黑龙江省湿地保护存在的问题及其对策

由于湿地保护与合理利用管理在我省属于起步阶段,处于我省生态建设和环境保护工作中的较低层次,在业已初步形成的我省湿地利用保护管理格局上,构筑湿地保护与合理利用管理的法律框架和管理秩序,其艰难程度不言而喻。与此同时也使得我省的湿地保护与合理利用具有更大的发展空间,具有更多的创新内容。结合《黑龙江省湿地保护条例》的有关规定,笔者认为在我省的湿地保护和利用中仍然存在一些实际问题,主要表现在：     

中国湿地保护管理顶层设计“四梁八柱”确立

1月10日,国家林业和草原局召开2022年第一季度新闻发布会。发布会表示,中国加入《湿地公约》30年来大力推进湿地保护修复,湿地生态状况持续改善,为全球湿地保护和合理利用作出了重要贡献。一是湿地保护法规制度体系日趋完备。2021年,中国出台了《湿地保护法》,28个省(区、市)陆续出台了湿地保护法规,国家和省级层面制定了《湿地保护修复制度方案》和实施方案,确立了湿地保护管理顶层设计的“四梁八柱”。     

湿地美景入画来

2月2日是第26个世界湿地日,主题是“珍爱湿地人与自然和谐共生”,旨在强调湿地对人类和地球健康的重要性,鼓励公众采取行动保护与可持续利用湿地。湿地和森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,被誉为“地球之肾”,具有重要的生态功能。近年来,河南持续加强湿地保护修复工作,推进湿地保护从点到面、从数量到质量得到了较大提升。     

湖州市湿地生态补偿实践与对策措施

正湿地是地球生态环境的重要组成部分,被誉为"地球之肾",具有涵养水源、净化水质、调蓄洪水、调节气候和维护生物多样性等重要生态功能。保护湿地资源对于维护地球生态环境意义重大。湿地生态补偿是有效保护湿地生态环境,促进人与自然和谐发展的重要手段。湿地生态补偿制度是指湿地生态服务功能利用者对湿地资源所有权者或利用者因建设湿地环境而损失的利益的恢复与填补,以及湿地生态服务功能利用者直接对湿地生态环境的补偿,它的建立是利用和保护湿地资源的关键环节。     

中国湿地保护管理顶层设计"四梁八柱"确立

1月10日,国家林业和草原局召开2022年第一季度新闻发布会. 发布会表示,中国加入《湿地公约》30年来大力推进湿地保护修复,湿地生态状况持续改善,为全球湿地保护和合理利用作出了重要贡献.一是湿地保护法规制度体系日趋完备.2021年,中国出台了《湿地保护法》,28个省(区、市)陆续出台了湿地保护法规,国家和省级层面制定...     

湿地美景入画来

2月2日是第26个世界湿地日,主题是"珍爱湿地人与自然和谐共生",旨在强调湿地对人类和地球健康的重要性,鼓励公众采取行动保护与可持续利用湿地. 湿地和森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,被誉为"地球之肾",具有重要的生态功能.近年来,河南持续加强湿地保护修复工作,推进湿地保护从点到面、从数量到质量得到了较大提升.     

丹东市出台湿地保护修复实施方案

<正>日前,丹东市政府出台《丹东市湿地保护修复实施方案》,明确将实行湿地总量管理,确保到2020年,丹东湿地总面积将不低于17万公顷,相当于丹东总面积的11.49%。建立较为完善的湿地保护修复制度体系,将沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地、河流湿地、滨海湿地等自然湿地以及具有重要生态价值的人工湿地,划入重要保护区域。严格湿地利用监管,确保湿地面积不减少,性质不改变,增强湿地生态功能,维护湿地生物多样性,全面提升湿地保护管理水平。     

基于土地利用现状变化的湿地公园保护影响分析

湿 地公园是指以保护湿地生态系统、合理利用湿地资源、开展湿地宣传教育和科学研究为目的,按照有关规定予以保护和管理的特定区域.杭州西溪国家湿地公园是集城市湿地、农耕湿地、文化湿地于一体的国家级湿地公园,位于杭州市区西部城区之中,面积10.38平方千米,四周为城市主干道环绕,即紫金港路、天目山路、五常大道、绕城公路和文二西...     

我国新增和恢复湿地面积529万亩

数据显示。到2011年底,我国通过实施湿地保护工程项目,新增湿地和恢复湿地保护面积529万亩。目前,我国湿地总面积为3848万公顷,属世界第四位、亚洲第一位。全国已建立围家湿地公同18处,面积27万公顷;建立2470多处湿地自然保护区,湿地叮持续利用的示范模式正在形成。（人民网）     

动态

我国首次专门立法保护湿地1月20日,湿地保护法草案初次提请全国人大常委会会议审议。这是我国首次针对湿地保护进行立法,拟从湿地生态系统的整体性和系统性出发,建立完整的湿地保护法律制度体系。草案分为总则、湿地管理、湿地保护、湿地修复、检查与监督、法律责任和附则,共7章59条。草案明确法律适用的湿地,是指具有显著生态功能的自然湿地和具有重点保护野生动植物栖息、生长功能的人工湿地。国家对湿地实行分级管理及名录制度,严格控制占用湿地。     

Review of Rapid Transformation of Floodplain Wetlands in Northeast China: Roles of Human Development and Global Environmental Change

Northeast China is the region with the largest area of wetlands in China. The Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain are large freshwater marsh distribution regions that are affected by climate warming and by the increasing frequency and density of extreme weather and are the regions most subject to disturbances by human activities in Northeast China. The wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain have shrunk severely in the past 60 years, and wetland functions have been reduced substantially because of climate change, unreasonable land use, fire episodes, engineering and construction works and urbanization. Large-scale agricultural development started in the 1950s has been the most important driving factor for wetland loss and degradation in the Sanjiang Plain. Water shortage has been the most important factor for degradation and fragmentation of wetlands in the Songnen Plain. To mitigate wetland degradation and better protect wetlands, special regulations, long-term mechanisms and technical support of wetland protection should be established. A wetland compensation program should be implemented, and technologies for increasing the adaptive capacity of wetlands should be developed. Moreover, it is most important to find the balanced threshold between agricultural development and wetland protection.     

莱洲湾南岸滨海湿地生物多样性及生态地质环境

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地作为环渤海滨海湿地的一部分，具有海洋与河口交互性、海陆过渡性和生态脆弱性等特点，湿地面积广阔、资源丰富，是东北亚环西太平洋鸟类迁徙的重要“中转站”及越冬、栖息和繁殖地。湿地总面积为1150．079km^2，湿地维管束植物区系包括维管束植物53科144属217种。近年来，在对滨海湿地的开发中，虾池、盐田等人工湿地面积不断扩大，造成自然湿地面积减小、植被退化、地貌和水文条件改变、生物多样性下降，改变了原始的滨海湿地自然景观，破坏了珍稀鸟类的生存环境。     

Plant Diversity Performance After Natural Restoration in Reclaimed Deyeuxia angustifolia Wetland

Deyeuxia angustifolia wetlands were widely distributed in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China. Due to strong demand for food production, large-area wetlands were reclaimed to farmlands, which threatened regional ecological security greatly. Since the 21 th century, returning farmlands to wetlands was widely adopted for natural restoration in the Sangjiang Plain. As the first reflection of wetland restoration, vegetation succession of restored D. angustifolia wetlands should be fully assessed. In this study, vegetation investigation was carried out in three restored D. angustifolia wetlands with 5, 8 and 12 yr restoration, respectively. Meanwhile, a natural D. angustifolia wetland was selected as reference wetland. Results showed that community composition changed greatly and there was visible community succession. Community dominant species changed from composite to gramineae as restoration time increasing.At first, weeds community appeared in the restored wetlands, especially the xerophytes developed to the pioneer species rapidly. And then, mesophytes and wetland species became the dominant species in the restored wetlands. Finally, wetland species, especially D. angustifolia, occupied the dominant position of restored community. Shannon-wiener index(H) and Simpson index(D) both decreased to close to natural D. angustifolia wetlands. Compared with natural D. angustifolia wetland, species composition and diversity in restored wetlands were more complex and higher. As restoration time increasing, there were not significant differences between community characteristics of restored wetlands and natural wetland. All these suggested that vegetation in reclaimed D. angustifolia wetland could be restored naturally, but its restored period is 10 yr at least. From another angle, it is important to protect current natural wetlands.     

山东省湿地类型及湿地环境地质问题分析

山东省湿地资源丰富，可分为自然湿地和人工湿地2类，自然湿地包括湖泊、海岸、沼泽、河口湾湿地，人工湿地主要为水稻田、水库、池塘湿地等，湿地面积约为1．71万km^2。该文分析研究了山东省的湿地环境地质问题，并提出了工程措施和非工程措施2种防治措施。     

Landscape pattern evolution processes of alpine wetlands and their driving factors in the Zoige Plateau of China

Zoige Plateau wetlands are located in the northeastern corner of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The landscape pattern evolution processes in the Zoige Plateau and their driving factors were identified by analyzing the dynamic changes in landscape modification and conversion and their dynamic rates of alpine wetlands over the past four decades.The results showed that the landscape conversion between wetlands and non-wetlands mainly occurred during the period from 1966 to 1986.The marsh wetland area converted from lake and river wetlands was larger because of swamping compared to other wetland landscapes.Meanwhile,the larger area of marsh wetlands was also converted to lake wetlands more than other types of wetlands.The modification processes mainly occurred among natural wetland landscapes in the first three periods.Obvious conversions were observed between wetland and nonwetland landscapes(i.e.,forestland,grassland,and other landscapes) in the Zoige Plateau.These natural wetland landscapes such as river,lake and marsh wetlands showed a net loss over the past four decades,whereas artificial wetland landscapes(i.e.,paddy field and reservoir and pond wetlands) showed a net decrease.The annual dynamic rate of the whole wetland landscape was 0.72%,in which the annual dynamic rate of river wetlands was the highest,followed by lake wetlands,while marsh wetlands had the lowest dynamic rate.The integrated landscape dynamic rate showed a decreasing trend in the first three periods.The changes in wetland landscape patterns were comprehensively controlled by natural factors and human activities,especially human activities play an important role in changing wetland landscape patterns.     

北京湿地分析与监测

在“3S”技术支持下,结合野外调查与室内综合分析,全面调查监测了北京地区湿地的类型、面积。其类型较多、分布较广、湿地环境差异显著,生物多样性丰富。湿地的主要类型包括湖泊湿地、河流湿地、水库、池塘、稻田等自然湿地和人工湿地,其中人工湿地面积为323541.822km²,自然湿地面积为138214.740km²,约占全市面积的0.3%。另外,选择重点水库湿地和典型湿地做了动态变化研究,结果表明:水库湿地中的密云水库、官厅水库和怀柔水库与1998年相比,面积分别减少了42.0%,23.9%和4.9%,典型湿地的景观格局也发生了相应的改变。由此可以看出,北京湿地面积逐年减少、生态环境质量逐年下降。最后,根据北京湿地现状和暴露出来的问题,提出了一些建设性的结论和建议。本项目的实施为进一步研究湿地变化与周边气候、地形地貌、土地利用、植被变化以及社会经济发展情况的关系,分析湿地受威胁因素,评价湿地生态环境现状,提出湿地保护的措施,奠定了基础。     

China’s wetland databases based on remote sensing technology

Wetland databases can provide the basic data that necessary for the protection and management of wetlands. A large number of wetland databases have been established in the world as well as in China. In this paper, we review China’s wetland databases based on remote sensing (RS) technology after introducing the background theory to the application of RS technology in wetland surveys. A key conclusion is that China’s wetland databases are far from sufficient in fulfilling protection and management needs. Our recommendations focus on the use of the hyper-spectral imagery, microwave data, multi-temporal images, and automatic classifications in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wetland inventory. Further, attention should also be paid to detect major biophysical features of wetlands and build wetland databases in years after the 1980s in China. Considering that great gap exists between RS experts and wetland experts, further cooperation between wetland scientists and RS scientists are needed to promote the application of RS in the foundation of wetland databases.     

基于加权Voronoi图的北京市湿地功能分区研究

湿地功能分区是城市湿地生态系统健康恢复、管理改善,以及资源可持续利用的重要前提。本文以北京湿地为例,利用客观赋权的主成分分析法对湿地生态服务功能进行综合评价;并结合空间分析中的Voronoi图空间分区方法,通过利用牛顿-断裂点模型确定属性权重的主要步骤,构建基于加权Voronoi图的城市湿地功能分区模型,开展"自下而上"定量化的北京湿地功能分区研究。结果表明:(1)北京湿地功能综合评价中,密云水库湿地的功能综合值最大,表明该湿地生态服务功能作用最重要。(2)北京湿地功能分区分为三级框架,其中包括4个一级核心湿地功能区、15个二级核心湿地功能区、43个三级核心湿地单元。(3)湿地资源功能价值量与湿地斑块空间关系的相结合,实现了属性和空间双重距离约束的湿地功能分区,促进了湿地生态系统服务价值评估在决策管理中的深入应用,为城市湿地功能区划提供技术支持。     

Wetland resource protection and rational utilization in China

Wetlands of China cover an area of 63 million ha, among which, natural wetlands 25 million ha, including mires, shallow lakes, etc., artificial wetlands 38 million ha. Besides these, there are a lot of rivers and islands, stretching 18,000 km of coastal line and coastal zone below the tidal within the water depth of 6 m. Based on the climatic regional differences, biota similarity and biodiversity abundance, China’s wetlands can be divided into 9 main regions. Wetlands not only have huge functions to regulate mankind’s living environment, but also are the important and precious natural resources. For a long period, since the contradiction between population and resources, energy, grain is getting more and more obvious, China’s wetlands are facing to serious disturbances, such as large-scale reclamation, overhunting, industrial waste water pollution and species introducing. They have brought about the wetland quantity reducing and quality falling, furthermore have effects on sustainable development. For the special national conditions of China, higher population pressure, China should carry out wetland resource protection and rational utilization, not only protection.     

RESPONSES OF WETLAND ECO-SECURITY TO LAND USE CHANGE IN WESTERN JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA

1IN TR O D U C TIO NEco-security is the state in w hich the resources,envi-ronm entand ecosystem s thatconcern people are secure(M Aetal.,2004;SH Ietal.,2004).O therw ise,w e calliteco-security problem or ecologicalrisk.The eco-se-curity isdraw ing the in…