新疆蒙库铁矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其意义

蒙库铁矿床是一个以下泥盆统斜长角闪变粒岩(原岩为火山岩)为围岩的大型矽卡岩型矿床,矽卡岩矿物组合为辉石、石榴子石和方柱石,退化蚀变岩的组成矿物为角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、磷灰石等。电子探针分析结果表明,矽卡岩矿物中单斜辉石以透辉石为主,仅存在少量普通辉石;石榴子石端员组分以钙铁榴石为主,伴以少量钙铝榴石和锰铝榴石;角闪石属于单斜角闪石中的阳起石。蒙库铁矿床的矽卡岩与正常的矽卡岩矿床形成方式不同,不是中酸性岩浆与碳酸盐地层接触交代的产物,而是由热流体沿裂隙交代火山变质岩形成的。     

都龙锡锌多金属矿田万龙山矿区矽卡岩矿物特征及成因意义

万龙山锌锡矿床是都龙锡矿田的一个重要矿区。通过矽卡岩岩石化学研究,认为矿区矽卡岩属于钙矽卡岩,在w(SiO_2)—w(CaO)图解中,矿区矽卡岩与花岗岩、大理岩投点区呈线性展布,表明三者之间具有成因联系。对矿区主要的矽卡岩矿物石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石和绿泥石进行了电子探针成分分析:石榴子石属于钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石系列,端元组分以钙铝榴石为主(体积分数51.02%～82.63%),钙铁榴石体积分数为12.45%～47.74%;辉石为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,端元组分以钙铁辉石为主,明显缺乏透辉石;角闪石属于Mg-Fe-Mn-Li组,主要为镁角闪石;绿帘石中Fe的含量较;绿泥石主要为铁镁绿泥石,部分为铁斜绿泥石、密绿泥石或铁绿泥石,显示富镁铁质的特点。依据矽卡岩矿物的组分特征对矿区矽卡岩的成因、成矿条件及矿床成因等进行了讨论,认为矿区矽卡岩及金属矿化主要与晚白垩世老君山花岗岩具有成因关系,锡锌多金属矿床属于岩浆热液渗透交代型矿床。     

新疆伊吾县宝山铁矿床矽卡岩成因研究

宝山铁矿床位于东准噶尔库兰卡孜干-北塔山-纸房-琼河坝岛弧带东段。宝山铁矿中矽卡岩与铁矿体密切共生,是重要的找矿标志。研究区矽卡岩中石榴子石、透辉石单矿物电子探针分析结果显示,石榴子石属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列,透辉石属于透辉石-钙铁辉石系列。矽卡岩中高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf)相对亏损,稀土元素表现出LREE富集,HREE亏损的特点。∑REE为39.90×10~(-6)~178.43×10~(-6),∑LREE/∑HREE比值1.64~7.53,(La/Yb)N比值为1.32~10.10,轻、重稀土元素分异程度较弱,与玄武质凝灰岩具有相似的地球化学特征,这说明矽卡岩是玄武质凝灰岩受后期岩浆热液改造形成,随着温度和压力降低,磁铁矿沉淀形成铁矿体。     

湘西大溶溪钨矿床矽卡岩矿物的矿物学、地球化学特征及其形成机制

大溶溪钨矿床为湘西地区一层控型白钨矿矿床,白钨矿主要分布于矽卡岩和石英网脉中。在详细野外地质调查和室内镜下观察的基础上,利用EPMA和高精度LA-ICP-MS测试技术,对该矿主要矽卡岩矿物的矿物学和地球化学特征进行了研究,并初步揭示了其形成机制。研究表明,大溶溪矿区含钨矽卡岩为还原型类矽卡岩,矽卡岩矿物主要为辉石和石榴子石;辉石为透辉石—钙铁辉石—锰钙辉石系列;石榴子石以钙铝榴石为主,但锰铝榴石+铁铝榴石含量也较高。该区辉石REE具有总量较低、轻重稀土元素分馏不明显、正Ce和正Eu异常的特征;而石榴子石REE具有较高的稀土总量,呈现明显的重稀土元素富集、轻稀土元素亏损、负Ce异常、强烈正Eu异常的特点。辉石Ce和Eu异常可能与其形成时的水/岩反应及氧化还原条件有关。REE进入石榴子石的方式以REE~(3+)等价置换Al~(3+)的形式为主,正Eu异常主要为Eu~(2+)等价置换钙铝榴石Ca~(2+)所致,而负Ce异常则反映出热液沉淀正Ce异常辉石之后热液体系中贫Ce元素。该区含钨矽卡岩主要为热液与含锰灰岩在平衡机制下发生扩散交代作用所形成;而含钨石英网脉内发育的辉石、石榴子石等钙硅酸盐矿物,则是热液沿裂隙、孔隙对富钙变质砂岩进行交代的产物。矽卡岩形成过程中,相对贫Mn的辉石和石榴子石主要受交代流体作用控制,形成于一种相对高温、中等水/岩比的条件下;而相对富Mn的辉石和石榴子石,则可能是形成于靠近围岩一侧的相对低温、低水/岩比的环境中,部分锰质来自被交代的围岩。     

福建马坑铁（钼）矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及分带研究

马坑大型铁(钼)矿赋存于莒舟-大洋花岗岩体外接触带黄龙组(C2h)灰岩和林地组(C1l)碎屑岩层间构造破碎带中,铁矿与矽卡岩密切共生,但矿床成因尚存在争议。本文就马坑铁矿矽卡岩进行了矿物学特征研究。电子探针分析结果表明:该矿矽卡岩矿物组合主要为辉石、石榴子石和钙蔷薇辉石,退化蚀变岩矿物组合为角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、石英等。单斜辉石以透辉石和钙铁辉石为主,仅存在少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为钙蔷薇辉石和蔷薇辉石;石榴子石端元成分以钙铁榴石为主,钙铝榴石少量;角闪石属于钙角闪石,矿物学特征表明它们形成于相对较氧化的条件下。马坑铁矿的矽卡岩是由热流体沿灰岩与碎屑岩之间层间构造破碎带交代形成的,铁矿石大部分产于矽卡岩内,磁铁矿多稍晚于矽卡岩,不仅广泛交代矽卡岩,而且还直接交代灰岩、砂岩等围岩,呈交代结构;主矿体下盘常出现厚层石英岩,碎屑岩也出现了明显的交代,矽卡岩分带现象普遍,与典型矽卡岩矿床特征一致。结合矿床地质特征,马坑铁矿矿床类型应为层控矽卡岩型矿床。     

西藏墨竹工卡地区甲玛铜多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

为研究西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中矽卡岩的矿物学特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,利用电子探针测试和镜下鉴定手段对矽卡岩矿物中的石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石等矿物成分进行了分析。测试结果表明,矽卡岩中石榴子石以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石为主,辉石以透辉石为主,甲玛矿床矽卡岩属于交代矽卡岩中典型的钙矽卡岩。结合前人对矿区矽卡岩、围岩和花岗岩类的岩石地球化学、矿床成矿年代学等的研究,进一步证实甲玛铜多金属矿床系矿区花岗岩类岩浆交代大理岩形成的典型矽卡岩型矿床。     

山西刁泉银铜矿两类矽卡岩特征及其含矿性差异的初步研究

山西刁泉银铜矿为矽卡岩型矿床,矿区内存在石榴子石矽卡岩和辉石石榴子石矽卡岩。多数情况下,这两类矽卡岩不共存,只在辉石石榴子石矽卡岩中见石榴子石矽卡岩角砾。X-射线衍射分析显示石榴子石矽卡岩由98．5％的石榴子石（包括钙铁榴石、钙铬榴石、钙钒榴石）和1．4％的石英组成;辉石石榴子石矽卡岩由71．4％的石榴子石（包括钙铁榴石、钙铬榴石、钙钒榴石）和28．5％的透辉石组成。这两类矽卡岩的微量元素、稀土元素特征基本相同,其矿化均与石英有密切关系,由于辉石石榴子石矽卡岩叠加了较多石英脉,其含矿性明显优于石榴子石矽卡岩。作者根据矿区地质背景和两类矽卡岩的特征分析,认为这两类矽卡岩的形成与燕山晚期不同期次的岩浆活动有关,石榴子石矽卡岩的形成时间早于辉石石榴予石矽卡岩;矿区燕山晚期与成矿有关的岩浆热液存在脉动现象,这种多期次岩浆热液活动的叠加有利于成矿;叠加了石英脉的辉石石榴子石矽卡岩可以作为该矿区找矿标志之一。     

西藏邦铺钼多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

西藏邦铺超大型钼多金属矿床中矽卡岩铅锌矿体赋存于下二叠统洛巴堆组矽卡岩和大理岩中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,矽卡岩矿物较为发育。为进一步查明矿床矽卡岩矿物种属及矽卡岩类型,剖析矽卡岩形成环境及其与矿化类型之间的关系,基于对矽卡岩矿物系统地显微镜下观测,利用电子探针对矿床主要矽卡岩矿物化学成分进行了系统分析。结果表明,石榴子石端员组分以钙铁榴石为主,含少量锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石;单斜辉石主要为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,含少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为铁钙蔷薇辉石;角闪石主要为钙质阳起石;绿帘石贫Fe、Mg。矽卡岩矿物组合特征表明,矿床矽卡岩兼具钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩特征;早期矽卡岩形成于较强的氧化环境,成矿岩浆流体亦具有较高氧逸度。邦铺首次发现锰质矽卡岩矿物组合,表明矿区具有银矿找矿潜力,为下一步找矿工作提供了理论支撑。     

青海西部祁漫塔格地区矽卡岩铁铜多金属矿床的矽卡岩类型和矿物学特征

青海西部祁漫塔格地区矽卡岩型铁铜多金属矿床分布广泛,主要发育两类矽卡岩,即钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩,少数矿区还有镁矽卡岩.钙矽卡岩的组成矿物主要有透辉石、钙铁辉石、钙铝-钙铁系列石榴石、绿帘石、阳起石和方柱石,常伴随Fe、Cu、Mo矿化,构成钙矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床或铜(钼)矿床,而锰质矽卡岩主要由锰钙铁辉石组成,含少量锰三...     

西藏班-怒结合带尕尔穷铜金矿床矽卡岩 矿物学特征及其地质意义

尕尔穷铜金矿床位于西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带西段,是该带上近年来取得重大勘查突破的矽卡岩(斑岩)型铜金矿床.矿区产出的矽卡岩为典型的钙质矽卡岩,其矽卡岩矿物主要由石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石、绿帘石、绿泥石、符山石、矽线石等组成.电子探针分析结果表明,矿区石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石,辉石主要为透辉石,绿泥石可见铁绿泥石及铁镁绿泥石两种.石榴子石成分剖面显示其矿物组分随着石榴子石环带的变化而变化,表明矿区矽卡岩不是在一个完全封闭的平衡条件下形成的,指示矿床形成过程中热液流体具有多期多阶段性.尕尔穷矿区矽卡岩具有良好的分带性,表现为从靠近岩体的深部到靠近围岩的浅部具有石榴子石-透辉石相→透辉石-硅灰石相→硅灰石-绿帘石绿泥石相的分带特征,并伴随一定的矿化组合.典型矽卡岩矿物端员组分的识别及其Fe2+/Fe3+的比值计算结果表明,尕尔穷矿床形成于相对氧化环境.辉石组分中Mn/Fe比值的特征表明尕尔穷矿区具有一定的寻找钼矿的潜力.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.