X射线粉晶衍射仪分析磷化膜组成

利用X射线粉晶衍射仪对金属板材及其磷化膜进行全谱和分段扫描,在确定镀膜中存在Zn_3(PO_4)_2·4H_2O物相基础上,求出Zn_3(PO_4)_2·4H_2O的(020)晶面和(241)晶面衍射峰积分或强度计数,计算出该样品磷化膜的面比。     

X射线衍射K值法测定氧化铁皮中游离α-SiO_2的含量

目前通常采用焦磷酸法和X射线衍射法测定游离α-Si O2的含量,其中焦磷酸法不能消除氧化铁皮中Fe O、Fe3O4和Fe2O3等焦磷酸难溶物质的影响,不适合用于测定氧化铁皮中的游离α-Si O2。本文建立了采用X射线衍射K值法测定氧化铁皮中游离α-Si O2含量的方法。以α-Al2O3作为参考物质,以α-Si O2(101)衍射峰和α-Al2O3(012)衍射峰作为测量谱峰,将α-Si O2和α-Al2O3(质量比1∶1)混合均匀制备成测量K值的试样,获得K值为7.86,应用此值分析已知游离α-Si O2含量的氧化铁皮样品,游离α-Si O2含量的测定值与实际值相符。该方法的测定范围为游离α-Si O2含量≥0.50%,且方便快速,能够满足进口氧化铁皮检验监管的工作需求。     

中国首次发现的水磷钙铀矿

内蒙古二连盆地2082砂岩型铀矿床中的主要工业铀矿物为水磷钙铀矿(Tristramite)。该矿物在中国是首次发现。其矿物颗粒细小,与黄铁矿、白铁矿等硫化物、黑色炭屑紧密共生。颜色为灰黑色—黑色,不透明,反射光下呈灰色—暗灰色、均质、无内反射。13个电子探针分析数据得出的平均化学成分为UO241.60%,CaO 14.50%,P2O522.71%,SO31.33%,FeO 0.81%。按照除磷以外阳离子数和为1计算的经验化学式为:(Ca0.589U0.351Fe0.026Na0.016Al0.009Y0.007)0.998[(PO4)0.729(CO3)0.225(SO4)0.038(SiO4)0.008]1.00.1.75H2O。简化式可以写成(Ca,U4+,Fe)[(PO4)(CO3)].2H2O。通过X射线衍射数据,用SHELXTL PC进行晶胞参数精修得到的六方晶胞,其参数为a=b=(0.69030±0.00129)nm,c=(0.63300±0.00083)nm。     

高铝粉煤灰制备莫来石晶须的实验研究

以高铝粉煤灰、NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O和NaH2PO4.2H2O等为原料,设计配方研究温度对莫来石晶须生长的影响。运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段,对莫来石及晶须形成过程进行表征,结果表明:当Al2O3/SiO2摩尔比为0.32,烧结温度1 400℃,保温时间6 h,可获得直径为0.2 mm~0.5 mm,长径比为17~30的莫来石晶须。     

CO_2饱和条件下水热合成LaPO_4纳米线的实验

稀土磷酸盐La PO4功能材料的性能取决于晶体结构、形貌和晶粒大小等因素,而不同制备方法又影响其晶体结构、形貌和晶粒大小。本文采用La(NO3)3·6H2O和(NH4)2HPO4作为实验初始物,分别在不含CO2条件下水热合成了La PO4纳米棒和在CO2饱和条件下水热合成了La PO4纳米线。结果表明,与不含CO2的常规水热合成方法相比,CO2饱和水热条件下合成的La PO4的XRD衍射峰更尖锐、结晶度更好,且该方法合成的La PO4纳米线尺寸均匀、长径比大、晶界清晰。     

天然黝帘石原位高压X射线衍射和拉曼光谱

黝帘石属于绿帘石族矿物[Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH)],产出于各种不同地质环境(比如大陆碰撞带和俯冲带)的高压和超高压变质岩中。不同于其他绿帘石族矿物属于单斜晶系矿物,黝帘石属于斜方晶系(空间群Pnma)。本文采用金刚石压腔装置(DAC)结合同步辐射X射线衍射及拉曼光谱技术对天然黝帘石[Ca2(Al2.71Fe0.29)(Si O4)(Si2O7)O(OH)]进行了原位常温高压实验研究,以期增进对黝帘石在常温高压下的稳定性以及Fe含量的不同对于其弹性性质影响的认识。原位常温高压X射线衍射实验在上海同步辐射装置(SSRF)的BL15U线站上完成。实验采用DAC高压装置结合单晶X射线衍射实验技术,实验最高压力约为30 GPa,衍射谱图采用黝帘石标准谱(JCPDS85-1631)进行指标化,衍射斑点的位置用来计算其在不同压力下的晶胞参数。随着实验压力的升高,所有的衍射晶面间距逐渐减小,当压力达约15.2 GPa,在衍射图谱上出现一新的衍射晶面信号(晶面间距d=2.238 3),并在之后的压力范围内一直存在。此外当压力达约22.6 GPa,又有一晶面间距d=2.689 6的新衍射信号出现,并一直保持存在到最高压力。据此推断黝帘石在压力约15 GPa时存在结构的变化。同时,在常温最高压力约为40 GPa条件下,对黝帘石进行了拉曼光谱测量。随着实验压力的增加,黝帘石的拉曼振动峰向着高波数方向移动,在压力约为15.7 GPa,低压下存在的波数为1 083 cm-1和1 098 cm-1的两个振动峰消失,与此同时,在波数为247 cm-1、303 cm-1、339 cm-1、和379 cm-1位置分别出现了新的拉曼谱峰,其中,339 cm-1峰于27.6 GPa时消失,其余新峰一直保持到实验最高压力值。因此,本文推测天然黝帘石样品在15~16 GPa压力范围内存在有结构的变化。对于变化后的结构和性质还有待于进一步研究。另外,本文利用三阶Birch-Murnaghan状态方程拟合了发生结构变化前(0~14.4 GPa)的p-V数据,得到V0=908.1(9)3、K0=108(2)GPa和K'0=6.5(6),其中V0、K0和K'0分别表示零压晶胞体积、等温体积模量及其压力导数值。综合上述获得的实验结果并结合前人对黝帘石的研究成果,本文探讨了含Fe量的不同对于黝帘石弹性性质以及晶体结构性质的影响。与不含Fe黝帘石的等温体积模量[Ca2Al3Si3O12OH(]122.1(7)GPa,123.4(4)GPa)以及低含Fe量的黝帘石[Ca2Al2.88Fe0.12Si3O12OH]的体积模量(119.1(7)GPa)相比,本次实验样品黝帘石[Ca2(Al2.71Fe0.29)(Si O4)(Si2O7)O(OH)]的体积模量(108(2)GPa)明显偏小,说明含Fe会增加黝帘石矿物的可压缩性,并且,含铁量越大其体积模量越小。     

含钙铝铁水解聚合产物的矿物学研究Ⅰ:形态和物相

用X射线粉晶衍射分析技术结合热重分析、红外光谱及电镜观察对合成的含钙聚合氯化铝铁(PAFCCa)及其合成前体含钙聚合氯化铝(PACCa)、含钙聚合氯化铁(PFCCa)的低温干燥样进行了表征.XRD衍射结果表明,Ca(Ⅱ) 分别与Al(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅲ)都能形成结晶化合物,在PACCa中结晶化合物主要是Ca3Al2(OH)12,在PFCCa中结晶化合物主要是Ca4Fe14O25,在PAFCCa中形成Al-Ca-Fe三相结晶化合物铁取代的氯钙矾石结构体,其组成是(Ca6(Al,Fe)2[(OH)4Cl2]3·20H2O).热重分析、红外光谱与电镜观察都支持了XRD的衍射结果.     

Olgite矿物的合成、发光性能和结构特征

以Na2CO3, BaCO3, SrCO3, NH4H2PO4和Eu2O3为原料,利用高温固相反应法合成了Eu3+离子掺杂的磷锶钡钠石(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr)2Na(PO4)2粉末样品.用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱(FT-Raman)和扫描电镜(SEM)等技术对其物相组成、结构和晶体形貌进行了表征.探讨了不同晶体结构中Sr/Ba比对晶体结构和发光性能的影响.实验通过对Eu3+的发光特点的表征和研究,分别测试了Eu3+离子的室温激发光谱和发射光谱.研究结果表明:(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr)2Na(PO4)2属简单六方晶系,所有的振动均来自PO43-阴离子团,Eu3+占据非反演中心的格位,该材料中阳离子位置具有高度扰动性的特点.     

红柱石绢云母千枚岩制备莫来石晶须的实验研究

本文以红柱石绢云母千枚岩、NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O、NaH2PO4.2H2O等为原料,分别在1200℃、1300℃和1400℃下制备莫来石晶须。运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段,分析了莫来石晶须的形成过程和微观形貌。结果表明,当Al2O3/SiO2(摩尔比)为0.32,烧结温度1400℃,保温时间6 h,可获得长约13~20μm,长径比大于20的莫来石晶须。实验表明,只要条件控制得当,低品位的红柱石矿石也可以制取高质量的莫来石晶须。     

离子色谱法同时测定铀矿浸出液中的阳离子

对铬铁矿中亚铁的测定方法进行了探讨。首先对已有方法进行了验证和筛选,然后对Li2SO4助熔剂的助溶作用及其反应机理进行了研究,从而推荐了H2SO4-H3PO4-V2O5-V(Ⅳ)-Li2SO4和H2SO4-H3PO4-Ce(SO4)2-Li2SO4两种改进型的溶剂体系用于铬铁矿试样中亚铁的测定,所得结果具有良好的重现性。     

Batagayite,CaZn2(Zn,Cu)6(PO4)4(PO3OH)3·12H2O,a new phosphate mineral from Këster tin deposit (Yakutia,Russia): occurrence and crystal structure

Mineralogy and Petrology - Batagayite, CaZn2(Zn,Cu)6(PO4)4(PO3OH)3·12H2O, is a new secondary phosphate mineral from the Këster deposit, Arga-Ynnykh-Khai massif, NE Yakutia, Russia. It is...     

Production of Potash and N-Mg Compound Fertilizer via Mineral Shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake: Phase Diagrams of Quaternary System(NH_4)_2SO_4-Mg SO_4-K_2SO_4-H_2O in the Isothermal Evaporation and Crystallization Process

Based on the requirement of the new technology for producing potassium sulfate and N-Mg compound fertilizer,boussingaultite,by the reaction of the mineral shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake,Qinghai province,and the industrial byproduct ammonium sulfate,the solubilities of the quaternary system (NH_4)_2SO_4-Mg SO_4-K_2SO_4-H_2O at 25.0oC in the isothermal evaporation and crystallization process were measured using the isothermal evaporation method,and the corresponding phase diagrams were plotted.According to the diagram,this system contains six saturation points and six solid phase fields of crystallization,which correspond to (K_(1-m),(NH_4)_m)_2SO_4,(NH_4)_2SO_4·Mg SO_4·6H_2O,K_2SO_4·Mg SO_4·6H_2O,Mg SO_4·6H_2O,(K_(1-n),(NH_4)_n)_2SO_4·Mg SO_4·6H_2O and Mg SO_4·7H_2O,respectively.By analyzing and calculating the isothermal evaporation and dissolution phase diagram of this quaternary system at 25.0oC,K_2SO_4 and (NH_4)_2SO_4·Mg SO_4·6H_2O can be separated via K_2SO_4·Mg SO_4·6H_2O and (NH_4)_2SO_4 as raw materials.Theoretical calculations about the proposed process were carried out and verified by experiment,which indicated that the yield of potassium sulfate was improved and the magnesium resources were fully utilized.     

Mg-enriched erythrite from Bou Azzer,Anti-Atlas Mountains,Morocco: geochemical and spectroscopic characteristics

Mineralogy and Petrology - Supergene Mg-enriched erythrite, with an average composition (Co2.25Mg0.58Ni0.14Fe0.04Mn0.02 Zn0.02) (As1.97P<0.01O8)·8H2O, accompanied by skutterudite,...     

Kampelite,Ba3Mg1.5Sc4(PO4)6(OH)3·4H2O,a new very complex Ba-Sc phosphate mineral from the Kovdor phoscorite-carbonatite complex (Kola Peninsula,Russia)

Mineralogy and Petrology - Kampelite, Ba3Mg1.5Sc4(PO4)6(OH)3·4H2O, is a new Ba-Sc phosphate from the Kovdor phoscorite-carbonatite complex (Kola Peninsula, Russia). It is orthorhombic, Pnma,...     

Effects of temperature on the crystal structure of epidote: a neutron single-crystal diffraction study at 293 and 1,070 K

The effects of temperature on the crystal structure of a natural epidote [Ca_1.925 Fe_0.745Al_2.265Ti_0.004Si_3.037O₁₂(OH), a = 8.890(6), b = 5.630(4), c = 10.150(6) Å and β = 115.36(5)°, Sp. Gr. P2₁ /m] have been investigated by means of neutron single-crystal diffraction at 293 and 1,070 K. At room conditions, the structural refinement confirms the presence of Fe³⁺ at the M₃ site [%Fe(M3) = 73.1(8)%] and all attempts to refine the amount of Fe at the M(1) site were unsuccessful. Only one independent proton site was located. Two possible hydrogen bonds, with O(2) and O(4) as acceptors [i.e. O(10)–H(1)···O(2) and O(10)–H(1)···O(4)], occur. However, the topological configuration of the bonds suggests that the O(10)–H(1)···O(4) is energetically more favourable, as H(1)···O(4) = 1.9731(28) Å, O(10)···O(4) = 2.9318(22) Å and O(10)–H(1)···O4 = 166.7(2)°, whereas H(1)···O(2) = 2.5921(23) Å, O(10)···O(2) = 2.8221(17) Å and O(10)–H(1)···O2 = 93.3(1)°. The O(10)–H(1) bond distance corrected for “riding motion” is 0.9943 Å. The diffraction data at 1,070 K show that epidote is stable within the T-range investigated, and that its crystallinity is maintained. A positive thermal expansion is observed along all the three crystallographic axes. At 1,070 K the structural refinement again shows that Fe³⁺ share the M(3) site along with Al³⁺ [%Fe(M3)_1,070K = 74(2)%]. The refined amount of Fe³⁺ at the M(1) is not significant [%Fe(M1)_1,070K = 1(2)%]. The tetrahedral and octahedral bond distances and angles show a slight distortion of the polyhedra at high-T, but a significant increase of the bond distances compared to those at room temperature is observed, especially for bond distances corrected for “rigid body motions”. The high-T conditions also affect the inter-polyhedral configurations: the bridging angle Si(2)–O(9)–Si(1) of the Si₂O₇ group increases significantly with T. The high-T structure refinement shows that no dehydration effect occurs at least within the T-range investigated. The configuration of the H-bonding is basically maintained with temperature. However, the hydrogen bond strength changes at 1,070 K, as the O(10)···O(4) and H(1)···O(4) distances are slightly longer than those at 293 K. The anisotropic displacement parameters of the proton site are significantly larger than those at room condition. Reasons for the thermal stability of epidote up to 1,070 K observed in this study, the absence of dehydration and/or non-convergent ordering of Al and Fe³⁺ between different octahedral sites and/or convergent ordering on M(3) are discussed.     

Sergeysmirnovite,MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O,a New Mineral from the Kester Deposit (Sakha-Yakutia,Russia)

Doklady Earth Sciences - Sergeysmirnovite, MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O, is a new mineral from the oxidation zone of the Kester mineral deposit, Sakha-Yakutia, Russia. This mineral forms...     

Epifanovite,NaCaCu5(PO4)4[AsO2(OH)2] · 7H2O: a New Mineral from the Kester Deposit,Sakha (Yakutia) Republic,Russia

Geology of Ore Deposits - Epifanovite, NaCaCu5(PO4)4[AsO2(OH)2] · 7H2O, a new natural copper, sodium and calcium arsenate–phosphate, has been found in a quartz–phosphate pocket...     

Effectiveness of Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide for heavy metal removal from mine wastewater and sludge volume reduction

Health hazards from heavy metal pollution in water systems are a global environmental problem. Of similar concern is sludge that results from wastewater treatment due to unsatisfactory sludge management technology. Therefore, the effectiveness of using Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide in the removal of heavy metals from mine wastewater was tested and compared with that of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], which is a common treatment method for heavy metal removal. Initially, the mine wastewater contained cations of the heavy metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). The Mg–Al-layered double hydroxides were able to remove 371, 7.2, 121, and 0.4 mg/L of these pollutants, respectively, using the co-precipitation method. The removal of these metals is most effective using 0.5 g Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al molar ratio 4) and 20 min of shaking. Zn was removed by the formation of Zn(NO₃)(OH)·H₂O and Zn₅(NO₃)₂(OH)₈ when LDH, Mg/Al molar ratios of 4 and 2, respectively, were used. Similarly, Fe, Cu, and Pb were removed by the formation of Fe–Al-layered double hydroxide, Cu₂(OH)₃·NO₃ and Pb₄(OH)₄(NO₃)₄, respectively. While Ca(OH)₂ is also capable of reducing the heavy metal concentrations below the Japanese recommended values, this analysis shows that using 0.5 g Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide is a better treatment condition for mine wastewater, because it generates lower sludge volumes than 0.1 g of Ca(OH)₂. The measured sludge volume was 1.5 mL for Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide and 2.5 mL for Ca(OH)₂, a nearly twofold further reduction.     

Geochemical models of the impact of acidic groundwater and evaporative sulfate salts on Boulder Creek at Iron Mountain,California

During dry season baseflow conditions approximately 20% of the flow in Boulder Creek is comprised of acidic metals-bearing groundwater. Significant amounts of efflorescent salts accumulate around intermittent seeps and surface streams as a result of evaporation of acid rock drainage. Those salts include the Fe-sulfates — rhomboclase ((H₃O)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂·3H₂O), ferricopiapite (Fe³⁺₅(SO₄)₆O(OH)·20H₂O), and bilinite (Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺(SO₄)₄·22H₂O); Al-sulfates — alunogen (Al₂(SO₄)₃·17H₂O) and kalinite (KAl(SO₄)₂·11H₂O); and Ca- and Mg-sulfates — gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), and hexahydrite (MgSO₄·6H₂O). The dissolution of evaporative sulfate salt accumulations during the first major storm of the wet season at Iron Mountain produces a characteristic hydrogeochemical response (so-called “rinse-out”) in surface waters that is subdued in later storms. Geochemical modeling shows that the solutes from relatively minor amounts of dissolved sulfate salts will maintain the pH of surface streams near 3.0 during a rainstorm. On a weight basis, Fe-sulfate salts are capable of producing more acidity than Al- or Mg-sulfate salts. The primary mechanism for the production of acidity from salts involves the hydrolysis of the dissolved dissolved metals, especially Fe³⁺. In addition to the lowering of pH values and providing dissolved Fe and Al to surface streams, the soluble salts appear to be a significant source of dissolved Cu, Zn, and other metals during the first significant storm of the season.