青岛沿海佳美羽螅（Aglaophenia whiteleggei Bale）的新记录

本文首次报道了在青岛沿海采集的水螅虫类，羽螅科的一种新记录——佳美羽螅(Aglaophenia whiteleggei Bale)，并将这种羽螅和1927年Hargitt根据厦门标本建立，而后又由林绍文报导的采自舟山群岛嵊山的多荚羽螅（Lytocarpus nillingi Hargitt)作比较，发现它们在形态特征上完全相同，应该认为多荚羽螅是佳美羽螅的同物异名。     

光照强度对白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye)无性繁殖的影响

采用控制光照强度的方法,研究了不同光照强度对白色霞水母无性繁殖的影响。结果表明,400lx组螅状体的相对增长率、特定生长率和螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖率均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05),呈现出400lx>800lx>1200lx>0lx的趋势。在设定的光照强度范围内,螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖出现的时间随光照强度的减少而延迟。800lx组的足囊萌发率最高,但各试验组足囊萌发率之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验期间始终是400lx组螅状体的横裂率最高,试验结束时,0lx组螅状体的横裂率最低。试验结果说明,适当的光照度对白色霞水母螅状体生长、螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖和横裂生殖均有促进作用,强光条件或完全无光照条件不适宜白色霞水母螅状体的生长并可使横裂生殖延迟或受到抑制。     

南极半岛西北部海域辫螅属(水螅虫类)一新种

1984-1985年，中国首次南大洋考察队“向阳红10号”调查船，在南极半岛西北部海域进行海洋综合考察时，用底栖生物拖网采获了许多水螅虫标本，经整理鉴定，发现其中有辫螅属(桧叶螅科)的一个种，形态特异，与该属的已知种均不相同，确认为新种。     

海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)浮浪幼虫及早期螅状体摄食行为的研究

采用对比实验与显微观察的方法,对海蜇浮浪幼虫及早期螅状体的摄食行为进行了研究。结果表明,海蜇浮浪幼虫期不摄食外界食物;浮浪幼虫附着变态发育成海蜇螅状体1d后,开始摄食其它浮浪幼虫,螅状体发育到第3天摄食能力迅速增强,能够捕食卤虫无节幼体。海蜇早期螅状体的捕食实验结果表明,早期螅状体开始捕食主要受两方面影响,一方面是口的发育,另一方面是刺细胞的发育。     

基于转录组测序技术的海月水母足囊生殖分子机制研究

足囊生殖是海月水母(Aurelia coerulea)抵御恶劣环境的一种无性生殖方式,对维持和扩增海月水母种群具有重要作用,目前对海月水母足囊产生的分子机制尚不清楚。本研究首次构建了海月水母产囊和非产囊螅状体转录组的表达谱,并结合生物信息学比较分析,探究驱动足囊生殖的分子机制。转录组测序共检测到44 873个基因,筛选过滤后共发现200个差异表达基因,其中95个基因在产囊螅状体中显著上调,105个显著下调。本研究挖掘出了卵黄蛋白原(基因VTG-1和VTG-2)和角蛋白(基因Hornerin)等调控海月水母足囊营养储备及几丁质形成的潜在功能基因。此外,GO和KEGG分析结果显示ErbB信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路等参与细胞分裂和分化的生物学过程在产囊螅状体中显著下调,基底膜组织、运动正调节等参与细胞迁移的的生物学过程在产囊螅状体中显著富集,表明这些生物学过程在足囊形成过程中发挥着重要作用。综上,本研究为海月水母螅状体在恶劣环境下的适应机制研究提供了理论依据。     

台湾海峡花水母亚纲新种和新组合记述

经研究台湾海峡花水母亚纲有7个新种:长柄高手水母(Bougainvillia longistyla n.sp)、十字八束水母(Koellikerina staurogaster n.sp.)、无手单肢水母(Nubiella atentaculata n.sp.)、江阴隔膜水母(Leuckartiara jianyinensis n.sp.)、漂浮隔膜水母(L.neustona n.sp.)、钝海帽水母(Halitiara obtusus n.sp.)、顶拟海帽水母(Halitiarella apicea n.sp.)和2个新组合:细潜水母(Merga minutum(Xu,Huang and Chen,1991))transl.nor.大囊镰螅水母(Zanclea macrocystae(Xu,Huang and Chen 1991))transl.nov.对螅芽拟镰螅水母(Teissiera polypofera(Xu,Huangand Chen,1991))重新描绘并讨论其分类位置.增补了锥胃内胞水母(Euphysilla pyramidata(Kramp,1955))在胃壁上具有水母芽的图.     

盐度对海月水母幼体行为、附着和无性生殖的影响

黄渤海沿岸海参养殖池为海月水母(Aurelia aurita)幼体的重要栖息地,海参养殖池盐度波动范围极大,因此,研究不同盐度对海月水母早期生活史的影响对于理解其环境适应机制具有重要科学意义.本研究以海月水母为研究对象,探讨了不同盐度梯度(18、22、26、30、34和38)对海月水母浮浪幼虫行为、附着以及螅状幼体无性生殖的影响.结果表明,盐度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的运动行为存在显著影响,较高盐度环境(30、34和38)海月水母浮浪幼虫运动速度明显高于较低盐度环境(18、22和26);盐度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的附着有显著影响,相对较高盐度促进海月水母浮浪幼虫的附着,盐度为34时,海月水母浮浪幼虫附着率最高;海月水母螅状幼体无性生殖能适应较广的盐度范围,42d无性生殖实验周期后,18~34盐度环境下海月水母每个螅状幼体平均新繁殖螅状幼体个体数为2.8~3.7个,不同盐度处理组间无显著差异,而极高盐度(38)显著降低海月水母的出芽生殖率(1.2个).本研究表明盐度对海月水母早期生活史不同阶段幼体具有不同影响,研究结果为黄渤海沿岸海月水母环境适应机制研究提供了重要参考.     

盐度对白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye)生长和横裂生殖的影响

白色霞水母是我国沿海主要致灾水母种类之一,利用野外调查和控制实验相结合的方法,研究了盐度对白色霞水母螅状体存活、生长和横裂生殖的影响以及盐度对白色霞水母碟状幼体存活和生长的影响。结果表明,白色霞水母螅状体生存的盐度上限为35,下限为12.5,生长最适盐度范围为15—32.5。盐度30和32.5组螅状体横裂率最高,与其它各盐度组的螅状体横裂率差异极显著(P<0.01)。白色霞水母碟状幼体生存的盐度上限为35,下限为15,生长最适盐度范围为20—35。     

海筒螅中3种化学成分的分离鉴定

海筒螅（Tubuaria marina)的94%乙醇提取物，在水中混悬后，用石油醚萃取，石油醚相中的提取物经反复硅胶柱色谱分离和SephadexLH-20凝胶柱色谱分离，得到三个纯净的化合物。经^1HNMR,^13CNMR和DEPT谱鉴定，分别确定为二十一碳一烯，胆甾-5-烯-3β-醇和1-壬基-甘油醚。     

三种盐度对叶硝水母不同阶段生长和消化酶活性的影响

盐度是影响水母生长、繁殖和家庭饲养的重要因素,全球变暖、海水温度上升、极端天气和气候异常已被证明会影响盐度。本研究为探讨叶硝水母(Phyllorhiza chinensis)对盐度的应激响应机制,设置12、22和32共3个盐度梯度,对螅状体、育成体和成体的生长和消化酶活性进行了检测和分析。结果显示人工条件下盐度可引起叶硝水母生活史各阶段生长和消化生理的变化,在3种盐度条件下螅状体均能正常存活和无性繁殖,体内4种消化酶活性均极显著高于育成体和成体(P<0.01),说明螅状体对外界盐度变化表现出较强的适应性,其细胞的渗透调节能力较强,可进一步人工淡水驯化。盐度12有利于育成体和成体的进一步淡化,可作为内陆水族馆和家庭观赏水母用螅状体的保种盐度。盐度22叶硝水母无性繁殖、生长和活力状态较好, 4种消化酶活力最高,可作为人工饲养的适宜盐度。各盐度组3个生长阶段胃蛋白酶含量均最高,说明该水母对蛋白质具有较强的消化能力,试验结果为叶硝水母饵料的调整、解析对环境的应激和适应机制及商业养殖开发提供理论依据。     

中国近海团水虱科种类记述

团水虱科(Sphaeromatidae)是甲壳动物等足目中最常见的类群之一。它们的地理分布范围很广，淡水、半咸水、潮间带及1800m的深海均有分布。通常营自由生活，在木头中钻洞、泥沙里、礁石下、海藻丛中以及海绵动物的孔隙中均可生活。 团水虱科的种类雌、雄异型，幼体时雌、雄的区别不太明显，随着个体的成长，雌、雄差异越来越大。雄性个体通常大于雌性个体，而且雄性个体体表往往比雌性个体体表具有更多的突起或刚毛。雄性个体可通过精荚以及位于第2腹肢内肢的雄性附肢来识别，雌性个体可以通过孵卵片或育卵室来识别。由于团水虱科种类雌、雄两性通常异型，加之幼体、成体的形态差别特别大，因而同一种的不同性别或发育的不同时期常被误认为是两个种，甚至两个属。 目前，世界上已报道的团水虱科共93属634种，国内过去仅有零星报道，尚缺乏系统研究。本文作者在对中国科学院海洋研究所历年采集的等足类标本进行整理时，分检出团水虱科12种，分隶于8属，其中5种为中国新记录，这些标本大部分来源于全国海洋综合调查(1958~1960年)和潮间带及沿岸调查。其种类名称如下(带*者为中国海域新记录种)。     

The Atlantic Meridional Transect: overview and synthesis of data

The Atlantic Meridional Transect programme uses the twice-annual passage of the RRS James Clark Ross between the UK and the Falkland Islands, before and after the Antarctic research programme in the Austral Summer (see Aiken, J., & Bale, A. J. (2000). An introduction to the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) Programme. Progress in Oceanography, this issue). This paper examines the scientific rationale for a spatially-extensive time and space series programme and reviews the relevant physical and biological oceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. The main scientific observations from the research programme are reported. These are set in the context of historical and contemporary observations pertinent to the principal objectives of the cruise, notably the satellite remotely sensed observations of ocean properties. The extent to which the programme goals have been realised by the research to date is assessed and discussed. New bio-optical signatures, which can be related to productivity parameters, have been derived. These can be used to interpret remotely sensed observations of ocean colour in terms of productivity and production processes such as the air/sea exchange of biogenic gases, which relate to the issues of climate change and the sustainability of marine ecosystems.     

Quantitative experimental determinations for monitoring hydrophysical parameters in the North Atlantic

The possibility of tracking the change in large-scale hydrophysical parameters in the North Atlantic on the basis of density distribution measurements obtained from two scientific research vessels has been investigated. The monitoring scheme uses a numerical dynamic-stochastic model with variable exchange coefficients. An accurate monitoring has been obtained and at the same time a process of reducing the ambiguity in describing the state of the ocean has been presented by models using the observed data.UDK 551.001.573 (261.5)     

An overview of statistical methods applied to CPR data

Since the beginning of the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey in 1931, information on the abundance of a large number of plankton species or taxa has been obtained on a monthly basis in the northern North Atlantic. The many different ecological issues in which the survey has been involved have led to the application of a range of statistical methods. In this paper, we review some of the methods applied to the CPR data by presenting new and up-to-date analyses. Special attention is devoted to multivariate analysis, which has been used extensively to extract information from the CPR database. Results obtained from recently applied geostatistical methods on CPR data are then considered. An example of a time series decomposition by the use of Eigenvector filtering is presented to illustrate time-series analysis.     

几种褐藻多糖硫酸酯的提取、成分分析及抗氧化活性研究

褐藻多糖硫酸酯是一种含有硫酸基的水溶性杂聚糖,其化学组成对抗氧化活性有较大的影响。本文对三种褐藻来源的褐藻多糖硫酸酯及其降解产物化学组成和抗氧化活性进行了研究,阐明了不同来源褐藻多糖硫酸酯体外抗氧化活性的构效关系。实验结果表明:1)分子量对抗氧化活性有较大影响,但是对不同褐藻来源的褐藻多糖硫酸酯的影响趋势并不一致。2)岩藻糖、硫酸基和糖醛酸含量对清除超氧阴离子自由基的影响与分子量有一定的关系。对于低分子量样品,岩藻糖和硫酸基含量与抗氧化活性成正相关。3)岩藻糖和硫酸根的比值对羟基自由基的清除能力有一定影响,比值越大,羟基自由基的清除能力越强。分子量、岩藻糖、硫酸基和糖醛酸的含量对褐藻多糖硫酸酯的抗氧化活性的影响依次减小。本研究为褐藻多糖硫酸酯在抗氧化剂保健品和功能食品中的应用提供了基础数据,也为裙带菜、羊栖菜和铜藻的高值化利用提供了理论依据。     

Long-term variations in global ozone

Monthly mean values of the global (averaged over the Earth’s surface) total ozone content (GO) are constructed on the basis of data of the global ozonometric network from 1964 to 2006, and their trends are calculated. A very strong relationship between the GO and solar activity, in particular, the index F10.7, is detected. This relation considerably exceeds the relation that solar activity has to other meteorological parameters. The unexpectedly strong GO decrease observed from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s cannot be explained by anthropogenic impact alone.     

Climatic intrannual variability of the geostrophic circulation of the main Black Sea current

A quasi-periodic (wave) spatial-temporal structure of the intrannual variability of the climatic fields of the seawater geostrophic motion within the constant halocline in the Black Sea (75–300m) has been revealed on the basis of generalized archival data on hydrological observations in the main Black Sea current (MBSC) near the Crimea and Caucasus. The variability with annual and semi-annual periods has the character of standing quasi-geostrophic waves at 2- to 4-month periods which become progressive as the direction of their propagation changes during the year. The energy characteristics for the forms of variability revealed are discussed and interpreted from the viewpoint of gradient-eddy waves and the hydrodynamic instability of the MBSC.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

从高分辨率卫星影像挖掘海岸冲淤变化信息的方法

以江苏盐城海岸为研究区,以2006年、2008年、2009年三景空间分辨率为10m的卫星影像为数据源,研究影像上提取海岸线、平均高潮线和平均低潮线的方法,以此分析港口/围海造田等受人类活动影响岸段的演变特征。研究结果表明:1)与低分辨率的遥感影像相比,高分辨率影像可以提取出地物更细微的特征,因此可以根据高潮时水陆分界上留下的地物特征提取出平均高潮线;2)结合影像当天的潮位资料,根据平均高潮线、影像上瞬时水边线、平均低潮线三者之间距离与时间的线性关系定出平均低潮线;3)从得到的平均高潮线、平均低潮线可以看出,2006年后平均高潮线每年都在不断淤涨,而且淤涨的幅度在增加。平均低潮线2006—2008年处于动态平衡状态,2008—2009年平均冲刷了840m,变化非常明显。     

派比安台风对上海黄浦江潮位的影响及成因探讨

2000年派比安台风产生的历史第二高潮位对上海的防汛带来严重影响。本文通过比较历史上的风暴潮，从动力机制、天文高潮与增水极值相碰头，潮波共振和水利工程的影响等四个方面分析了这次风暴潮造成的高水位，及台风余振期边缘波的影响，并用SLOSH（Sea,Lake,Overland Surge from Hurricanes)模式模拟了这次风暴潮，为防台减灾的正确决策提供了理论依据。     

基于遥感的海表紫外辐射强度反演方法

Ultraviolet(UV) radiation has a significant influence on marine biological processes and primary productivity;however, the existing ocean color satellite sensors seldom contain UV bands. A look-up table of wavelengthintegrated UV irradiance(280–400 nm) on the sea surface is established using the coupled ocean atmosphere radiative transfer(COART) model. On the basis of the look-up table, the distributions of the UV irradiance at middle and low latitudes are inversed by using the satellite-derived atmospheric products from the Aqua satellite,including aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm, ozone content, liquid water path, and the total precipitable water.The validation results show that the mean relative difference of the 10 d rolling averaged UV irradiance between the satellite retrieval and field observations is 8.20% at the time of satellite passing and 13.95% for the daily dose of UV. The monthly-averaged UV irradiance and daily dose of UV retrieved by satellite data show a good correlation with the in situ data, with mean relative differences of 6.87% and 8.43%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis of satellite inputs is conducted. The liquid water path representing the condition of cloud has the highest effect on the retrieval of the UV irradiance, while ozone and aerosol have relatively lesser effect. The influence of the total precipitable water is not significant. On the basis of the satellite-derived UV irradiance on the sea surface, a preliminary simple estimation of ultraviolet radiation's effects on the global marine primary productivity is presented, and the results reveal that ultraviolet radiation has a non-negligible effect on the estimation of the marine primary productivity.