前寒武纪古地磁研究的可行性分析

前寒武纪的时限比显生宙长七倍。由于缺少足够的化石控制,年龄也很难确定,对前寒武纪的地质研究造成困难。前寒武纪的古地磁工作已在北美、欧洲、非洲、澳大利亚和中国等地区开展起来,并建立了北美、欧洲—波罗的地盾、非洲和澳大利亚地区的视极移曲线(Tarling,1983)。中国的华北和扬子地块也建立了中、晚元古代的视极移曲线。为前寒武纪地质研究提供了许多有用的资料。但目前仍有许多人对前寒武纪的古地磁研究持怀疑态度,认为前寒武纪岩石很难保存原生剩磁或因为原生剩磁的强度太     

试论前寒武纪变质岩古地磁研究的可行性：以闽北地区的研究为例

本文从变质作用与岩石矿物获得剩磁的关系和剩磁获得时间与同位素记年的相关性，岩石的形变对磁化方向的影响等方面讨论了前寒武纪变质岩古地磁研究的可行性；并列举部分国外前寒武纪早期岩石的例证；同时重点以闽北地区前寒武纪变质岩的古地磁结果为例，讨论了获得磁性可信性及其在地质构造方面的意义。     

全球主要地盾上的前寒武纪古地磁研究结果简介

前寒武纪时期的地磁场与显生宙相比,具有磁场强度大、磁极性反转频率低和磁场长期变化小的特点。这段时期中形成的火成岩和中、深变质岩能够获得较强的稳定剩磁,适合古地磁研究。近30多年来,在全球主要地盾上都不同程度地进行了前寒武纪古地磁研究,     

前寒武纪古地磁学的研究前景

前寒武纪的地磁场与显生宙相比,具有强度大,极性反转频率低、长期变化小的特点。变质作用能引起磁性矿物的转变。所以前寒武纪变质岩的古地磁学研究是可行的,它能促进前寒武纪构造演化的研究。     

当今前寒武纪古地磁学研究中的进展与问题

前寒武纪古地磁研究是一种以古地磁学为基础,结合同位素年代学和地质学的综合性边缘学科。这一学科的最大特点是它能提供古代的物理信息和具有全球等时性的特点,它还是在研究古代地壳块体或板块间的相对运动中,能提供定量数据的唯一方法。因此曾有人把它比作前寒武纪陆壳演化研究中的“黑匣子”。为此前寒武纪古地磁的研究资料越来越受到了各国地质—构造学家们的重视,认为这些成果对了解地壳的早期演     

从板块构造观点看前寒武纪岩石

由于前寒武纪占地质时代的7/8,为了解地壳演化的模式,就首先要了解前寒武纪活动带的构造演化情况。现在我们必须提出的问题是:地幔对流是发生在晚元古代之前,还是某些其他不均一的构造机制导致了大部分前寒武纪造山带的形成? 为了回答这一点,我们很自然地回到岩石这个问题上,并且考虑它们的相互共生组合、时代关系、构造发展和地球化学特征,确定它们是否经由威尔逊旋回这一演化过程。但我们首先要单独考虑一下某些与前寒武纪构造发展有关的地球物理方面的因素,即热的产生和古地磁。     

华南板块的若干最新古地磁数据

众所周知,华南板块的古地磁研究存在如下问题.1.由于国内尚不具备超导磁测条件,因此,弱磁性碳酸盐岩地区的研究受到了阻碍.2.由于前寒武纪的变质、变形等地质问题比较复杂,因此,6亿年前的古地磁数据严重缺乏.在校内基金资助下,我们在属于华南板块的湖北省京山县境内(30°55′~31°19′N;113°O1′~113°18′E)碳酸盐岩分布较为广泛的地区,自中元古代起,经由古生代、中生代,一直到新生代的第四纪止,进行了按地质时代时序的系统采样,并在日本神户大学低温弱磁测定实验室使用灵敏度为10_(-11)Am~2的超导磁力仪对所有标本进行了古地磁测定.今将结果简报如下.     

前寒武纪地质学研究进展与前景

前寒武纪地质学是地质科学重要分支学科之一,以地球早期演化历史为主要研究对象。近几年我国前寒武纪地层学、前寒武纪构造演化、前寒武纪古生物学和前寒武纪成矿作用等方面的研究取得重要进展。在高精度微区测年技术的支持下,相继建立了鞍山、泰山和五台山等早前寒武纪经典地区的年代格架,推动了华北克拉通早前寒武纪构造格架的研究;中国晚前...     

前寒武纪地球动力学——对古地磁学的评论

本文采用非洲、澳大利亚和北美洲的古地磁资料,验证了现今分布在大陆内部主要前寒武纪造山带的成因问题。取自西非和卡普瓦尔克拉通的23—19亿年期间的古地磁资料构成一条连续的磁极轨迹与其他各克拉通相同年龄磁极的连续记录,构成一条联合的视极迁移轨迹。从卡拉哈里和刚果克拉通取得的11—7亿年间的古地磁资料,同样也形成一条连续的磁极记录。这些古地磁资料的一致性有力地表明,上述克拉通从前并不是相距很远的,而后由于聚敛而形成非洲的泛非造山带和较老的造山带。新的同位素年龄资料有力地改变了在125—105亿年时限内的非洲视极轨迹的形态。就此,基于这一段轨迹与北美罗甘环形磁极轨迹的对比,关于前寒武纪超大陆存在的证据,就再也站不住脚了。澳大利亚在25—11亿年间的古地磁资料也形成一条连续的磁极记录,而不管其成因如何,这种一致性再次表明,奥弗沙尔姆(Ophthalmian)、木斯格拉夫(Musgrave)和阿尔巴尼—弗雷泽一带并不是产生于相距较远的克拉通的聚合,不管这些资料是否来源于克拉通。同样,北美洲26—14亿年间的大量的古地磁资料也形成一条连贯的磁极记录。这些资料主要取自苏必利尔、丘吉尔、纳因,贝厄湖和斯雷夫省,也有取自怀俄明和蒙大拿州的熊齿山隆起。因此,哈得孙造山运动不可能像其它大陆所出现的造山带那样,是板块聚合的结果。取自格伦维尔省的结果表明,它们是在造山运动后和冷却时期形成的。据格伦维尔岩石的 K—Ar 法年龄资料推导,它们与热等时有关。11—7亿年间视极迁移轨迹示出罗甘磁极环扩展到格伦维尔磁极环中。关于这一磁极的扩展情况,在大峡谷岩石记录的初步结果里也见到了单纯的证据。古地磁资料“排除了这样的板块构造模式”,即先前相距较远的克拉通的聚敛,并以此来解释所有经验证的前寒武纪造山带。然而由于古地磁资料的固有误差和缺陷,并不排除其中可能有开放和闭合的小型(500—1000公里)克拉通间海洋的存在。但这些海洋必须是经常能开放和闭合的,以使克拉通能返回到它们原来的相对位置。因此,前寒武纪的地质构造机理是不同于现今的板块构造理论,如在显生宙所看到的,板块构造可能是逐渐地从前寒武纪发生作用的较原始板块形成演化而来的。     

中国前寒武纪岩石的磁性地层学研究

近 2 0年来 ,在华北 ,扬子和华夏地块上已经获得较丰富的前寒武纪岩石古地磁和磁性地层资料 ,建立起三个地块的视极移轨迹。在此基础上 ,编制出 3个地块的初步年代磁性地层表 ,并尝试性地划分出 8个极性带 (或期 ) ,通过与全球的对比 ,似乎可以确立起 3～ 4个磁性地层的参考对比标志层。同时还利用极移轨迹的特殊现象———极环、拐点和极位分布等做为磁性地层研究的重要内容 ,进行了构造地层和年代地层的比较研究。结果表明古地磁学和磁性地层学对前寒武纪地质仍是重要的研究工具之一     

Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism of the Neoproterozoic Itajaí Basin of the Rio de la Plata craton (Brazil): Cambrian to Cretaceous widespread remagnetizations of South America

A detailed rock magnetic and paleomagnetic study was performed on samples from the Neoproterozoic Itajaí Basin in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in order to better constrain the paleogeographic evolution of the Rio de la Plata craton between 600 and 550 Ma. However, rock magnetic properties typical of remagnetized rocks and negative response in the fold test indicated that these rocks carried a secondary chemical remanent magnetization. After detailed AF and thermal cleaning, almost all samples showed a normal polarity characteristic remanent magnetization component close to the present geomagnetic field. The main magnetic carriers are magnetite and hematite, probably of authigenic origin. The mean paleomagnetic pole of the Itajaí Basin is located at Plat = − 84°, Plong = 97.5° (A95 = 2°) and overlaps the lower Cretaceous segment of the apparent polar wander path of South America, suggesting a cause and effect with the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. A compilation of remagnetized paleomagnetic poles from South America is presented that highlights the superposition of several large-scale remagnetization events between the Cambrian and the Cretaceous. It is suggested that some paleomagnetic poles used to calibrate the APWP of Gondwana at Precambrian times need to be revised; the indication of remagnetized areas in southern South America may offer some help in the selection of sites for future paleomagnetic investigations in Precambrian rocks.     

Precambrian microcontinents of the Ural-Mongolian Belt: New paleomagnetic and geochronological data

The knowledge on the early stages of evolution of the Ural-Mongolian Belt (UMB) (Late Neoproterozoic-Cambrian) is a key for understanding of its evolution in the Paleozoic. Unfortunately, this stage remains poorly studied. The tectonic reconstructions of the UMB for this time primarily depend on the views on the kinematics and tectonic evolution of numerous sialic massifs with Precambrian basement in the structure of the Tien Shan, Kazakhstan, Altai, and Mongolia. At present, the concept of the origin of these massifs is largely based on the lithostratigraphic similarity of the Neoproterozoic and Lower Paleozoic sections of the Tarim, South China, and Siberian platforms with coeval sections of Precambrian massifs within the UMB. New paleomagnetic and geochronological data can serve as additional sources of information on the origin and paleotectonic position of the microcontinents. In this paper, we present new isotopic datings and a new paleomagnetic determination for the Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks of the Zabhan Formation from the Baydrag microcontinent in central Mongolia. It is established that 805−770 Ma ago (U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS age of zircon) the Baydrag microcontinent was situated at a latitude of 47 ± 14° in the Northern or Southern hemisphere. These data provide new insights into the possible origin of the Precambrian micro-continents in the UMB. Analysis of paleomagnetic data and comparison of the age of the basement beneath various plates allow us to state rather confidently that ∼800 Ma ago the micro-continents of the UMB belonged to one of the North Rodinian plates: Indian, Tarim, or South China; their Australian origin is less probable.     

The East European Platform in the late Ediacaran: new paleomagnetic and geochronological data

The paleogeography of the Earth, including the East European Platform, is very inaccurately defined for the interval 500–700 Ma. The quantity and quality of Late Precambrian–Cambrian paleomagnetic data on this platform are absolutely insufficient for reliable paleogeographical or paleotectonic reconstructions. Since there are almost no unstudied objects in the platform that could be used for paleomagnetic studies, it seems reasonable to consider the deformed platform margins. Of particular interest is the Bashkir anticlinorium (South Urals) with numerous Ediacaran sedimentary sections, some of which contain tuff beds suitable for isotope dating. We present paleomagnetic and geochronological data on the Upper Ediacaran Zigan Formation, sampled in the western part of the western limb of the Bashkir anticlinorium. The East European Platform must have been at near-equatorial latitudes at ～550 Ma.     

论塔里木地台与华北地台的关系

地质、地震测深、大地电磁测深、重磁场特征和古地磁综合研究结果表明,阿拉善—敦煌陆块是具有完整、统一的前寒武系结晶基底的刚性块体。它的西界位于若羌—星星峡断裂;东界位于贺兰山;南缘楔入青藏高原之下;北缘插入兴蒙古生代褶皱系之下,范围颇大(91°E～106°E,38°N～42°N)。阿拉善—敦煌陆块是华北地台重要组成部分,它不但阻挡了印度板块挤压主应力的向北传递,而且把塔里木地台和华北地台紧密连接在一起,组成更加巨大的中华地台。     

Concerning tectonics and the tectonic evolution of the Arctic

The particularities of the current tectonic structure of the Russian part of the Arctic region are discussed with the division into the Barents–Kara and Laptev–Chukchi continental margins. We demonstrate new geological data for the key structures of the Arctic, which are analyzed with consideration of new geophysical data (gravitational and magnetic), including first seismic tomography models for the Arctic. Special attention is given to the New Siberian Islands block, which includes the De Long Islands, where field work took place in 2011. Based on the analysis of the tectonic structure of key units, of new geological and geophysical information and our paleomagnetic data for these units, we considered a series of paleogeodynamic reconstructions for the arctic structures from Late Precambrian to Late Paleozoic. This paper develops the ideas of L.P. Zonenshain and L.M. Natapov on the Precambrian Arctida paleocontinent. We consider its evolution during the Late Precambrian and the entire Paleozoic and conclude that the blocks that parted in the Late Precambrian (Svalbard, Kara, New Siberian, etc.) formed a Late Paleozoic subcontinent, Arctida II, which again “sutured” the continental masses of Laurentia, Siberia, and Baltica, this time, within Pangea.     

The first paleomagnetic data on dolerites from Jeannette Island (New Siberian Islands,Arctic)

The first paleomagnetic data on dolerite dikes from the volcanogenic–sedimentary section of Jeannette Island (De Long Archipelago, New Siberian Islands) are discussed. The petromagnetic data and results of the baked contact and fold tests are used to substantiate the nature of the characteristic magnetization component, which in combination with the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates implies its likely Late Precambrian–Early Paleozoic age. The calculated paleomagnetic pole makes it possible to extend the trajectory of the apparent polar movement for the New Siberian Islands block and confirms the assumption that this structural element of the Arctic shelf evolved as a terrane. Two variants of paleotectonic interpretation of the obtained data and their consistency with the available data on the geology and tectonics of the New Siberian Islands are considered.     

Neoproterozoic evolution of Rodinia: constraints from new paleomagnetic data on the western margin of the Siberian craton

The paper summarizes paleomagnetic results obtained from the Neoproterozoic rocks of the western margin of the Siberian craton. On the basis of the obtained paleomagnetic poles and available paleomagnetic data for the Precambrian of Siberia, a new version of the Neoproterozoic segment of the apparent polar wandering path (APWP) is proposed for the craton and is compared with the Laurentian APWP. The superposition of these paths suggests that in the Neoproterozoic the southern margin of the Siberian craton (in modern coordinates) faced the Canadian margin of Laurentia. Most likely, in the end of the Mesoproterozoic and during the Neoproterozoic the Siberian craton and Laurentia were connected to form the supercontinent Rodinia. At 1 Ga the western margin of the Siberian craton was a northern (in modern coordinates) continuation of the western margin of Laurentia. The available paleomagnetic data on Laurentia and continental blocks of Eastern Gondwana (Australia, Antarctica, India, South China) and the proposed APWP trend allowed a new model for the breakup of this segment of Rodinia. Analysis of a total of the data available suggests that strike-slip movements on the background of the progressive opening of the oceanic basin between Siberia and Laurentia were predominant in the south of the Siberian craton during the Neoproterozoic. Similar kinematics is typical of the western margin of Laurentia, where strike-slip motions are probably associated with the progressive opening of the ocean basin between Laurentia and eastern Gondwana.     

华北克拉通胶北地体蓬莱群辅子夼组碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

蓬莱群是胶北地区最主要的晚前寒武纪沉积盖层,对研究华北克拉通东南缘晚前寒武纪演化有重要意义.为确认蓬莱群沉积时代与物源特征,本次研究选取栖霞地区蓬莱群辅子夼组中上部的长石石英岩为研究对象,对锆石CL图像、U-Pb年龄以及稀土元素组成开展研究,发现碎屑锆石主要为岩浆锆石,年龄峰值主要集中在1 100、1 200 Ma以及1 600 Ma,缺乏年龄大于1.8 Ga的锆石;其中,最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为1 094±39 Ma,结合前人资料,蓬莱群辅子夼组沉积时代被限定在新元古代初期;不同地区的蓬莱群在辅子夼组中部以上物源区是统一的,在辅子夼组下部沉积时期物源发生变化.在区域上,蓬莱群物源特点与朝鲜祥原超群、以及我国辽东细河群、鲁南土门群、徐淮地区淮南群、豫西地区栾川群等华北东缘、南缘新元古代沉积盆地物源相似,物源主要来自华北克拉通以外的古陆.结合古地磁、中—新元古代岩墙分布等资料,推测发育格林威尔期造山带的克拉通如Laurentia-Siberia-Baltica或Sao Fransico-Congo克拉通与华北克拉通南缘拼合,提供物源.      

Paleomagnetism of the North American Precambrian: a look at the data base

More than half of the approximately 650 paleopoles reported from all Precambrian cratons have been obtained from North America. The observations have spurred a proliferation of apparent polar wander paths to support different hypotheses for the tectonic evolution of the continent. Many of the reasons for this development can be traced to the inadequacy of the data base with its average of only 1.6 poles 10 Ma^?1 (as compared to 7 poles 10^?1 Ma for the last 300 Ma). Even when it is assumed that a ·primary’ pole has been derived from each rock unit sampled, the total number of ·primary’ poles (excluding the 900–1200 Ma interval) yields an average of only 0.4 pole 10 Ma^?1. An inspection of the data base shows a non-systematic sampling of a non-continuous (fragmented) paleomagnetic record with gaps as large as tens and even hundreds of Ma. More importantly, a search through the literature reveals that very few poles have an age known to better than 50 Ma and for many poles the age bracket could be as large as a few hundreds of Ma. This is partly owing to the fact that radiometric and paleomagnetic sites rarely originate from the same localities. It is shown that this limited data base with all its deficiencies and uncertainties cannot be used to support certain hypotheses, or for the drawing of a meaningful apparent polar path for the whole of the Precambrian. It appears that, because of the enormous time scale, Precambrian paleomagnetism should rather be directed towards the construction of segments of polar paths such as those in the 900–1200 Ma interval. Comparison of well dated contemporaneous segments from different parts (or structural provinces) could be used most effectively to delineate relative movements, if any, and reconstruct the mosaic of the past continent for certain time intervals. One of the recent developments of Precambrian paleomagnetism has been to show that the apparent pole did not remain constrained to the equatorial region, but made several excursions into high latitudes.