复合硅藻土絮凝剂的制备与处理污水试验研究

本文介绍了复合硅藻土絮凝剂(FGX)的制备工艺及产品性能,研究了pH值、温度、絮凝剂用量、陈放时间、絮凝剂配比变化等因素对处理污水效果的影响,确定了较佳的工艺参数。用于长春第一汽车制造厂污水、长春净月造纸厂污水处理试验,取得了满意结果。     

三峡库区黏性泥沙在紊动剪切作用下的絮凝试验研究

采集三峡库区忠县黄花城河段黏性泥沙进行紊动剪切作用下的絮凝试验研究。试验装置主要包括沉降柱、絮体分离室和絮体图像采集系统,试验中采用振动格栅产生近似均匀紊流场,并通过ADV（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry）测量流速来校核流体剪切率和格栅振动频率的关系。试验结果表明:① 该黏性泥沙絮凝效果明显,絮体最大粒径D_f,95为73~126 μm、平均粒径D_f,50为18~33 μm,絮体粒径分布受紊动剪切率和泥沙浓度的影响较大;② 随着紊动剪切率的增大（从3.84 s-1至30.07 s-1）,D_f,95呈先增大后减小的趋势;当剪切率为19.94 s-1时,D_f,95达到最大值,大絮体（粒径大于96μm）的数量百分数也达到最大值;③ 相同紊动剪切率条件下,不同浓度（0.3~1.0 g/L）泥沙絮凝后的絮体粒径分布,基本符合"泥沙浓度越高,D_f,95越大"的趋势。     

Zeolite and fungi’s flocculability of simulated wastewater containing heavy metal ions or phosphorus

This paper focuses on the flocculability of simulated wastewater containing heavy metal ions (Fe3+, Cd2+) or phosphorus by zeolite, microbial flocculants (MBF) produced by Aspergillus niger and the composite flocculant composed of zeolite and MBF. The main results are presented as follows: zeolite was a good flocculant when the contamination of the three simulated wastewaters was low, but the treated water is of turbidness and the particles in it are hard to precipitate. The MBF have a good flocculability toward Fe3+ wastewater, as well as particulate matter. Significant changes in flocculability occurred after adding the composite flocculant in different simulated wastewaters, the best or least effect respective for Fe3+ and Cd2+ wastewater. The research we have done shows that the method by which the composite flocculant is used to treat the wastewater containing heavy metal ions or phosphorus provides important reference value for practical application.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部镇泾油田延长组致密砂岩储层裂缝测井识别

低孔低渗致密砂岩储层的测井评价和开发难度较大,裂缝发育情况对这类储层的产能影响十分重要。为了利用常规测井资料实现致密砂岩储层裂缝发育情况的评价,基于井径、电阻率、密度、声波等常规测井曲线计算出8个裂缝指示参数,然后利用这8个参数构建了一个裂缝综合识别参数。该裂缝综合识别参数对裂缝的识别正确率更高。将这一套方法应用于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部镇泾油田延长组致密砂岩储层裂缝识别,对于所有样本,裂缝综合指标法识别正确率为81.4%以上。本研究给出的方法对于利用常规测井资料评价致密砂岩储层的裂缝发育情况和有效性提供了一种途径,对致密砂岩储层的勘探开发有一定的帮助。     

固体停留时间对HLB-MR反应器直接回收城市污水中有机物的影响

为优化高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器（HLB-MR）的工艺参数,提高其资源化城市污水的效能,采用平行对比实验,考察了不同固体停留时间（t_SR）条件下反应器的有机物去除效率、生物絮凝效果、有机物回收效果和膜污染情况。结果表明：在t_SR分别为0.2、0.6、1.0 d时,HLB-MR反应器有机物去除效率均在85%以上,其出水化学需氧量（COD）质量浓度均保持在30 mg/L左右;反应器内的生物絮凝效果随着t_SR的延长而增强,其胶体COD絮凝效率从t_SR为0.2 d时的66%增加到t_SR为1.0 d时的95%,与此同时,有机物的矿化损失率也逐渐增加,从t_SR为0.2 d时的6.9%增加到t_SR为1.0 d时的10.5%,总COD的回收率逐渐降低;反应器内浓缩液的膜污染潜势随着t_SR的延长逐渐缓解,这与较长t_SR条件下反应器内胞外聚合物（EPS）产量较高、生物絮凝效果较好、微细颗粒（0~1 μm）的颗粒浓度较低有关。经过综合对比分析,0.6 d为反应器较优的t_SR参数,在该条件下,胶体COD的絮凝效率高达90%,膜污染程度较轻;总COD的矿化损失率低至7.4%,总COD的回收率（忽略膜清洗时有机物损失）可高达80%以上。     

Behaviour of quartz suspensions in the presence of calcium ions and acrylate polymers

The effect of acrylate polymers on the behaviour of quartz-slime suspensions, in the presence or in the absence of calcium ions, is considered. Results of dispersion tests with polyacrylates of various molecular weights show that acrylates are capable of extending the pH range in which quartz is dispersed to weakly acid pH values: between 3.5 and 4.5, if calcium ions are not added to the system. On the other hand, in the presence of calcium ions, the dispersed state can be maintained only in a narrow pH range, between 4, 5 and 6 to 8.5, the latter value being reached only in the case of very low molecular weight polymer (5.400). At higher pH values, flocculation takes place, more intensively as the pH becomes more basic and the molecular weight of polymer higher.The mechanism by which dispersion or flocculation occurs is interpreted on the basis of experimental results of dispersion tests and zeta potential measurements. From these data, it is concluded that electrostatic effects and steric hindrance phenomena must not be ignored in explaining the behaviour of mineral suspensions, chiefly when a very low molecular weight is used. Adsorption of calcium ions on quartz surfaces appears also to play a fundamental part in the flocculation mechanism at basic pH values.     

Real-time drilling mud gas monitoring for qualitative evaluation of hydrocarbon gas composition during deep sea drilling in the Nankai Trough Kumano Basin

Background

Riverine particles undergo a rapid transformation when they reach estuaries. The rapid succession of hydrodynamic and biogeochemical regimes forces the particles to flocculate, settle and enter the sediment pool. The rates and magnitudes of flocculation depend on the nature of the particles which are primarily affected by the types and quantities of organic matter (OM). Meanwhile, the OM characteristics vary widely between environments, as well as within a single environment due to seasonal climate and land use variability. We investigated the effect of the OM types and quantities through laboratory experiments using natural estuarine particles from the Mississippi Sound and Atchafalaya Bay as well as model mixtures of montmorillonite and organic molecules (i.e., biopolymers (guar/xanthan gums) and humic acid).

Results

Biopolymers promote flocculation but the magnitude depends on the types and quantities. Nonionic guar gum yields much larger flocs than anionic xanthan gum, while both of them exhibit a nonlinear behavior in which the flocculation is the most pronounced at the intermediate OM loading. Moreover, the effect of guar gum is independent of salinity whereas the effect of xanthan gum is pronounced at higher salinity. Meanwhile, humic acid does not affect flocculation at all salinity values tested in this study. These results are echoed in the laboratory manipulation of the natural estuarine particles. Flocculation of the humic acid-rich Mississippi Sound particles is unaffected by the OM, whereas that of biopolymer-rich Atchafalaya Bay particles is enhanced by the OM.

Conclusions

Flocculation is positively influenced by the presence of biopolymers that are produced as the result of marine primary production. Meanwhile, humic acid, which is abundant in the rivers that drain the agricultural soils of Southeastern United States, has little influence on flocculation. Thus, it is expected that humic acid-poor riverine particles (e.g., Mississippi River, and Atchafalaya River, to a lesser degree) may be prone to rapid flocculation and settling in the immediate vicinity of the river mouths when mixed with biopolymer-rich coastal waters. It is also expected that humic acid-rich riverine particles (e.g., Pearl River) may resist immediate flocculation and be transported further away from the river mouth.     

Fenton氧化-混凝法处理含活性染料废水的研究

运用Fenton试剂对含活性污染废水进行混凝前的预处理。通过预处理前后废水吸光度曲线的变化，探讨其作用机理。试验表明，直接混凝法处理含活性染料废水时，脱色率仅为10％－30％，吸光度曲线几乎不变。当Fenton试剂对其预处理后，吸光度曲线中的吸收峰消失，继续混凝处理，脱色率可达96.77％。     

超固结土热黏弹塑性本构关系

热黏弹塑性本构模型是描述土在温度（热）和时间（黏）耦合作用下的应力-应变关系的本构模型。在一些新型岩土工程诸如高放核废料地质处置、地热资源开发与贮存的建设中,需要同时考虑温度和时间对土的影响,所以建立一个热黏弹塑性本构模型具有理论和实际意义。将温度变化对黏土体积和强度参数的影响引入笔者之前提出的超固结土等向应力-应变-时间关系,建立了一个等向应力条件下的应力-应变-时间-温度关系。随后,基于该关系推导了屈服面硬化定律,并将其与超固结土统一硬化模型的屈服方程和流动法则结合,建立了超固结土的热黏弹塑性本构模型。最后,使用新模型预测室内试验,证明新模型能够反映时间和温度对土体积、一维压缩曲线和前期固结压力的耦合影响。     

黔东南地区金矿遥感弱信息自动提取技术研究

笔者以TM多光谱遥感数据为数据源,利用MPH矿化弱信息定量化提取技术,在植被土被覆盖严重、地质条件复杂的黔东南地区进行金矿遥感找矿试验研究,获得了良好的效果。本文主要介绍使用MPH技术的参数和方法流程及其处理的结果。     

疏浚淤泥化学絮凝−真空预压深度脱水效果评价

为实现疏浚淤泥高效快速脱水减容,选取化学絮凝和真空预压相结合的脱水技术,利用自制真空预压抽滤装置对5种类型絮凝剂调理淤泥进行系列室内脱水试验,通过上清液高度、泥水分界面高度、沉降速率、底泥含水率等指标,综合评价疏浚淤泥沉降过程与深度脱水效果。结果表明：5种絮凝剂对应最优添加量分别为Ca(OH)2(1 500 mg/L)、PAFSI(200 mg/L)、PAC(200 mg/L)、HCA(50 mg/L)、APAM(500 mg/L);与原始淤泥自然沉降过程相比（底泥高度17.14 cm、含水率96.8%）,真空预压可实现絮凝调理淤泥脱水减容、底泥平均含水率降至53.5%,使底泥体积进一步压缩20.48%～36.99%;真空预压作用下,絮凝调理淤泥在50 min内达到沉降速率峰值,前120 min内淤泥絮凝效果明显、泥水分离程度占据主导;与原始淤泥真空预压对比,絮凝?真空预压大幅提升淤泥沉降速率、有效缩短峰值对应沉降时间,最优絮凝剂（APAM）底泥沉降速率峰值、淤泥总高度沉降速率峰值对应时间点缩短87.5%和83.33%,峰值速率分别增加3.56倍、5.18倍;添加适量絮凝剂能有效改善淤泥脱水性能,增大泥粒尺寸、防堵促排,加速疏浚淤泥沉降与泥水分离效率。化学絮凝?真空抽滤技术有利于实现疏浚淤泥减量化,显著缩短工期、加快施工进度、减少堆积占地,具有显著的工程应用价值。     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置刍议

污水厂污泥是城市综合污水中污染物的成分浓缩,污泥的处理处置是污水处理的一个重要环节,就污泥的处理处置现状、方式及其发展方向作一综述。     

基于等速线模型的一维黄土动荷载响应分析

本文以兰州黄土为研究对象,开展了不同加载速率条件下的K0压缩试验,并结合试验结果和“等速线理论”研究了震动荷载作用下黄土的动力学响应及其影响因素。研究结果显示,随着加载速率的升高,回弹系数(a)、塑性压缩系数(b)、前期固结压力(σp)以及内变量参考时间(τp)均会产生显著变化。其中,加载速率的升高对内变量参考时间影响最为剧烈,而加载速率对黏塑性应变速率参数(c)的影响可以忽略。通过对比震动荷载作用下土体应变发展的计算和实测结果表明,基于加载速率较快的试验结果获取的模型参数,其理论预测精度较高。在计算动力学问题中,σp的量值较静力条件下获取的参数要小2~3个数量级,这是使用该模型计算动力问题与静力问题的最大不同。进一步的计算分析表明,震动荷载作用下的动应变幅值与回弹系数正相关,而(b-a)/c和应力比(震动荷载的平均值与前期固结压力之比)正比于动荷载初期作用下发生的塑性应变(“残余应变”)。因而,在评价土体动荷载作用下的“残余应变”时,应综合考虑各力学参数和应力状态的影响。     

Study on the Flocculability of Metal Ions by Bacillus Mucilaginosus GY03 Strain

Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofindustrialeconomy ,wastewaterisdischargedinhugevolumeandtheaccumulationofheavymetalionsinsoilsandwatersourcesisspeededuprapidly .Asaresult,waterpollutionhasbecomeadailydeterioratingproblem .Heavymetalsareeasytoenterthefoodchain ,therebyconstitutingagreatthreattothehealthofanimalsandhu manbeings .Therefore,howtoeffectivelyhandleheavymetalpollutionhasbecomeacommonat tractionformankind .Theroutineheavymetaltreatmentmethodsaremainlythechemical,phys icalandphy…     

Study on the flocculability of metal ions by<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus mucilaginosus</Emphasis> GY03 strain

This study deals with the flocculability of two types of metal ions by Bacillus macilaginosus GY03 Strain, with an emphasis on the influence of pH conditions, volume and time of flocculants produced by GY03 Strain on the adsorption of metal irons such as Pb^2 and Mn^2 and the capabilities of floceulants to adsorb metal ions of different concentrations. The results showed that microbial flocculants produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus GY03 Strain are highly capable of flocculating metal ions, but show different effectiveness with respect to the adsorption of Pb^2 and Mn^2 . In accordance with the experimental data and actual waste-water treatment conditions, the relevant regression equation of floeculation has been deduced, which has found some application in practice. The experimental results of this study demonstrated that microbial flocculants produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus can be used to treat metallic ion-containing waste water. In practical application the volume of microbial floceulants required and flocculation conditions should be taken into comprehensive consideration in accordance with the properties of metal ions, the composition of anions and the solubility of other metals, in combination with the cost and effectiveness of floceulants to be used. Floeeulant used in this experiment has the advantages of being applied over a wide range of pH values, small flocculant volume, and rapid speed of floeeulation. So this kind of flocculant is within excellent prospect of application.     

基于Ruger近似式预测裂缝型储层的可行性研究

叠前纵波方位各向异性检测裂缝是目前应用最为广泛的方法,该方法主要是利用AVAZ地震资料椭圆拟合的长轴与短轴信息来评价裂缝,该方法在具体应用时,认为裂缝型储层AVAZ响应特征的变化仅由各向异性参数决定,而没有考虑非各向异性参数的影响,从而引起裂缝评价的多解性。为提高该技术的裂缝评价精度,从模型分析入手,将模型中各向异性参数及岩性参数设置为概率密度分布函数,然后采用Monte Carlo随机方法进行叠前AVAZ正演模拟。首先,对各向异性参数对椭圆拟合的影响进行简单分析,得出各向异性参数γ对椭圆扁率B/A与各向异性因子B影响最大、δ次之、ε最小。然后,进一步重点分析不同标准差的速度与密度模型的B/A与B响应特征,得出地层的速度与密度的变化在较小范围内时,该技术评价裂缝才具有一定的可行性,其中,地层纵波和横波速度的变化（尤其是纵波速度）对叠前AVAZ响应影响较大,地层密度几乎没有影响,故当横向岩性变化较大时,该方法在评价裂缝型储层时的结果具有一定的不确定性。      

细颗粒对粗颗粒床沙质输沙率影响的初步研究

考虑高含沙紊流涡团中细颗粒絮凝形成网络结构对粗颗粒运动影响后,建立了粗颗粒悬移质泥沙的输沙率计算方法.该方法中包含的细颗粒影响项反映了流域因素对粗颗粒泥沙输沙的影响,证明细颗粒的影响是引起多沙河流中“多来多排”现象的一个重要因素.与黄河实测资料的对比表明,该计算方法能够反映高含沙紊流输沙时随流域细颗粒增多粗颗粒悬移质输沙率相对增大的现象,并具有较好的计算精度     

Electro-coagulation treatment of raw and autoclaved landfill leachate with aluminum electrodes: case study of Djebel Chakir (Tunisia)

Landfilling is a common practice worldwide for solid waste management. The leachate generated at landfill sites contains various organic and inorganic pollutants while it should be treated properly. In this study, the electrocoagulation (EC) process was recognized for its simplicity and effectiveness which was used for the treatment of leachate from the Djebel Chakir landfill site in northern Tunisia. In addition, we investigated the effect of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, spore) on sludge production by the application of autoclaving treatment on raw leachate. The application of low current density (15 mA/cm²) within 2 h of treatment and using Al-Al electrodes revealed significant improvement of performance when autoclaving was applied. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal increased from 39 to 64% and from 13 to 30%, respectively. The sludge volume was reduced from 40 to 10%, and thus, its handling and disposal costs would be significantly decreased. The energy consumption rate was stable after 40 min of treatment at about 0.8 kWh/kg COD removed. Our study shows that removal of microorganisms by autoclaving prior to the EC process is promising for landfill leachate treatment. However, since autoclaving is far from being practical and cost-effective at full-scale plant, research on coupling EC with an alternative disinfecting process might be of great interest.     

基于Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测

预测隧道工程中TBM掘进速度,主要有完全经验的、半理论半经验的模型和人工智能等方法,所用参数均为确定性的,未考虑参数存在的随机性,故导致预测结果的不准确性。基于此,提出了Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测模型,着重考虑了一些重要输入参数的随机性, 其中输入参数重要性的大小通过粗糙集进行计算排序。采用Monte Carlo产生随机数时,由于参量的样本数据的有限,分布函数均采用阶梯形经验分布函数。如果采用的数据是来自不同类型的 TBM,则应当考虑机器性能参数,并重新对参数重要性进行排序。实例计算表明,Monte Carlo-BP神经网络模型预测结果和实测值总体趋势和均值比较一致。