贵州喀斯特农业生产中多种矿物元素液态肥的应用效果分析

为改变贵州喀斯特地区农产品产出率低、品质差的现状,从喀斯特生态地质环境脆弱、土壤缺少微量元素等特征入手,利用富含矿物元素的硅酸盐岩,开发生产多元素液态矿物肥料,补偿喀斯特地区农作物生长需要的矿物营养元素。2002年以来经100多个农户及贵州省各地土肥站、农业科研生产部门在贵州喀斯特地区十几个县市进行了700多亩种植试验,获得了农作物产量增加和农产品质量提高的效果。施用多元素液态矿物肥种植的水稻、玉米、辣椒、油菜、烤烟、水果及蔬菜等20多个农作物,其90%以上的作物增产超过5%,70%增产超过10%,农产品的蛋白质提高1～2个百分点,稻谷支链淀粉提高2.7%,果实的外观色、香、味、形得到明显改观。实践证明施用多元素液态矿物肥料是提高喀斯特地区农产品产出率的新途径。      

庄浪南坪乡玉米栽培试验优化方案

覆膜时期及方式的选择对玉米的产量有很大影响,为得到玉米栽培试验的最优方案,开展秋覆膜、顶凌覆膜、春覆膜、早春揭膜覆膜、全膜二膜、以半膜(CK)为对照方式等六种不同覆膜时间及方式下对玉米产量的研究,结果显示,以早春接膜覆新膜增收增产最明显,亩产量901.2 kg,亩纯收入为1 537.4元,投产比为3.2,比半膜(CK)亩产量高出224.1 kg,亩纯收入高出495.2元,半膜的产投比仅为1.8,因此,在秋覆膜全膜双垄沟播技术的基础上,提倡早春揭膜覆新膜。     

矿物抗旱增肥剂应用研究取得新进展

矿物抗旱增肥剂是地矿部西安综合岩矿测试中心1989年利用某非金属矿物研制成功的一种新型抗旱增肥剂。先后在陕西、宁夏境内有代表性的干旱、半干旱地区对玉米、小麦等农作物进行了推广应用试验研究，并取得成功。近几年又开展了在棉花、苹果树中的应用研究，并取得新进展。1989年以来，经对10余种农作物进行试验、示范和推广的资料表明，增产一般都在10％以上，个别高达30％以上；投入产出比为1：3～10。特别是1995年在宁夏银市地区进行的万亩春小麦推广试验结果，在大旱之年四周农田普遍大幅度减产，而矿物抗旱增肥剂仍能使山旱地小麦平均…     

广西金秀县头排——桐木地区富硒土壤地球化学特征及生态效应研究

基于广西金秀县头排—桐木地区土地质量地球化学调查数据资料,研究了表层土壤中硒含量的分布特征、受控因素、富硒农产品产出情况。研究表明:该地区土壤硒平均含量为0.6mg/kg,土壤硒含量0.4mg/kg的富硒土壤面积占研究区的72.8%;土壤硒含量受成土母质、土壤pH值、有机质等土壤性质的影响;农产品水稻、玉米和花生富硒率较高,水稻硒含量与根系土中全硒、pH值、有机碳以及铁含量呈正相关关系,说明这些指标对土壤-农作物系统中硒元素的地球化学行为具有明显的影响。     

微肥“酥梨宝”研制试验

在对砀山酥梨产区进行土壤缺素状况调查的基础上 ,通过新技术生产试验 ,确定增加酥梨品质糖份和提高酥梨产量的微肥“酥梨宝”的科学配方 ,制定有效实用的“酥梨宝”微肥的具体施肥措施。新技术试验表明 ,30年以上的老龄树 ,糖份增加0 5%～1 6% ,平均增糖1 14 % ,平均增幅10% ,产量平均提高25% ;20年以下的新龄树 ,糖份平均增加0 5 %左右 ,平均增幅5 % ,产量平均提高13%。在试验组样品测试过程中 ,发现多组样品糖份含量达到砀山酥梨历史上的较高水平(15%～16 %)。     

辽冀地区条带状铁建造地球化学特征：Ⅰ.主量元素特征

辽冀地区(主要包括鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区)位于华北克拉通东北部,产出有诸多BIFs型大型-特大型铁矿床。鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区是我国最大的两个铁矿集区,其中鞍本地区铁矿储量占全国的24%左右,冀东地区铁矿资源储量占全国的10%以上。虽然辽冀地区BIFs大多为形成于新太古代绿岩带中的Algoma型BIFs,但不同矿区BIFs形成环境和受后期改造的程度不一致,鞍本地区BIFs变质级别为绿片岩相-角闪岩相,冀东地区BIFs经历了绿片岩相-麻粒岩相的变质作用,且辽冀地区普遍发育混合岩化。本文主要对比研究了辽冀地区28个铁矿床200件铁矿石的主量元素特征,为探讨辽冀地区BIFs的形成提供了更多的信息。BIFs样品主要由SiO2和Fe2O3T组成,其中鞍山-本溪地区SiO2+Fe2O3T平均为95.10%,冀东地区SiO2+Fe2O3T平均为88.06%,CaO和MgO含量仅次于SiO2和Fe2O3T,且大部分矿区具有正相关关系,Al2O3、TiO2、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5含量很低,这暗示BIFs原岩为一种化学沉积岩,主要为含有少量碳酸盐泥的硅质和铁质的胶体沉积;辽冀地区Al2O3和TiO2均可见明显的正相关,这可能是由于BIFs沉积过程中有少量碎屑物质的加入,这种相关性在冀东地区更为明显,且除SiO2+Fe2O3T外,其它氧化物含量明显高于鞍本地区,说明冀东地区BIFs形成时沉积环境更为动荡,有更多的碎屑物质加入;虽然辽冀不同地区BIFs经历了不同级别的变质作用,形成了不同的矿物组合,但是氧化物含量却变化不大,这说明了变质反应主要为等化学反应;鞍本地区和冀东地区碱质含量也存在差异性,前者的Na2O和K2O含量均低于后者,且后者Na2OK2O,结合野外地质特征,可能暗示了混合岩化作用对冀东地区的影响更为显著。     

江西于都银坑-桥头-马安地区不同富硒农作物地球化学适生模型的建立

在江西于都砂岩、泥岩成土母岩地质背景区,采集分析了61组水稻、花生样及其根系土样品,结果发现:水稻硒平均含量为0.062 μg/g,水稻根系土硒平均含量为0.39 μg/g;花生硒平均含量为0.051 μg/g,花生根系土硒平均含量为0.44 μg/g。此外,水稻和花生的富硒率分别为30.00%和16.10%,对应根系土硒含量超过0.4 μg/g的样品占36.07%。相关分析表明,根系土硒含量与TFe₂O₃、MnO、TOC、S、烧失量、N、CaO、MgO、Na₂O含量呈正相关,与SiO₂含量呈负相关。农作物硒含量与土壤总硒、有效硒、TOC、铁锰氧化物、钙镁氧化物、硫含量呈正相关,据此建立了富硒农作物的地球化学适生模型。研究表明,在成土母质为砂岩、泥岩的地质背景下,开发富硒农产品不仅要依据土壤总硒含量,还需考虑土壤有效硒、TOC、铁锰氧化物、钙镁氧化物、硫含量等多项指标。     

灰色关联度分析法在土地评价中的应用

作者选取四川省“金土工程”数据库中的原始数据作为研究基础，通过应用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法，以坡度、地面岩石露头、灌溉保证、排水条件、土壤构型、有效土层厚度、土壤酸碱度和土壤有机质作为与水稻平均产量相关的因子进行多因素关联分析，结果显示该区域排水条件与其产量具有最大的关联度。这说明在四川地区水稻地排水条件的优劣最大程度地决定着水稻的产量。通过各要素权重值的计算得到该地区土地等级划分范围。表明在土地评价中运用灰色关联度分析方法可减少人为的经验误差，同时该方法简单易行，结果可信度商。     

地质科研为农业服务初见成效(实例5)——新型矿物复合肥料的研制在农业上的应用

1.地矿部力学所与农科院土肥所共同采用含钾岩石、海绿石矿制成的复合肥料,可使棉花增产12.5%、小麦15.8%、花生16.7%,黄豆35%,此种复合肥料在较贫的黄土地地区应用,其效果更佳,现已分别在北京、河北、山西等地进行此项试验.     

表面活性剂压裂液的防水锁增产机理实验

以进一步探索表面活性剂压裂液（1.5% KCl+0.05% AN）的防水锁增产机理为目的,采集河东煤田柳林地区沙曲矿的焦煤作为研究对象,通过表面张力和接触角测试、渗透率伤害实验、变压解吸实验,探讨煤储层水锁伤害的控制方法,揭示表面活性剂压裂液防水锁增产作用机理。研究结果表明:表面活性剂压裂液具有极低的表面张力和界面接触角,具备降低煤储层孔喉毛细管压力、增强压裂液可排性的能力,使得其水锁伤害率比活性水压裂液降低约40%,能够有效抑制煤储层的水锁伤害;这种防水锁作用不仅能够提高煤储层束缚水状态下的气相渗透率,实现增透增产,而且还能降低煤层气产出的临界孔径以促进煤层气解吸,实现增解增产。      

Intensification of irrigated rice systems: Learning from the past to meet future challenges

More than 75% of all rice is produced on irrigated land. Although the green revolution was driven by both an expansion of irrigated rice area and increased yield per unit land area, the next quantum leap must come exclusively from increasing yields on existing crop land. We review the structural changes that have accompanied the intensification process, and examine the major biophysical and economic challenges that confront Asian farmers who must further intensify irrigated rice systems to achieve a yield increase of more than 60% by the year 2025.     

Evaluation of effective management plan for an agricultural watershed using AVSWAT model,remote sensing and GIS

In the present investigation, an effort has been made to identify the critical sub-watersheds for the development of best management plan for a small watershed of Eastern India using a hydrological model, namely, AVSWAT2000. A total of 180 combinations of various management treatments including crops (rice, maize ground nut and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field cultivator, mould board plough and conventional practices) and fertilizer levels (existing half of recommended and recommended) have been evaluated. The investigation reveled that rice cannot be replaced by other crops such as groundnut, maize, mungbean, sorghum and soybean since comparatively these crops resulted in higher sediment yield. The tillage practices with disk plough have been found to have more impact on sediment yield and nutrient losses than conventional tillage practices for the existing level of fertilizer. Sediment yield decreased in the case of zero tillage, conservation tillage, field cultivator, moldboard plough, and conservation tillage as compare to conventional tillage. Lowest NO₃–N loss was observed in zero tillage in all the fertilizer treatments, whereas field cultivator, moldboard plough and disk plough resulted in increase of NO³–N loss. As compared to conventional tillage, the losses of soluble phosphorus were increased in moldboard plough. The losses of organic nitrogen were also increased as fertilizer dose increased. After zero tillage the conservation tillage preformed better in all the fertilizer treatments as per loss of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus is concerned. It can be concluded that the sediment yield was found to be the highest in the case of disk plough followed by moldboard plough, field cultivator, conventional tillage, field cultivator and least in zero tillage practices. The nutrient losses were found to be in different order with tillage practices, resulted highest in disk plough tillage practices. In view of sediment yield and nutrient losses, the conservation tillage practice was found to be the best as the sediment yield is less than the average soil loss whereas nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

富硒土壤种植白芝麻试验研究

丰城市董家镇泉南村富硒白芝麻大田种植试验,是通过在富硒土壤中施用石灰、有机肥、草皮灰等方法,以改变土壤p H值和土壤中有效硒含量,以促进和提高白芝麻吸收土壤中的Se元素,进而探索出最简便、最经济和最适合普通农户操作的富硒农产品实用生产技术。种植试验共设置5个不同处理方法和1个对照区。通过对比不同处理方法对白芝麻中Se含量的影响,试验发现最经济有效的办法是:施石灰412.5 kg/hm2与土壤混合均匀后播种,这样既能提高白芝麻的Se含量又能提高产量,操作最简单且经济成本最低。     

微量元素在提高烟草产量和品质上的试验应用成果

1991年在河南许昌产烟区进行了喷施微量元素Cu、Mn、Zn、Mo和B等以提高烟草的产量和品质的试验。喷施微肥后烟草产量明显提高,平均增产为27.6%,最高达57.7%;品质明显提高,上等烟增加最高达4.68%,中等烟增加最高达12.3%,下等烟减少比例最高达17.06%,烟叶成分中烟碱、总糖和还原糖增加,有害成分总氮和气的含量下降。这项技术如加以推广,其经济意义将是巨大的。     

四川省邻水县土壤锌地球化学特征及玉米水稻籽实锌含量预测

[研究目的]锌(Zn)是一种人体所必需的微量元素.利用区域地球化学调查数据,准确预测农作物中Zn含量,从而开展富Zn农产品开发规划仍存在较大难度.[研究方法]本文选择四川省邻水县为研究区,依据土地质量地球化学调查所获得的表层土壤、农作物及根系土中地球化学指标数据,系统研究了土壤与农作物中Zn含量和空间分布特征,分析了玉...     

Agricultural use of sewage sludge under sub-humid Mediterranean conditions: effect on growth,yield, and metal content of a forage plant

A field experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effects of sewage sludge application on the growth and yield components of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). Five treatments were compared: a control (C) without application of sludge or nitrogen fertilization; a mineral fertilization treatment (MF) applied as ammonium nitrate; and three sewage sludge treatments (SS), 6, 12, and 18 t ha^?1, applied 15 days prior to triticale sowing. The main results showed that SS application improved plant growth by increasing leaf area index, tillering capacity, accumulated aboveground dry matter, and plant height of triticale. As a result, 18 t ha^?1 of SS could be recommended the suitable dose for triticale, where dry matter production was more than twofold above the control value. No toxic effects arising from the heavy metals in triticale plants were observed. The Cu concentration was the only trace element that increased in the straw tissues with sludge application, although the values recorded were below critical environmental thresholds. Furthermore, growth and yield responses of triticale to all SS rates are comparable even sometimes more important than those for mineral fertilizer.     

Geochemistry and Genesis of the Sodium-Charnockitic Gneisses, Eastern Hebei Province, China

High in sodium and low in potassium (Na_2O/ K_2O>1), the charnockitic gneiss series in theSantunying- Taipingzhai area, eastern Hebei province, consists of hypersthene- quartz- diorite,hypersthene-granodiorite and hypersthene-plagioclase-granite. Geological, petrological and large ion lithophileelement(LILE), high field strength element (HFSE) and REE geochemical studies suggest that themedium-coarse-grained hypersthene-granodiorite is the product of crystallization of anatectic magmas of thesame composition. Under granulite facies conditions, the equilibrium crystallization differentiation of themagmas yielded the early crystallization phase-high-SiO_2, LILE-depleted, low-∑REE, positive Eu anomalyand REE- saturated hypersthene- plagioclase- granite. The residual phase, coarse- grained to pegmatitichypersthene- granodiorite, is marked by low SiO_2, LILE-enrichment, high ∑REE and REE-undersaturation.These rocks and hypersthene-quartz-diorite enclaves constitute the sodium-charnockitic gneiss series in easternHebei province. Model calculation for trace elements in the granitoids was applied. On the basis of a systematicgeological study, the equation for calculation was chosen, the source magma was determined and the partitioncoefficients were obtained. The resulting curves are entirely consistent with those observed in the patterns of ac-tual rocks. The study indicates that whole-rock REE patterns can not be used directly in the comparison of thesources and genesis of granitoids.     

Parameter estimation for a karst aquifer with unknown thickness using the genetic algorithm method

The combination of ecological fragility and agricultural activity in the loess hilly–gully regions of western China has received broad environmental concerns. In this region, rainfall and soil moisture can fatally influence crop production under dry land farming. In this study, field experiments were conducted, from March 2001 to September 2005, to demonstrate the variation of soil moisture and fertilizer contents at different depths in slope and terraced lands, and to evaluate the ecological impacts and economic benefits in the terraced land of Loess Plateau. The results of both field test and Grey model (GM) calculation show that the terraced land, as compared to the sloping land, in the agricultural area of the Loess Plateau tends to store and retain much water, promoting more favorable interactions between water and fertilizer. During the months from March to June of the year with less rainfall, the water supply for crop growth is mainly derived from the deep storage of soil moisture accumulated from July to September of the previous year. The field experiments indicate that the crop yield of the 3-year-old terraced lands was 27% higher than that of the sloping lands with slopes greater than 10°, and that the crop yield can increase by 27.07 to 52.78% in the following cultivation years. In particular, potato was found to be more drought-resistant than winter wheat, thus it is more suitable for the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau regions.     

Exposure,vulnerability, and adaptation of major maize-growing areas to extreme temperature

Driven by increasing demand for food and industrial consumption, world’s maize supply is under stress. Besides, the extreme temperature events are now exposing more threat to maize yield with ongoing climate change. Thus, a comprehensive analysis on maize exposure (exposure is defined as the cultivated area which is exposed to extreme temperature stress), vulnerability (here it means how much yield losses with each temperature increase/decrease at a national scale), and adaptation to extreme temperature is essential to better understand the effects on global maize production, especially in major production countries. It was found that warming trends during the growing season have extensively dominated the main maize-growing areas across the globe. And along with this mean temperature trend was the increasing heat stress and decreasing cold stress among most regions. Moreover, from 1981 to 2011, maize yield losses caused by heat stress in China, India, and the USA were 1.13, 0.64 and 1.12% per decade, respectively, while Mexico has been experiencing a reduction of yield loss due to decreased cold stress of 0.53% per decade. Furthermore, during the period of 2021–2051, the extreme heat stress would increase substantially, while the low temperature was estimated to drop slightly during the growing seasons. Such pattern had also been found over the key reproductive stage of maize. Accordingly, through the sensitivity test of two adaption measures, improved high-temperature-tolerant varieties and changing maize calendar earlier could both mitigate extreme meteorological stress on maize, while the former method would be the most effective way to do so. Our study could provide a paradigm for other crops and other countries in the world to analyze their exposure and vulnerability to the temperature stress and make corresponding adaptation measures.