伸缩缝刚度对大跨度悬索桥动力特性的影响

伸缩缝作为大跨度桥梁与引桥之间的重要连接构件,其抗推刚度及可能存在的变异性对主桥及引桥动力特性的影响不可忽略。本文建立了大跨度悬索桥及引桥的有限元模型,采用弹簧单元模拟加劲梁与引桥箱梁之间的伸缩缝,分析伸缩缝刚度对悬索桥及引桥自振特性及其地震响应的影响规律。分析结果表明:伸缩缝刚度对加劲梁的横弯振型、竖弯与纵飘耦合振型的频率有明显的影响;伸缩缝刚度的变化会导致加劲梁与引桥的振型相互耦合,同时这些振型的频率发生相应的突变,当伸缩缝刚度较大时,加劲梁两个竖弯与纵飘的耦合振型解耦成为独立的竖弯和纵飘振型;当引桥与悬索桥加劲梁的纵飘振型发生耦合时,在纵向和竖向地震作用下的悬索桥及引桥的地震响应达到最小。伸缩缝刚度对悬索桥动力特性影响的分析可为悬索桥的模态参数确认、损伤识别、抗震性能分析提供有价值的借鉴。     

地震作用下大跨度悬索桥几何非线性影响分析

大跨度悬索桥几何非线性主要来自3个方面：缆索垂度效应、梁柱效应、大位移引起的几何形状变化。鉴于地震波高频成分振幅大,低频成分振幅小的特点,很难对地震作用下大跨度悬索桥几何非线性的影响做出定性判断。目前大跨度桥梁的几何非线性研究主要集中在斜拉桥,且不同的学者得出了不同的结论。本文以逐级加大振幅的Ⅳ类场地多条地震波为激励,通过对称与非对称的2座典型大跨度悬索桥的几何非线性影响对比分析,探讨了几何非线性对大跨度悬索桥重要地震响应量的影响程度及其原因,并提出了相应的抗震设计参考建议。     

大跨度悬索桥加劲梁纵向运动特性及其电涡流阻尼控制研究

大跨度悬索桥在交通荷载和环境激励下,加劲梁产生持续不断的纵向往复运动,这类振动会导致悬索桥上的连接构件如伸缩缝等出现疲劳破坏。抑制这类振动一般是在梁端安装阻尼装置,这类装置不仅能够减少运营状态下的梁端位移,还能减弱地震作用下的梁端位移响应。本文提出采用耐久性能良好的新型电涡流阻尼器(ECD)进行梁端位移控制并对其减振效果进行了评估。首先对某大跨度悬索桥的实测纵向位移数据进行时域和频域分析,通过简化建立了悬索桥纵向振动的单自由度模型(SDOF),并反演了运营状态下的等效外力时程。然后对悬索桥简化SDOF模型在运营状态等效外力时程作用下和地震激励下的响应进行了计算,并评估了ECD在运营低速状态下线性阻尼和地震高速状态下非线性阻尼的减振(震)控制效果,提出了平衡两种状态控制目标的阻尼器参数合理取值范围,为ECD在悬索桥加劲梁纵向位移控制领域的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

铅阻尼器在自锚式悬索桥横向减震设计中的应用研究

某自锚式钢桁架悬索桥结构主跨408m,采用双层桥面,2根主缆为空间线形布置。本文根据自锚式悬索桥独特的动力特性,提出在悬索桥主梁与过渡墩、辅助墩之间沿横向设置铅挤压阻尼器的消能减震设计方案,以控制悬索桥的横向地震反应。根据风、行车和地震荷载等各种工况可能引起的支座剪力值,提出了铅挤压阻尼器临界滑移荷载值的确定方法。研究表明,同时采用铅挤压阻尼器和粘滞阻尼器的消能减震技术,可以有效地减小悬索桥的横向地震反应,可供工程实践参考。     

连续梁桥隔震方案比较

连续梁桥一般采用减隔震支座组成隔震支座体系进行抗震设计,不同的支座布置方式决定着结构的抗震性能与工程造价两个工程建设中主要关注的因素。在简要介绍铅芯橡胶支座的基础上,针对所有支座均设置铅芯橡胶支座以及组合使用铅芯橡胶支座与滑板支座的隔震方案,脉冲与非脉冲的两组不同地震动下,采用两种不同墩高,对墩高一致的三跨连续梁桥建立三维有限元模型进行地震响应计算,并对抗震性能与经济性进行了分析研究。结果表明,采用普通的滑板支座与铅芯橡胶联合使用同样能够获得较好的抗震性能,能有效地减少工程造价,节约成本;并且隔震支座的布置位置、墩高以及地震动输入的脉冲特性对隔震性能与经济性影响较大,对于墩高不大以及墩高基本一致的连续梁桥,当边墩设置隔震支座而中墩采用普通支座的情况下能获得良好的抗震性能与经济效益。     

哪吒大桥地震响应分析

建立了哪吒大桥———钢桁加劲梁悬索桥的三维有限元计算模型,对该桥进行了振动特性和地震响应研究,对比分析了一致激励下和考虑局部场地效应、行波效应非一致激励下的桥梁地震时程响应的差异。计算结果表明,由于悬索桥的钢桁加劲梁采用半飘浮体系,纵向约束较弱,桥梁第1阶振型为钢桁加劲梁的纵飘;各阶振型的频率呈现出密集分布的形态;考虑地震波传播速度产生的行波效应的影响,桥梁的地震响应与一致激励下的地震响应有一定差异;局部场地效应对哪吒大桥的地震响应影响较大,特别是对大缆应力及结构变形影响很大;哪吒大桥在7度设防(地震波峰值加速度不超过0.15g)时,大桥的抗震安全性是可以得到保证的。     

叠合装配式地铁车站结构地震动力响应及减震措施研究

地铁车站结构的减隔震技术目前仍处于起步阶段,缺少针对各类车站减隔震技术机理的系统性研究,故在“双碳”背景下开展装配式地铁车站的减隔震技术研究具有重要科学意义。以新型的“预制+现浇”的地铁车站为背景,建立叠合装配式地铁车站结构的有限元模型;以提升结构中柱抗震性能为目的,在中柱端部设置弹性滑移支座;利用动力时程分析法对比分析不同减隔震措施对叠合装配式车站结构地震响应特性的影响。结果表明：隔震支座的设置改善了车站结构的传力机制,抗震性能更好的侧墙承受了更多的地震荷载,有效地削弱了结构中柱的地震损伤程度;当隔震支座设置在柱顶时,整体隔震效果最为合理;隔震支座的摩擦系数对叠合装配式车站的抗震性能影响明显,且摩擦系数越小,对提高结构中柱的抗震性能越有利。研究结果可为类似地铁车站结构的减隔震工程提供参考。     

地震作用下曲线梁桥结构响应及敏感性分析

为研究不同设计参数对曲线梁桥地震响应的影响以指导结构抗震设计,对不同支承约束曲线梁桥地震响应及地震需求敏感性进行分析。采用增量动力分析（IDA）方法对比分析了不同支承约束曲线梁桥的结构地震响应变化趋势;采用Tornado图形法对不同结构参数影响程度进行了排序,找出了对结构地震需求影响显著的参数。结果表明:采用板式橡胶支座桥梁因支座易发生滑移而导致上部结构位移较大,但降低了下部结构响应,设置固定墩后,下部结构损伤显著增加;对于采用板式橡胶支座和铅芯橡胶支座的曲线梁桥,墩高及跨径对墩底曲率需求影响较大,而对于固定墩为墩梁固结形式和采用盆式橡胶支座的曲线梁桥,跨径及跨数对墩底曲率需求影响较大;对于采用不同支承约束的曲线梁桥,墩高和曲率半径对桥台位移需求影响较大,仅次于地震动参数PGA。     

四渡河大跨悬索桥空间地震响应分析

非一致激励输入对大跨结构响应有着较大影响。本文以四渡河悬索桥为背景,首先根据该桥动力特性对规范反应谱进行调整,基于修正反应谱并考虑相位非平稳性合成地震动位移;然后编制了调索程序来确定有限元模型的初始平衡构型;采用时程法,分别分析了在纵桥向、横桥向以及竖向的非一致激励(行波输入、多点输入)下的悬索桥地震响应。计算结果表明,纵向非一致激励输入增大了悬索桥的地震响应,横向、竖向非一致激励输入的影响有增有减。     

桩-土-结构相互作用与自锚式悬索桥桥塔顺桥向破坏相关性研究

悬索桥主塔作为核心支撑构件,在地震作用下特别是罕遇地震作用下其结构破坏模式就显得尤其重要,也是保证生命线工程结构震后安全的基础,而目前对大跨度悬索桥破坏模式的研究还很不完善。本文借助Open Sees有限元分析程序,以哈尔滨阳明滩大跨度悬索桥的设计方案为背景,以悬索桥的钢筋混凝土桥塔为研究重点,分析三维罕遇地震作用时,桩-土-结构的动力相互作用对大跨度悬索桥桥塔顺桥向破坏模式的影响。文中以在三维地震作用下塔底截面曲率达到等效屈服曲率,从而桥塔产生具有同时性特征的双塑性铰为破坏基准。分析发现在顺桥向罕遇地震作用下,悬索桥塔结构往往在桩基产生塑性屈服后塔底截面再出现塑性;同时发现考虑桩-土-结构相互作用可以延缓塔底截面进入塑性的时间,但会加大塔底截面的地震反应。     

基于灵敏度分析的斜拉桥拉索更换顺序研究

通过对部分换索桥梁换索顺序的调研,按照拉索不同的布置形式,总结了目前拉索更换所采用的主要顺序,并利用有限元分析方法对某双塔双索面斜拉桥进行了模拟换索,分析得到了偏于安全的换索顺序。通过拆单根索的弯曲应变能的变化,分析了斜拉桥换索的整体顺序。通过分析不同换索工况下的索力增量变化规律,包括单塔拆1根、双塔同侧索面对称拆4根、双塔不同侧索面反对称拆4根等3种工况,对拉索更换顺序进行了研究,并对其中的同侧索面和不同侧索面拆除4根拉索的工况进行了主梁线形的分析,建立了有限元模型。分析认为,斜拉桥拉索的更换宜从短索向长索反对称进行。     

Ambient vibration survey of the fatih sultan mehmet (second Bosporus) suspension bridge

Ambient accelerations due to dynamic excitation by wind and traffic were measured on the deck, towers, cables and hangers of the Fatih suspension bridge. From these measurements it was possible to obtain natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios for vertical, lateral, torsional and associated modes in the deck and tower up to a maximum of 2 Hz. The objective of the test was to validate the mathematical modelling used in seismic analyses of the bridge. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical modes was acceptable for vertical modes below 1 Hz, and for torsional modes, but it was difficult to identify the lateral modes due to low levels of response. The dynamic behaviour of this bridge and two other major European suspension bridges is discussed in relation to the differences in loading and structural design.     

Full-scale dynamic testing of the Alamillo cable-stayed bridge in Sevilla (Spain)

Accelerations and displacements due to dynamic excitation by simulated traffic consisting of two trucks, were measured on the deck and tower of the Alamillo cable-stayed bridge. Also the dynamic testing program included the measurement with accelerometers of the free-damped vibration of the 26 cables achieved by means of quick-releasing force. From these measurements it was possible to obtain the dynamic parameters of the bridge (natural frequencies and damping ratios) and the real forces in the cables. In the paper, only the tests, results and conclusions related to dynamic parameters of the bridge are presented. The objective of the dynamic tests herein described was to validate the mathematical modelling and the wind-tunnel models used in the dynamic analysis of the bridge in front of traffic and wind-forces. As the agreement between dynamic parameters of the real bridge and theoretical and scaled models was very satisfactory, the correct dynamic behaviour of the bridge in response to traffic and wind (vortex shedding, flutter, etc.) can be deduced jointly with the correct alignment and expected internal forces in the permanent state in tower and deck.     

Dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridge tower with multi-stage pendulum mass damper under wind excitations--Ⅱ:Experiment

The possibility of using a multi-stage pendulum mass damper(MSPMD) to control wind-induced vibration of a single column tower of a cable-stayed bridge during construction was studied theoretically in part Ⅰ of this work.In this paper,the performance of the MSPMD for reducing bridge tower vibration is studied experimentally.A MSPMD model and a tower model of the bridge with geometry scaling of 1:100 were designed and manufactured.Calibration of the MSPMD model with different wire lengths is conducted to verify the analytical model of the damper.A series of tests for the uncontrolled freestanding tower,tower with cables,and tower with MSPMD model are then performed under harmonic and white noise excitations.The experimental results show that the responses of the tower model significantly decrease with the installation of the MSPMD model,which demonstrates the effectiveness of the MSPMD to mitigate the vibration of the bridge tower.     

Dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridge tower with multi-stage pendulum mass damper under wind excitations—Ⅱ: Experiment

The possibility of using a multi-stage pendulum mass damper (MSPMD) to control wind-induced vibration of a single column tower of a cable-stayed bridge during construction was studied theoretically in part I of this work. In this paper, the performance of the MSPMD for reducing bridge tower vibration is studied experimentally. A MSPMD model and a tower model of the bridge with geometry scaling of 1:100 were designed and manufactured. Calibration of the MSPMD model with different wire lengths is conducted to verify the analytical model of the damper. A series of tests for the uncontrolled freestanding tower, tower with cables, and tower with MSPMD model are then performed under harmonic and white noise excitations. The experimental results show that the responses of the tower model signif icantly decrease with the installation of the MSPMD model, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the MSPMD to mitigate the vibration of the bridge tower.     

Dynamic investigation of a hybrid suspension and cable‐stayed bridge

Ambient and forced vibration tests were carried out on the Beauharnois bridge, a unique, 177‐m combined suspension and cable‐stayed structure near Montreal, Canada. A rehabilitation program was completed on the bridge during which the deck was completely rebuilt with an orthotropic slab on two steel trusses. The rehabilitation program also included the addition of two pairs of stay cables on both towers, creating a hybrid suspension system. The paper presents a series of dynamic tests performed to evaluate the dynamic properties and the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) for the rehabilitated bridge. The experimental program involved the measurement of vertical, transverse, and longitudinal acceleration responses of the deck and tower under ambient and controlled traffic loads. Displacement, strain, and integrated acceleration DAFs were computed under different loading conditions. Modal properties were evaluated and used to correlate a three‐dimensional finite element model for the bridge, including non‐linear cable behaviour. The paper discusses the experimental setup as well as the techniques used to evaluate vibration frequencies, mode shapes, and the DAF. Correlation of numerical dynamic properties and experimental results is also presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hanger replacement influence on seismic response of suspension bridges: Implementation to the Bosphorus Bridge subjected to multi-support excitation

The effects of hanger replacement from inclined to vertical configuration on seismic response of long-span suspension bridges are investigated considering multi-support earthquake excitation. The Bosphorus Bridge is investigated due to its recent comprehensive rehabilitation, mainly involving hanger replacement. The finite-fault stochastic simulation method (FINSIM) is utilized for multi-point earthquake time-history generation. The developed finite element (FE) model both for the inclined and vertical hanger arrangement are verified through the structural health monitoring (SHM) data. Based on the comparative analysis, the tension force of vertical hangers is found to be lower than that of inclined hangers, whereas the tension force of the main and back-stay cables remains the same. The compressive axial force of the deck decreases relatively in the case of the vertical hanger arrangement, whereas the cross-sectional forces at the tower base section increase. The approach viaducts are not affected by the vertical hanger arrangement. According to the demand/capacity ratios for damage estimation under the max. earthquake (2475 years return period), structural damage on the tower base section may be expected for both hanger arrangements, while these sections perform well under design scenario earthquake. The expansion joint of the bridge with inclined hangers is also estimated to be damaged; however, this displacement is lower in the case of the vertical hanger arrangement due to the viscous dampers. The findings also reveal that a change in hanger form of a suspension bridge can necessitate other structural retrofit, such as using viscous dampers to limit longitudinal displacements of the deck and retrofitting the bridge towers.     

基于场地效应的悬索桥随机地震响应分析

因大跨径悬索桥梁具有较大的跨越尺度,同时墩柱基础所处场地条件也存在差异,所以对其进行地震响应分析时需考虑局部场地效应。为了正确分析场地效应对大跨度桥梁的地震响应,以某悬索桥为研究背景,采用MIDAS/CIVIL有限元软件,建立该悬索桥的有限元模型,在考虑地震动的局部场地效应情况下列举9种不同的计算工况,对大跨度悬索桥进行时程分析,通过控制一个塔墩处场地类别,改变另一个塔墩处的场地类别来分析场地效应对桥梁跨中位移和弯矩的影响。研究结果显示:场地效应对悬索桥的跨中位移和弯矩存在一定影响,不同的场地条件对桥梁同一位置的破坏程度不同。     

Dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridge tower with multi-stage pendulum mass damper under wind excitations -- II： Experiment

The possibility of using a multi-stage pendulum mass damper(MSPMD) to control wind-induced vibration of a single column tower of a cable-stayed bridge during construction was studied theoretically in part Ⅰ of this work.In this paper,the performance of the MSPMD for reducing bridge tower vibration is studied experimentally.A MSPMD model and a tower model of the bridge with geometry scaling of 1100 were designed and manufactured.Calibration of the MSPMD model with different wire lengths is conducted to verify the analytical model of the damper.A series of tests for the uncontrolled freestanding tower,tower with cables,and tower with MSPMD model are then performed under harmonic and white noise excitations.The experimental results show that the responses of the tower model significantly decrease with the installation of the MSPMD model,which demonstrates the effectiveness of the MSPMD to mitigate the vibration of the bridge tower.