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1.
Research on the seepage deformation of saturated soft soil has resulted in many achievements based, mainly, on existing seepage-deformation control equations. In reality, however, these control equations and related parameters suffer from many problems. The conductivity coefficient in the seepage control equation and the consolidation coefficient in the consolidation equation clearly resemble each other in form. However, in existing regulations and practice, soil deformation is rarely calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient obtained from field hydrogeological experiments for the consolidation coefficient. Similarly, seepage is seldom calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient with the consolidation coefficient obtained from consolidation experiments. This can be attributed to the fact that the two coefficients have some obvious differences. Moreover, the settlement deformation of soil calculated using the existing seepage and consolidation models does not agree very well with the measured deformation. Also, the values calculated using different models usually deviate markedly. Research indicates that these problems derive from the fact that the seepage and consolidation equations are based on different concepts of elementary volume. This study proposes using two separate elementary volume concepts: deformation elementary volume and control elementary volume. The concepts are adopted for saturated soft soil and the results used to analyze the relationships and differences between the two concepts. Moreover, we developed a conceptual data model (CDM) for the water released from and the deformation of the saturated soil. The model discloses the differences between the consolidation and conductivity coefficients both in their physical significances and magnitudes. The inter-relationship between the two coefficients is also revealed. An analytical solution for the deformation and water released from saturated soft soil is deduced based on the CDM model and the relationship between the hydrogeological and consolidation deformation parameters is established. A physical test model for saturated soft soil under certain conditions is also designed to verify the analytical solution using a method of curve fitting. Seepage and deformation tests and case studies show that the parameters calculated using the consolidation model are in agreement with those obtained from the CDM seepage model based on the measured data for flux and settlement vs. time. Furthermore, the relationship between conductivity and consolidation coefficients is verified. The method suggested in this paper is generally applicable to problems involving the consolidation coefficient, volume compressibility, conductivity coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and specific storage of saturated soft soil, etc. Thus, its potential applications are numerous.  相似文献   

2.
抽水地面沉降预计的随机介质模型   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
本文视抽水引起的地面沉降为一随机过程,应用随机介质理论和土力学基本原理,建立了随机介质模型,对抽水地面沉降及变形分布进行了分析预测,计算实例表明,该模型是有铲的。  相似文献   

3.
Sukinda chromite valley is one of the largest chromite deposits of the country and produces nearly 8% of chromite ore. It greatly contributes towards the economic development but at the same time deteriorates the natural environment. It is generally excavated by opencast mining method. In the Sukinda mining area, around 7.6 million tons of solid waste have been generated in the form of rejected minerals, overburden material/waste rock and sub-grade ore that may be resulting in environmental degradation, mainly causing lowering in the water table vis-à-vis deterioration in surface and ground water quality. The study conducted in and around one of the chromite mine of the valley reveals that the concentration of hexavalent chromium is found in the water samples of ground and surface water, mine effluents and seepage water. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6) have been found varying between 0.02 mg/l and 0.12 mg/l in mine effluents and 0.03–0.8 mg/l in shallow hand pumps and 0.05 and 1.22 mg/l in quarry seepage. The concentration of Cr+6 in Damsal nalah, the main surface water source in the area, is found varying between 0.03 mg/l and 0.14 mg/l and a increasing trend, which is in the downstream of mining activities, has been observed. Leachate study clearly shows that the soil lying in the vicinity of mine waste dump shows highest concentration of Cr+6. Contaminant migration in ground water depends upon various geohydrological conditions of the area. The study shows that aquifer resistivity varies between 15 Ωm to 150 Ωm and aquifer depth varies from 4 m to 26 m below ground level. The ground water flow and mass transport models were constructed with the help of geo-hydrological and geophysical informations using Visual Modflow software. Contaminant migration and path lines for 20 years have been predicted in two layers model of ground water. The study provided an insight into the likely migration of contaminant in ground water due to leaching from overburden dump of chromite ore and will be helpful in making strategic planning for limiting the contaminant migration in the ground water regime in and around the mining areas.  相似文献   

4.
The possibility of using volcanic ash soils (VAS) or Andisols as a low-cost and natural adsorbent is investigated in this study for the removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic wastewater. Andisols can be used as adsorbent because they are characterized by the presence of non-crystalline secondary minerals such as allophane and imogolite that show variable charge characteristics and have the ability to retain cations and anions. The adsorption of Cr on to two VAS from Mt. Isarog and Mandalagan (B-Horizon), Philippines, was carried out at ambient temperature using batch adsorption studies. The effects of different parameters such as amount of adsorbent, contact time, initial Cr concentration and pH of the solution were investigated. The results showed that the VAS from Isarog is more effective in the removal of Cr than in Mandalagan. The maximum removal efficiency of the Isarog soil for a Cr concentration of 10mg/L reached 89% with a dose of 20 g/L at a moderately acidic pH of 3. The Mandalagan soil on the other hand could remove only 65% at the same pH conditions and parameters. The difference in the removal of the two soils may be attributed to their physico-chemical properties in which the Isarog soil has higher clay content, porosity and lower bulk density. Isarog soil has fine particles with higher surface area and more active non-crystalline minerals and thus has higher removal efficiency than Mandalagan soil. Based on the results, the use of VAS from Isarog appears to be economical and an alternative to commercially available adsorbents for the removal of Cr from contaminated wastewater.  相似文献   

5.
Many debris flows were triggered within and also outside the Dayi area of the Guizhou Province, China, during a rainstorm in 2011. High-intensity short-duration rainfall was the main triggering factor for these gully-type debris flows which are probably triggered by a runoff-induced mechanism. A revised prediction model was introduced for this kind of gully-type debris flows with factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology (rainfall) and applied to the Wangmo River catchment. Regarding the geological factor, the “soft lithology” and “loose sediments” in the channel were added to the list of the average firmness coefficient for the lithology. Also, the chemical weathering was taken into account for the revised geological factor. Concerning the hydrological factor, a coefficient of variation of rainfall was introduced for the normalization of the rainfall factor. The prediction model for debris flows proposed in this paper delivered three classes of the probability of debris flow occurrence. The model was successfully validated in debris flow gullies with the same initiation mechanism in other areas of southwest China. The generic character of the model is explained by the fact that its factors are partly based on the initiation mechanisms and not only on the statistical analyses of a unique variety of local factors. The research provides a new way to predict the occurrence of debris flows initiated by a runoff-induced mechanism.  相似文献   

6.
余斌  朱渊  王涛  朱云波 《水科学进展》2015,26(3):347-355
针对沟床起动型泥石流的诱发因素为高强度短历时的降雨,提出10 min降雨强度是这类泥石流暴发的关键。在1 h预报模型的基础上,基于云南蒋家沟的多年泥石流观测资料,修正了1 h预报模型的降雨参数,并得到了10 min降雨预报模型。10 min降雨预报模型在中国西部的其他流域,如云南浑水沟、贵州望谟县打易区域泥石流沟、四川三滩沟、四川雅安陆王沟和干溪沟、甘肃柳湾沟、甘肃马槽沟等流域的验证中,取得了较好的结果。10 min降雨预报模型是部分建立在泥石流的形成机理上的模型,并不是完全的统计模型,因此该模型也可以用于其他地区的沟床起动类型泥石流预报。  相似文献   

7.
A set of experiments conducted to understand the mechanism responsible for release of large quantities of 222Rn from solids into ground water reveals that a major part of Rn moving into the intergranular water comes from within the grains (solids), not by recoil from the outer surface. We have deduced that the solids we have studied are permeated, to a varying degree, with pores having very large wall area but very small volume, i.e., having width of opening of the order of 10–20 nm. Recoil from the walls of these openings introduces Rn and other isotopes into the water contained in these openings (nanopores). Radon, an inert gas, is able to diffuse from nanopore water into the intergranular water in substantial quantities. In contrast, nongaseous isotopes of the U-Th series recoiled into the nanopore water in comparable quantities are adsorbed within the nanopores on the large internal area available there. Further, it appears that a large part of the inventory of long-lived isotopes produced by decay of radon in intergranular water is slowly transported to and adsorbed on the large internal area available in the nanopores. Thus, most of the inventory of all long-lived non-gaseous emanation isotopes exist in an adsorbed state in the nanopores, while radon is located in intergranular water.  相似文献   

8.
Effective design of mitigation measures against debris flow hazards remains a challenging geotechnical problem. At present, a pseudo-static approach is commonly used for the calculation of impact load acting on a rigid debris-resisting barrier. The impact load is normally calculated based on the maximum velocity observed in the transportation zone under free-field conditions without considering debris-barrier interaction. In reality, the impact load acting on a barrier varies with the change of debris momentum flux but this is seldom considered in barrier design. To provide a scientific basis for assessing debris momentum flux during impact, this paper presents results from a study of debris-barrier interaction using physical flume modelling. This study showed that, following the first stage of impact, the accumulated debris behind a barrier formed a stationary zone and caused the remaining debris to slow down in a run-up process. In the experiments, the peak debris momentum was 30 % lower compared to that observed under free-field conditions. A new momentum-based model was developed to take into account attenuation of momentum flux for predicting debris impact load on rigid barriers. The new rationalised model was assessed using data from the notable Yu Tung Road debris flow in Hong Kong. The assessment showed that the design bending moment at the base of the barrier wall could be reduced more than 30 % using the proposed model, compared with the current design approach. The adoption of the proposed model could offer a new opportunity for practitioners to optimise the design of rigid barriers.  相似文献   

9.
为快速准确地对砂土液化情况作出预测,选取地震烈度、地下水位、覆盖厚度、标贯击数、平均粒径、地貌单元、土质及不均匀系数为主要影响因素,运用相关性分析和因子分析模型对其进行分析和属性约减,采用遗传算法(GA)对支持向量机(SVM)的参数寻优,结合Adaboost迭代算法,建立预测砂土地震液化的GA_SVM_Adaboost模型。选用唐山地震砂土液化现场勘察资料中的329组数据对模型进行训练,利用该模型对剩余68组砂土液化数据进行预测。最后,将预测结果与GA_SVM和SVM模型预测结果进行比较。结果表明,3个模型的平均预测准确率分别为100%、98.04%、89.71%,基于因子分析的GA_SVM_Adaboost模型的预测准确性优于GA_SVM模型和SVM模型,是一种解决砂土地震液化预测问题的有效方法,具有一定的应用参考价值。  相似文献   

10.
根据弹性力学理论,建立了地表下沉预测分析的三维层状理论模型,并用于小官庄铁矿地下开采引起地表下沉的预测分析。在分析过程中,采用Matlab软件进行数值积分计算和图形绘制。通过工程实例计算分析,表明理论计算结果与矿山现场实测资料二者吻合较好。  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study is to develop an analytical model that can predict the building‐relevant deflections induced by tunnelling or mining subsidence. The model takes into account soil–structure interactions due to differences in stiffness between the ground and the building. The ground is modelled by the Winkler model with an initial ground curvature equivalent to the free‐field ground movements. The building is modelled by a horizontal beam with uniform loading. The static and cinematic equilibrium of both the ground and the building are then calculated to assess the final building and ground shape, and the building deflection is derived. The resulting analytical model is used to investigate the influence of the ground and the building's mechanical properties, the building load and the initial value of the free‐field ground curvature (hogging or sagging). The model appears to be more comprehensive than those reported elsewhere that address the problem with numerical models. In particular, the analytical model makes it possible to distinguish two different final situations—with continuous or discontinuous contact between the ground and the building. The model is compared with numerical results and used to analyse a case study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
农田水盐调控现实与面临问题   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
农田土壤盐碱化是农业可持续发展的主要威胁之一,为创建适应现代生态农业发展的农田水盐调控方法,在总结农田盐分来源及其累积动力特征的基础上,从土壤盐分影响土壤供养能力和作物生产能力两大方面,分析土壤盐分对土壤-作物系统功能的影响途径,明确农田水盐高效调控方向。根据不同时代的治盐理念,将水盐调控发展历程分成4个阶段,以抑制盐碱胁迫对土壤和作物的危害为切入点,解析水利措施、化学措施、生物措施和农艺措施的作用特点和调控目标及适用范围。根据现代农业绿色发展与提质增效需求,凝练盐碱胁迫农田控害增效水盐调控理念,提出水盐调控策略,即调控根际水盐传输动力特征,重构农田水盐分布空间格局,提升农业改土促生措施功效;指出农田控害增效水盐调控急需解决的关键技术,总结了创新水盐调控理论有待深入研究的基础科学问题,以期为盐碱胁迫农田绿色、高效和可持续利用提供指导。  相似文献   

13.
赵慧琴 《新疆地质》2003,21(4):506-506
沙化,是我国主要的地质灾害之一.由于全球气候变暖,人类经济活动频繁等因素的影响,近年来,我国沙化的扩展速度不断加快,不仅使自然生态环境趋于劣化,还威胁人类的生存.因此,研究和探索沙化的形成和发展,寻觅控制沙化漫延的途径,是一件具有现实意义的事情.  相似文献   

14.

The focus of this paper is on quantitative evaluation of four different methods that use closed-form equations to calculate the nominal load in steel grid-reinforced soil walls under operational (end of construction) conditions. The four methods are the Coherent Gravity Method used in the UK, the AASHTO Simplified Method (USA), the PWRC Method used in Japan and the Simplified Stiffness Method. The accuracy of the methods is quantified based on analysis of bias statistics where bias is the ratio of measured to predicted (nominal) load. A large database of 113 measured reinforcement loads collected from 11 instrumented field walls is used in the study. For walls constructed with frictional soils, the Coherent Gravity Method and PWRC Method were the least accurate. The AASHTO Simplified Method demonstrated better accuracy and the Simplified Stiffness Method was the most accurate of all methods examined. The Coherent Gravity Method and the updated Simplified Stiffness Method for steel grid walls in the current study have the advantage that they can be used with soils that have a dependable soil cohesive strength component. However, the accuracy of the Simplified Stiffness Method was much better for all soil types based on bias analyses.

  相似文献   

15.
天津市浅层地下咸水资源利用及其环境影响评价   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
李小峰  张良月 《地下水》2001,23(1):12-14
天津市浅层地下咸水大面积的存在制约着天津市工农业的发展与人民生活水平的提高。利用浅层地下咸水作为城市工业与生活用水既可以解决城市供水不足 ,又可以达到根治盐碱、抗涝、改良地下水的综合效益。但是不合理利用地下水可能引起地面沉降、海水入侵等多种环境危害。本文分析了浅层地下水大规模利用及其可能带来的环境危害与防治措施  相似文献   

16.
张楠  夏胜全  侯新宇  王照宇 《岩土力学》2016,37(6):1550-1562
近年来,随着全球能源消耗的增加,对新能源的开发和利用日益重要。地热资源作为一种清洁环保的新能源已经开始引起广泛的关注,对岩土材料的热性质研究也逐渐受到国内外学者的重视。土的热性质包括热传导系数、热扩散系数和比热容。其中,热传导系数作为其中最重要的性质,它不仅决定了热量在土体中的传播速度和土体温度场的分布,同时也是各种地热泵、能量桩等建筑热工结构设计中需要考虑的主要参数之一。首先介绍了土热传导系数的工程背景和研究意义,描述了土中的热量传播方式和类型,阐述了热传导系数的概念,并分析了土热传导系数的各种影响因素(含水率、密度、矿物成分、温度等)。在此基础上,总结了目前国内外土热传导系数模型的研究现状,并对各个模型的优缺点进行了简要的分析和评价。最后,提出了对土传导系数及模型研究的建议和展望。  相似文献   

17.
本文重点研究了有作物条件下不同供水农田的“四水”相互转化,突出了有作物条件下降水入渗、潜水蒸发的差异性,土壤水在农业生态环境中的重要性,为水资源多目标开发,探索新路子。  相似文献   

18.
土壤水的准确预测对区域旱情评估及水量分析计算十分重要。传统模式大都基于土壤水观测数据构建线性回归方程进行预测。本次研究结合一种新的双参数冻融模型,以新疆喀什为研究区域,综合考虑土壤物理特性和参数的非线性,对区域内的土壤水进行非线性预测,结果显示:喀什地区的土壤水预测结果和实测土壤水数据相比,新模型预测计算误差在6%~10%之间,明显优于传统自动监测仪器的误差值,预测精度大大提高,具有重要的参考和实用价值。  相似文献   

19.
A mathematical and computer model for the transport and transformation of solute contaminants through a soil column from the surface to the groundwater is presented. The model simulates selenium species such as selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine as well as pesticides and nitrogen. This model is based on the mass balance equation including convective transport, dispersive transport, surface adsorption, oxidation and reduction, volatilization, chemical and biological transformation. The governing equations are solved numerically by the method of implicit finite difference. The simulation results are in good agreement with measured values. The major finding in the present study indicates that as the time of simulation increases, the concentration of different selenium species approaches the measured values.  相似文献   

20.
基于判别分析法的地震砂土液化预测研究   总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2  
颜可珍  刘能源  夏唐代 《岩土力学》2009,30(7):2049-2052
将距离判别分析方法应用于砂土液化的预测问题中,建立了砂土液化预测的距离判别模型。选用震级、研究深度、震中距、标贯击数、地下水位及地震持续时间等6项指标作为判别因子,以大量的工程实例数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立了线性判别函数对待评样本进行了评价。研究结果表明,距离判别分析模型判别砂土液化效果良好,预测准确度高,回判估计误判率低,可望成为砂土液化预测的有效手段。  相似文献   

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