDA–SDA methodology was used to establish the regional background range from the area of Catorce–Matehuala in north-central Mexico. Probability plots of the data, particularly for those areas affected by human activities, show that the regional geochemical background population is composed of smaller subpopulations associated with factors such as soil type and parent material. This paper demonstrates that the EDA–SDA method offers more certainty in defining thresholds between geochemical background and anomaly than a numeric technique, making it a useful tool for regional geochemical landscape analysis and environmental geochemistry studies.     

覆盖区地球化学异常特征及甄别方法探讨

覆盖区地球化学异常是由自然和人为因素引起的，在土壤垂直剖面上元素有多种分布类型，它反映了元素在土壤中迁移、演化及人为干扰的分布特征；通过对自然和人为污染的地球化学异常源追踪和评价，为环境污染治理和地区经济可持续发展提供决策依据。     

基于遥感手段的高寒山区矿产资源远景区快速圈定与综合评价技术集成

[研究目的]新疆西昆仑地区是中国重要的成矿带,海拔高、气候恶劣、地形切割强烈,开展找矿工作极其困难,急需一套高效找矿技术体系实现找矿突破.[研究方法]本文利用TM、ETM+、OLI、ASTER、高分1号与2号、WorldView-2/3等卫星数据,采用雷达图像与光学图像的融合技术、改进的Crosta方法(iCrosta...     

Till geochemical and indicator mineral methods in mineral exploration

This paper summarizes advances since 1987 in the application of glacial sediment sampling to mineral exploration (drift prospecting) in areas affected by continental or alpine glaciation. In these exploration programs, clastic glacial sediments are tested by geochemical or mineralogical methods to detect dispersal trains of mineral deposit indicators that have been glacially transported from source by mechanical processes. In glaciated terrain the key sampling medium, till, is produced by abrasion, crushing and blending of rock debris and recycled sediment followed by down-ice dispersal ranging from a few metres to many kilometres. As a consequence of the mid-1980s boom in gold exploration, the majority of case studies and regional till geochemical surveys published in the past decade deal with this commodity. Approximately 30% of Canada and virtually all of Fennoscandia have been covered by regional till geochemical surveys that aid mineral exploration and provide baseline data for environmental, agricultural, and landuse planning. The most profound event in drift prospecting in the last decade, however, has been the early-1990s explosion in diamond exploration which has dramatically increased the profile of glacial geology and glacial sediment sampling and stimulated changes in sampling and analytical methods.     

发扬地学学科优势,形成具有国土资源部门特色的土壤修复理论与技术体系

岩石圈是土壤重金属元素的根本来源,是其迁移转化和生物-地球化学循环的场所,也是重金属元素的最后归宿,因此地质学、岩石学、矿物学和地球化学在重金属污染土壤修复中具有基础性的重要指导意义。国土资源部门已经在土壤重金属调查、溯源和风险评价上发挥了重要作用,还可以在探索研究灾害链的组成、影响因素和阻断途径的基础上,形成有地学特色的修复理论和技术。目前,国土资源部门的修复理论研究成果主要集中在缓变型地球化学灾害理论和地球化学工程学方面,在所属研究机构已经形成了若干种土壤修复剂,通过小试、中试和典型示范,验证了这些修复剂具有优异的修复性能与效果,是落实"土十条"和生态文明建设的一支重要力量。     

1/万不规则测网土壤地球化学测量方法在安图金星金矿床中的应用及效果

通过1/万不规则测网土壤地球化学测量方法在安图县金星金矿勘查区的实施,发现了一批具有找矿意义的土壤地球化学金异常。根据元素地球化学特征和土壤地球化学特征分析,结合地质成矿条件,确定有望找矿区段,并进行了槽探工程揭露,发现了金(银)矿化体,取得了较好的找矿效果。实践证明1/万不规则测网土壤地球化学测量找矿方法在本区是行之有效的。