大别山双河硬玉石英岩石英中的纳米-亚微米级流体包裹体

用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察产于大剐山双河地区含柯石英硬玉石英岩矿物石英中纳米级至亚微米级的流体包裹体超微观结构特征发现：大多数包裹体呈圆形或负晶形(粒径大多为10nm～350nm),构成宽的密集的包裹体串。TEM揭示了柯石英和寄主矿物石英之间为共晶格取向连生关系,并寻找到在峰期变质条件下高盐流体存在的有力证据。流体包裹体经常伴随着许多相互连接的位错,并且与位错和位错壁等交生在一起,形成网络分布,这是在光学显微镜尺度下所不能探测到的。非爆裂的流体渗漏可能通过H2O或CO2分子沿位错的管道扩散,从包裹体进入寄主矿物石英,因而导致原来包裹体密度和成分的变化。     

Submicron-sized fluid inclusions and distribution of hydrous components in jadeite,quartz and symplectite-forming minerals from UHP jadeite–quartzite in the Dabie Mountains,China: TEM and FTIR investigation

Fluid inclusions and clusters of water molecules at nanometer-to submicron-scale in size have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in jadeite, quartz and symplectite aegirine–augite, albite, taramite and magnetite corona minerals from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) jadeite–quartzite at Shuanghe, the Dabie Mountains, China. Fluid inclusions from 0.003 μm to 0.78 μm in size occur in jadeite and quartz crystals, and a small number of fluid inclusions from 0.001 μm to 0.25 μm have also been detected in symplectite-forming minerals. Most of the fluid inclusions have round or negative crystal morphology and contain aqueous fluids, but some contain CO₂-rich fluids. They are usually connected to dislocations undetectable at an optical scale. The dislocations represent favorable paths for fluid leakage, accounting for non-decrepitation of most fluid inclusions when external pressure decreased at later stages, although there was partial decrepitation of some fluid inclusions unconnected to defect microstructures resulting from internal overpressure. Non-decrepitation and partial decrepitation of fluid inclusions resulted in changes of original composition and/or density. It is clear that identification of hidden re-equilibration features has significant implications for the petrological interpretation of post-peak metamorphic processes. Micro-FTIR results show that all jadeite and quartz samples contain structural water occurring as hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) and free water (H₂O) in the form of clusters of water molecules. The H₂O transformed from OH⁻ during exhumation and could have triggered and enhanced early retrograde metamorphism of the host rocks and facilitated plastic deformation of jadeite and quartz grains by dislocation movement, and thus the H₂O released during decompression might represent early-stage retrograde metamorphic fluid. The nominally anhydrous mineral (NAM) jadeite is able to transport aqueous fluids in concentrations of at least several hundred ppm water along a subduction zone to mantle depths in the form of clusters of water molecules and hydroxyl ions within crystals.     

A mechanism for preferential H2O leakage from fluid inclusions in quartz,based on TEM observations

Preferential leakage of H₂O from fluid inclusions containing multiple gas components has been suspected in natural metamorphic rocks and has been demonstrated experimentally for synthetic H₂O-CO₂-rich inclusions in natural quartz. Knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of the leakage mechanism, which may be very complex, increases the value of natural fluid inclusions to metamorphic geology. It is proposed that crystal defects play a major role in nondecrepitative preferential H₂O leakage through quartz, and remain effective during metamorphism. Inclusions with either an internal overpressure or underpressure produce strain in the adjacent quartz crystal via the nucleation of many dislocations and planar defects (like Dauphiné twin boundaries). These defects allow preferential loss of H₂O from H₂O-CO₂-rich inclusions at supercritical conditions. The transport capacity of this leakage mechanism is enhanced by nucleation of small bubbles on defect structures. The nucleation of these bubbles seems to be a recovery process in strained crystals. Solubility gradients of quartz in water in a crystal with internally underpressurized inclusions may result in optical visible implosion halos in a three dimensional spatial arrangement, caused by the growth of small bubbles at the expense of the larger original fluid inclusion. Natural fluid inclusions from Naxos (Greece) are always associated with numerous interlinked dislocations. These dislocations may have been produced by plastic derormation or by crystal growth related processes (e.g. crack healing). The presence of small bubbles on these dislocations indicates that a similar leakage mechanism for H₂O must have occurred in these rocks.     

Synthetic fluid inclusions. XV. TEM investigation of plastic flow associated with reequilibration of fluid inclusions in natural quartz

The nature and abundance of dislocations in quartz surrounding fluid inclusions were studied to obtain a better understanding of processes associated with fluid inclusion reequilibration. Synthetic fluid inclusions containing 10 wt% NaCl aqueous solution were formed in three samples at 700 °C and 5 kbar. One of the samples was quenched along an isochore to serve as a reference sample. The other two samples were quenched along a P-T path that generated internal pressures in excess of the confining pressure. The two samples were held at the final reequilibration P-T conditions of 625 °C and 2 kbar for 30 and 180 days, respectively. Following the experiments, microstructures associated with fluid inclusions were examined with the TEM. Quartz in healed fractures in the reference sample that was quenched isochorically shows a moderate dislocation activity. Quartz adjacent to reequilibrated fluid inclusions in the other two samples, however, showed a marked increase in dislocation activity compared to the un-reequilibrated sample. Deformation of the inclusion walls occurred anisotropically by expansion of mobile dislocations in their slip systems. Dislocation expansion was controlled by glide in the rhombohedral planes {1 0 1 1} that was restricted to narrow zones (≤3 μm) in the immediate vicinity of the fluid inclusion walls outside of the healed fracture plane. These plastic zones were observed after both short term (30 days) and long term (180 days) experiments and are attributed to hydrolytic weakening of quartz around fluid inclusions owing to diffusion of water into the quartz matrix during the experiment. The close spatial association of submicroscopic water bubbles with dislocations, and the rarity of water bubbles in the reference sample, show clearly that in both the 30 and 180 day experiments reequilibration involves water loss from the fluid inclusions. Our results indicate that synthetic fluid inclusions in this study recover (chemically and volumetrically), even at relatively fast experimental loading rates, such that internal stresses never reach the point of brittle failure. The driving force for fluid inclusion deformation involves two related mechanisms: plastic deformation of hydrolytically weakened wet quartz in the healed fracture, and water leakage associated with preexisting and strain-induced dislocations. Received: 5 May 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 2000     

Factors affecting preservation of coesite in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks: Insights from TEM observations of dislocations within kyanite

To understand the preservation of coesite inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, an integrated petrological, Raman spectroscopic and focussed ion beam (FIB) system–transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was performed on a UHP kyanite eclogite from the Sulu belt in eastern China. Coesite grains have been observed only as rare inclusions in kyanite from the outer segment of garnet and in the matrix. Raman mapping analysis shows that a coesite inclusion in kyanite from the garnet rim records an anisotropic residual stress and retains a maximum residual pressure of ~0.35 GPa. TEM observations show quartz is absent from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Numerous dislocations and sub‐grain boundaries are present in the kyanite, but dislocations are not confirmed in the coesite. In particular, dislocations concentrate in the kyanite adjacent to the boundary with the coesite inclusion, and they form a dislocation concentration zone with a dislocation density of ~10⁹ cm^?2. A high‐resolution TEM image and a fast Fourier transform‐filtered image reveal that a tiny dislocation in the dislocation concentration zone is composed of multiple edge dislocations. The estimated dislocation density in most of the kyanite away from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries is ~10⁸ cm^?2, being lower than that in kyanite adjacent to the coesite. In the case of a coesite inclusion in a matrix kyanite, using Raman and TEM analyses, we could not identify any quartz at the grain boundaries. Dislocations are not observed in the coesite, but numerous dislocations and stacking faults are developed in the kyanite. The estimated overall dislocation density in the coesite‐bearing matrix kyanite is ~10⁸ cm^?2, but a high dislocation density region of ~10⁹ cm^?2 is also present near the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Inclusion and matrix kyanite grains with no coesite have dislocation densities of ≤10⁸ cm^?2. Dislocation density is generally reduced during an annealing process, but our results show that not all dislocations in the kyanite have recovered uniformly during exhumation of the UHP rocks. Hence, one of the key factors acting as a buffer to inhibit the coesite to quartz transformation is the mechanical interaction between the host and the inclusion that lead to the formation of dislocations in the kyanite. The kyanite acts as an excellent pressure container that can preserve coesite during the decompression of rocks from UHP conditions. The search for and study of inclusions in kyanite may be a more suitable approach for tracing the spatial distribution of UHP metamorphic rocks.     

Fluid inclusions,deformation and recrystallization in granite tectonites

An investigation has been made of the relationships between tectonic processes and fluid inclusions in quartz from variably deformed and syntectonically recrystallized granitic rocks from the Lachlan Fold Belt, eastern Australia. The quartz contains many fluid inclusions which decorate healed fractures introduced as a result of late-stage brittle deformation. The majority of small inclusions however, are associated with deformation band boundaries and deformation lamellae showing that they have been introduced during or subsequent to ductile deformation. Fluid inclusions disappear from the cores of sub-grains during recovery and before recrystallization, and new inclusions which form along sub-grain boundaries coalesce into stringers. Inclusions are eliminated from both sides of low angle boundaries showing that inclusions leak their contents either through the system of dislocations which accompanies grain interior slip, or by a dissolution-condensation process whereby inclusion contents move by lattice diffusion and condense on the boundaries.     

TEM investigation of the crystal microstructures in a quartz-coesite assemblage of the western alps

Atransmission electron microscope (TEM) study of quartz-coesite inclusions in garnet in crustal rocks from the Western Alps is presented. Coesite shows a low dislocation density (<10⁷ cm^?2), and quartz a higher density of defects, Brasil twins (10⁴ cm^?1) and dislocations (10⁸ cm^?2). It is concluded that coesite has been not or only slightly plastically deformed and that the yield strength of coesite is higher than that of quartz. The large scale deformation implications are briefly discussed. TEM observations show no systematic topotactic relationship between the two polymorphs and their boundaries have a scalloped morphology which suggests that growth of quartz from coesite was controlled by a diffusion process.     

A TEM investigation of shock metamorphism in quartz from the Vredefort dome, South Africa

The origin of the Vredefort structure in South Africa is still debated. Several causes have been discussed, namely asteroid impact, internal gas explosion or tectonic processes. Evidence of dynamic rock deformation is pervasive in the form of planar features in quartz grains, shatter cones, veins of pseudotachylite and occurrence of coesite and stishovite (high-pressure quartz polymorphs). A number of these characteristics is widely believed to support an impact origin. However, the planar features in quartz, which are generally considered as one of the strongest indicators of impact, are in the Vredefort case considered as anomalous when compared with those from accepted impact structures.

We have investigated by optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the defect microstructures in quartz grains from different lithologies sampled at various places at the Vredefort structure. Whatever the locality, only thin mechanical Brazil twin lamellae in the basal plane are observed by TEM. So far, such defects have only been found in quartz from impact sites, but always associated with sets of thin glass lamellae in rhombohedral planes 10−1n with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4. At the scale of the optical microscope, Brazil twins in (0001) are easily detected in Vredefort quartz grains because of the numerous tiny fluid inclusions which decorate them. Similar alignments of tiny fluid inclusions parallel to other planes are also detected optically, but at the TEM scale no specific shock defects are detected along their traces. If these inclusion alignments initially were shock features, they are now so severely weathered that they can no longer be recognized as unambiguous shock lamellae. Fine-grained coesite was detected in the vicinity of narrow pseudotachylite veinlets in a quartzite specimen, but stishovite was not found, even in areas where its occurrence was previously reported. Finally, definite evidence of high-temperature annealing was observed in all the samples. These observations lead us to the conclusion that our findings regarding microdeformation in quartz are consistent with an impact origin for the Vredefort structure. Most of the original shock defects are now overprinted by an intense post-shock annealing episode. Only the thin mechanical twin lamellae in the basal plane have survived.     

Origin and mechanical significance of honeycomb garnet in high-pressure metasedimentary rocks from the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps

High-pressure schists (2–2.5 GPa) from the Eclogite Zone in the Tauern Window contain honeycomb garnet in which fine webs of garnet surround strain-free quartz ± carbonate grains. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography shows that the garnet webs form a cellular structure that coats all surfaces of the inclusions. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows that the garnet cells are crystallographically continuous with more massive garnet regions, and that the quartz ± carbonate inclusions have random orientations; in contrast, matrix quartz exhibits a prominent crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows few dislocations in either the garnet or the inclusion quartz. Most honeycomb garnet is chemically homogeneous, but some displays asymmetric core–rim zoning. Taken together, these observations are most consistent with formation of the garnet sheets via precipitation from a wetting fluid along quartz–quartz grain boundaries, or possibly via wholesale precipitation of garnet + quartz ± carbonate from a fluid. In either case, a silicate-rich aqueous fluid must have been present. The likelihood that a fully wetting fluid existed at high pressure has important implications for rheology during subduction of metasedimentary rocks: strain may be accommodated by grain rotation and sliding in an aqueous silicate slurry, rather than via dislocation creep mechanisms at high pressures. The absence of a CPO in early quartz may thus point to involvement of a pervasive grain-boundary fluid rather than requiring low differential stresses during subduction.     

The nature of fluids during pegmatite development in metamorphic terrains: Evidence from Hamadan complex,Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone,Iran

In the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone of metamorphic belt of Iran, the area south of Hamadan city comprises of metamorphic rocks, granitic batholith with pegmatites and quartz veins. Alvand batholith is emplaced into metasediments of early Mesozoic age. Fluid inclusions have been studied using microthermometry to evaluate the source of fluids from which quartz veins and pegmatites formed to investigate the possible relation between host rocks of pegmatites and the fluid inclusion types. Host minerals of fluid inclusions in pegmatites are quartz, andalusite and tourmaline. Fluid inclusions can be classified into four types. Type 1 inclusions are high salinity aqueous fluids (NaCl_eq >12 wt%). Type 2 inclusions are low to moderate salinity (NaCl_eq <12 wt%) aqueous fluids. Type 3 and 4 inclusions are carbonic and mixed CO₂-H₂O fluid inclusions. The distribution of fluid inclusions indicate that type 1 and type 2 inclusions are present in the pegmatites and quartz veins respectively in the Alvand batholith. This would imply that aqueous magmatic fluids with no detectable CO₂ were present during the crystallization of these pegmatites and quartz veins. Types 3 and 4 inclusions are common in quartz veins and pegmatites in metamorphic rocks and are more abundant in the hornfelses. The distribution of the different types of fluid inclusions suggests that CO₂ fluids generated during metamorphism and metamorphic fluids might also contribute to the formation of quartz veins and pegmatites in metamorphic terrains.     

滇西北兰坪盆地金满脉状铜矿床成矿流体特征及其成矿意义

滇西北兰坪盆地西缘发育大量沉积岩容矿脉状铜多金属矿床,矿体的分布受逆冲推覆系统控制,金满是其中储量最大、品位最高的铜矿床。成矿过程可分为3个阶段:成矿前(不含矿化石英-铁白云石脉)、主成矿阶段(含铜硫化物石英脉)、晚成矿阶段(少硫化物方解石+石英脉)。流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明:成矿前和主成矿期石英中流体包裹体特征变化不大,成矿前和主成矿期石英中均存在3种类型的包裹体,以水溶液包裹体为主,含CO_2水溶液包裹体次之,富CO_2包裹体较少出现。含CO_2水溶液包裹体测温结果也差别不大,均一温度都集中在240320℃,盐度(w(NaCl))集中在1%4%。水溶液包裹体均一温度变化也不大,集中在160 230℃,明显低于含CO_2水溶液包裹体;盐度却存在较大的变化,主成矿期盐度变化范围明显较大,且峰值高于成矿前。晚成矿阶段则仅出现水溶液包裹体,均一温度和盐度都明显降低,均一温度集中在120185℃,盐度集中在1.4%9.3%。结合其他证据,笔者认为金满铜矿床包含两种不同性质的流体:深源流体,以中高温、中低盐度、富含CO_2为特征;盆地卤水,以中低温、中高盐度、贫CO_2为特征。成矿过程中未发生明显的沸腾和相分离作用,深源流体和盆地卤水的混合可能是导致Cu等成矿元素沉淀的重要机制。     

Growth condition of quartz crystals at the Zhelannoe deposit in the Nether-Polar Urals: Evidence from fluid and solid inclusions

The topography of various faces of quartz crystals indicates that the late growth of rock crystals occurred at a relatively slow rate, by the layer by layer mechanism activated by screw dislocations. The capture mechanism of gas-liquid inclusions by quartz at the deposit is identified, and gas-liquid and solid inclusions are examined in various quartz populations. The temperature of the mineral-forming processes is evaluated from the homogenization temperatures of the inclusions. Distinct quartz populations are determined to be formed under similar physicochemical conditions, at temperatures no higher than 260°C, which increased from earlier to later quartz populations. The quartz veins were produced by solutions of sodic-hydrocarbonate composition. The geochemical environment in which mineral-forming processes occurred at the Zhelannoe deposit was generally poor in fluid, and the inclusions are dominated by water and usually contain no more than 10 wt % carbon dioxide, strongly subordinated amounts of nitrogen and carbon monoxide, and no identifiable methane amounts.     

Fluid inclusions in coesite-bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe, Dabie Shan (China)

Fluid inclusions in coesite‐bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe in Dabie Shan, East‐central China, have preserved remnants of early, prograde and/or peak metamorphic fluids, reset during post‐UHP (ultrahigh‐pressure) metamorphic uplift. Inclusions occur in several minerals (e.g. omphacite & epidote), notably as isolated, primary inclusions in quartz included in various host minerals. Two major fluid types have been identified: non‐polar fluid species (N₂ or CO₂) and aqueous, the latter is by far the most predominant. Aqueous fluids cover a wide range of salinity, from halite‐bearing brines to low salinity fluids. For non‐polar fluids, few N₂ inclusions occur in undeformed eclogite, whereas a number of CO₂‐rich inclusions have been found in microshear zones of eclogite or jadeite quartzite in close proximity to marble occurrences. The primary character of N₂ and high‐salinity aqueous inclusions indicates that they are remnants from UHP metamorphic fluids and for some there is the distinct possibility that they are ultimately derived from pre‐metamorphic fluids. This conclusion is supported by the preservation, in some samples, of microdomains containing synchronous inclusions of variable salinities, which tend to relate to the chemical composition of the host crystal. Carbonic fluids may be derived from neighbouring rocks, notably marble and carbonate‐bearing metasediments, during post‐metamorphic uplift. During post‐UHP exhumation, a limited decrease of the fluid density has occurred, with formation of new sets of fluid inclusions. Fluid movements, however, remained exceedingly limited, at the scale of the enclosing crystal.     

液态不混溶作用:成矿机制之一 ——以太行山地区的金矿为例

太行山地区的许多金矿产在花岗质岩体内部及其附近的围岩中,产出形式以金属硫化物石英脉为主（如蔡术庵金矿、土石金矿、九集庄金矿等）,部分金矿以爆破角砾岩体的形式出现（如窑沟金矿）,另一部分则以含矿金属硫化物浸染在花岗岩破碎带中的形式产出（如上明峪金矿）...     

闪锌矿中单个流体包裹体成分LA-ICP-MS分析及其指示意义：以南岭新田岭钨矿床为例

单个流体包裹体成分LA-ICP-MS分析在精准示踪成矿物质来源和精细刻画成矿过程方面具有独特优势,但已有研究主要聚焦于透明的脉石矿物中的流体包裹体,对用于矿石矿物较少,二者之间有何异同特别是谁更能代表成矿流体组成目前研究薄弱。闪锌矿是岩浆热液矿床和MVT型矿床中常见的矿石矿物,其通常发育流体包裹体并在透射光下具有透明-半透明特征,是研究流体包裹体较为理想的矿石矿物。文章选择南岭新田岭钨矿硫化物阶段的闪锌矿及共生石英为研究对象,开展流体包裹体成分LA-ICP-MS对比分析。分析结果显示,闪锌矿和石英中的流体包裹体组成存在较大差异,前者异常富Cu、Ag和Sn等金属元素,后者富Li、B、Na、K、Rb、Sr、Cs和Pb等元素。结合闪锌矿本身微量元素特征,文章认为元素Cu、Ag和Sn的超常富集与其从寄主矿物扩散进入流体包裹体有关。在基于大离子亲石元素的流体成因类型判别图中,闪锌矿和石英中的流体包裹体组成均能有效示踪成矿流体来源,但后者示踪效果更好。总体而言,共生石英中流体包裹体组成可能更能代表成矿流体组成,闪锌矿因其莫氏硬度较低、金属元素含量高等原因,元素易发生后期扩散/改变,流体包裹体组成可能不能代表真实流体信息。在研究矿石矿物流体包裹体时,需谨慎对待某些元素的超常富集。综合研究脉石矿物流体包裹体和矿石矿物本身元素组成是成矿流体研究更准确的手段。     

Chemical and isotopic effects of retrogression in metamorphic fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusions may provide compositional and isotopic information about fluids from which the host mineral precipitated as long as the host mineral does not react with the fluid. Our transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigation of grain boundaries and of fluid inclusions in zoisite and quartz of high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Dabie Shan (eastern China) demonstrates daughter minerals, such as margarite, muscovite, calcite, and anhydrite. Their precipitation changes (1) the composition of the fluid by selective and mineral-specific removal of CO₂ (carbonates), H₂O (sheet silicates, hydration of the walls), or S (gypsum, anhydrite, sulfides), (2) the concentrations and proportions of ions dissolved in the fluid, and (3) the isotopic composition of the fluid because of isotopic fractionation between mineral precipitate and fluid and between unmixed fluids. Fluid leakage from overpressurized fluid inclusions with daughter minerals changes the overall chemical and isotopic composition of the inclusion irreversibly, even when the daughter crystals later redissolve. Such fluid loss yields a wide range of compositionally and isotopically different fluids from a single starting fluid. Depending on the relation between mineral reactions in and fluid loss from the inclusion, the fluid remaining in the inclusion and the fluid lost from the inclusion may appear entirely unrelated.     

万宝源斑岩型钼矿流体包裹体及成矿物质来源研究

万宝源斑岩型钼矿位于辽东裂谷内,产于石柱子花岗闪长岩体及其后侵入的石英斑岩内。矿化类型可以分为浸染状、细脉充填状和石英脉状三种。为了解决该钼矿的成矿流体来源及矿床形成机制问题,我们从流体包裹体、REE、S、D-O同位素入手进行了研究。石英中的流体包裹体测试数据揭示:钼矿化可以分为三个阶段,高温阶段、中温阶段和低温阶段,以中温阶段为主。REE分析表明,成矿物质起源于花岗闪长岩体,后经分离结晶作用,最终与花岗闪长岩体表现出不同的REE配分模式;S同位素分析显示,S来源于岩体与地层,是一种混合硫;D-O同位素研究则说明,成矿流体是以岩浆水为主,后期有天水加入的混合流体。最后建立石柱子成矿系统,对石柱子花岗闪长岩内外接触带上的矿床成因进行了探讨。     

Transmission electron microscopy applied to fluid inclusion investigations

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) allows a detailed characterization of textural and chemical features of fluid inclusions (shape, inner compositions and inner textures), at a resolution higher than that attainable with an optical microscope (OM). TEM investigation indicates that most fluid inclusions appear as perfectly euhedral negative crystals, with variable shape (from prismatic to equant) and size (typically from <0.02 to 0.15 μm). Inner texture (fluid phase/melt distribution) and composition are variable as well. Different kinds of negative crystals may coexist in the same trail of inclusions, possibly indicating locally variable trapping conditions.

A critical feature, revealed by TEM, is that inclusions are often connected to structural defects (in particular, to dislocation arrays), which are undetected by optical microscopy. The identification of these hidden nanostructures should be taken into account for the correct petrological interpretation of microthermometric results, particularly when controversial data have been obtained. In fact, these nanostructures may represent a possible path for fluid phase leakage, thus modifying the original composition and/or density of the inclusions.     

Coesite inclusions and prograde compositional zonation of garnet in whiteschist of the HP-UHPM Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan: a record of progressive UHP metamorphism

Coarse-grained whiteschist, containing the assemblage: garnet+kyanite+phengite+talc+quartz/coesite, is an abundant constituent of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt in the Kulet region of the Kokchetav massif of Kazakhstan.

Garnet displays prograde compositional zonation, with decreasing spessartine and increasing pyrope components, from core to rim. Cores were recrystallized at T=380°C (inner) to 580°C (outer) at P<10 kbar (garnet–ilmenite geothermometry, margarite+quartz stability), and mantles at T=720–760°C and P_H20=34–36 kbar (coesite+graphite stability, phengite geobarometer, KFMASH system reaction equilibria). Textural evidence indicates that rims grew during decompression and cooling, within the Qtz-stability field.

Silica inclusions (quartz and/or coesite) of various textural types within garnets display a systematic zonal distribution. Cores contain abundant inclusions of euhedral quartz (type 1 inclusions). Inner mantle regions contain inclusions of polycrystalline quartz pseudomorphs after coesite (type 2), with minute dusty micro-inclusions of chlorite, and more rarely, talc and kyanite in their cores; intense radial and concentric fractures are well developed in the garnet. Intermediate mantle regions contain bimineralic inclusions with coesite cores and palisade quartz rims (type 3), which are also surrounded by radial fractures. Subhedral inclusions of pure coesite without quartz overgrowths or radial fractures (type 4) occur in the outer part of the mantle. Garnet rims are silica-inclusion-free.

Type 1 inclusions in garnet cores represent the low-P, low-T precursor stage to UHPM recrystallization, and attest to the persistence of low-P assemblages in the coesite-stability field. Coesites in inclusion types 2, 3, and 4 are interpreted to have sequentially crystallized by net transfer reaction (kyanite+talc=garnet+coesite+H₂O), and were sequestered within the garnet with progressively decreasing amounts of intragranular aqueous fluid.

During the retrograde evolution of the rock, all three inclusion types diverged from the host garnet P–T path at the coesite–quartz equilibrium, and followed a trajectory parallel to the equilibrium boundary resulting in inclusion overpressure. Coesite in type 2 inclusions suffered rapid intragranular H₂O-catalysed transformation to quartz, and ruptured the host garnet at about 600°C (when inclusion P27 kbar, garnet host P9 kbar). Instantaneous decompression to the host garnet P–T path, passed through the kyanite+talc=chlorite+quartz reaction equilibrium, resulting in the dusty micro-assemblage in inclusion cores. Type 3 inclusions suffered a lower volumetric proportion transformation to quartz at the coesite–quartz equilibrium, and finally underwent rupture and decompression when T<400°C, facilitating coesite preservation. Type 4 coesite inclusions are interpreted to have suffered minimal transformation to quartz and proceeded to surface temperature conditions along or near the coesite–quartz equilibrium boundary.     

共生黑钨矿与石英中流体包裹体红外显微对比研究——以瑶岗仙石英脉型钨矿床为例

利用红外显微镜对湖南瑶岗仙石英脉型黑钨矿矿床中共生的黑钨矿与石英原生流体包裹体均一温度和冰点的测定结果表明,石英中流体包裹体均一温度范围为149～352℃,主要集中在160～300℃之间,盐度w(NaCleq)为0.9%～9.5%;黑钨矿中流体包裹体均一温度范围为212～386℃,主要集中在280～360℃之间,盐度w(NaCleq)为4.5%～15.2%.可见,黑钨矿中流体包裹体具有更高的均一温度和盐度,与石英中原生流体包裹体均一温度相差可达60℃,盐度w(NaCleq)相差可达6%.结合该矿床的矿石显微结构特征、包裹体岩相学特征及前人所做的氢、氧同位素测试分析结果,推断黑钨矿主要形成于早期阶段,为均一流体冷却成因,石英形成较晚,主要为流体混合成因.