灰岩中铁的价态分析

提出了超声波提取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定灰岩中Fe(Ⅱ)的方法,通过对总铁含量进行测定,采用差减法计算Fe(Ⅲ)的含量,从而实现了灰岩中铁的价态分析。探讨了Al2(SO4)3溶液选择性提取岩石样品中微量Fe(Ⅱ)的化学条件及其他仪器参数。结果表明,20~30℃下,0.025 mol/L Al2(SO4)3在土液比1∶300、提取时间1 h条件下可有效提取碳酸盐相中Fe(Ⅱ)离子。该方法用于国家一级标准物质中Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的测定,测定结果与推荐值吻合。运用本法对实际地质样品中的总铁和Fe(Ⅱ)进行分析测定,加标回收率分别为96.07%~103.23%,95.79%~102.11%。     

高钾铝硅酸盐物料中K2O含量的测定

为了精确测定分解反应过程中钾的挥发量,结合GB8574-2002,在样品高钾铝硅酸盐物料(钾长石、碳酸钾焙烧熟料,K2O含量大于15%)处理中采用聚环氧乙烷絮凝沉淀Si,新制Ca(OH)2溶液除去Mg2+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Mn2+等其他阳离子,加入碳酸铵稳定溶液pH值以除去Ca2+和Al3+.采用四苯硼钾重量法测定钾含量,测定结果与表样对照,相对误差在0.5%以内.实验表明:利用Ca(OH)2除杂,溶液pH值须控制在10～12;碳酸铵双水解反应后,溶液pH值须控制在7.35左右以除尽Ca2+和Al3+;低温(T＜473 K)蒸发溶液除去NH4+,消除了因生成四苯硼铵沉淀而带来的分析误差.结果表明该方法可以精确测定高钾铝硅酸盐物料的K2O含量,具有成本低、方便快捷、无需大型仪器之优点.     

地下水^32硅年龄的测定方法—液体闪烁计数法

用Fe(OH) 3共沉淀从天然水中提取纯化SiO2 ,回收率在 30 %～ 98% ,然后提取32 P ,将H3PO4溶液和PicoflourLLT混合制备计数溶液 ,用液体闪烁计数法测量32 P的放射性 ,计算32 Si的放射性浓度 ,最后确定地下水的年龄。通过对河北平原浅层地下水的32 Si年龄进行测定 ,所得的32 Si年龄为 92 9 89a± 1 7 87a,与1 4 C的校正年龄一致     

碳酸钠浸取一紫外荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量铀

地质样品经HF-HNO_3-HCl-HClO_4溶解后,用50 g/L碳酸钠溶液浸取分离,采用紫外荧光光谱法直接测定上清液的铀含量。浸取时间选择30 min,Fe、Zn、Ca、Co、Ni、Cu和Mn等元素留在残渣中不产生干扰。方法精密度(RSD,n=12)为3．37%～7．06%,检出限为0．009μg/g(进样量100μL)。方法参加区域地球化学考核样品的测试,合格率100%,适用于土壤、水系沉积物、岩石及Fe、Zn、Ca、Co、Ni、Cu和Mn含量较高的样品中痕量铀的测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定多金属矿中的锡

多金属矿样品经酸溶解,Fe(OH)3共沉淀分离除去大部分Cu、Pb、Zn等干扰组分.含Sn沉淀经碱熔,水提取,氢氧化物进行二次沉淀分离,然后在酸性介质中,加入酒石酸-硫脲-抗坏血酸为掩蔽剂,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定样品中的Sn量.方法检出限为0.20μg/g,样品中Sn的含量为7.47 μg/g和21.6 μg/g时,RSD(n=12)分别为6.5%和4.0%,加标回收率为88.6%～113.0%,经国家一级标准物质验证,结果与标准值相符.     

用于多接收器等离子质谱Mg同位素测定的分离方法研究

利用多接收器等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)进行同位素组成的准确测定,必须首先对待测样品中元素进行分离纯化.目前,用于分离Mg的主要方法为阳离子树脂交换方法.然而,利用阳离子树脂不能有效除去Mg接收液中的Fe、Al,而溶液中Fe、Al会明显干扰样品中Mg同位素组成的测定.本研究结合离子交换法和共沉淀法,探讨了针对不同种类样品的Mg分离纯化方法,分离提取了实际样品中Mg并进行了同位素组成的测定.实验结果显示:①对于m(Fe)/m(Mg0.1、m(Al)/m(Mg)0.2、m(Na)/m(Mg)1的样品,经过AG50w-X12树脂一次交换分离,即可用于Mg同位素组成的测定;②对于m(Fe)/m(Mg)0.1、m(Al)/m(Mg)0.2、m(Na)/m(Mg)〉1的样品,利用AG50W-X12树脂二次交换分离,可以满足MG-ICP-MS对Mg同位素测定的要求;③对于含有m(Fe)/优(Mg)0.1、m(Al)/m(Mg)>0.2、m(Na)/m(Mg)1的样品,可先利用稀释50倍的稀氨水沉淀除去样品中的Fe、Al后,再经过AG50W-X12树脂一次交换分离,可以满足MC-ICP-MS对Mg同位素测定的要求;④对于含有m(Fe)/m(Mg)〉0.1、m(Al)/m(Mg)0.2、m(Na)/m(Mg)1的样品,可先利用稀释50倍的稀氨水滴定沉淀除去样品中的Fe、Al后,再经过AG50W-X12树脂二次交换分离,可以满足MC-ICP-MS对Mg同位素测定的要求;⑤运用所建立方法对海水和地幔样品进行了Mg的分离和同位素组成的测定,其中,青岛附近海水的同位素组成为:δ25MgDSM=-0.43‰.δ25MgDSD3=-0.84‰;葫芦岛附近海水的同位素组成为:δ25MgDSM3=-0.44‰,δ26MgDSM3=-0.85‰.     

容量法测定铅丹中四氧化三铅

实验了用4mol/LHNO3浸取分离铅丹中的PbO,然后在pH5.7的HAc NaAc缓冲溶液中,加入抗坏血酸,浸取铅丹中的PbO2,并用EDTA标准溶液滴定,再计算出Pb3O4的含量。方法用于w(Pb3O4)为34.22%的铅丹样品测定,结果与外检结果一致,5次测定的RSD<0.2%。     

双毛细管在线干扰校正-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定含铀地质样品中微量铅

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地质样品中的铅时,基体元素的干扰会使测量结果偏低。本文用氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸、盐酸溶解样品,采用等径双毛细管在线干扰校正的方法测定了含铀地质样品中的微量铅。首先通过双毛细管确定了样品溶液中的Fe、Al对铅有负干扰,而一定浓度的U、Ba、Ti、Ca、Mn、K、Mg、Na等基体元素没有干扰或可以忽略,由此在线双毛细管根据样品中Fe、Al的含量使用不同的校正试液建立标准曲线,测定未知样品时同步进行稀释,降低了Fe、Al的基体效应。方法检出限为1.5μg/g,精密度(RSD)小于5%。与普通干扰校正法相比,双毛细管在线干扰校正法可根据不同基体的样品使用不同的干扰校正试液,快速建立标准曲线进行复杂样品的测定,且避免了二次稀释,节省试剂,适合测定基体成分接近的批量样品。     

碱熔共沉淀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定橄榄岩中的稀土元素

橄榄岩的稀土元素特征对研究岩石成因、岩浆作用过程具有重要的意义。橄榄岩中的稀土元素含量低(∑REEs=0.1~1μg/g),且存在镁、铁等基体元素的干扰,难以准确测定。前人通常利用高压密闭酸溶-离子交换法处理样品,将稀土元素与镁、铁等基体元素分离,达到了预富集的效果,但耗时长(消解时间接近7天)、操作步骤繁多,不利于大批量样品的分析。本文建立了过氧化钠碱熔、Fe(OH)_3和Mg(OH)_2共沉淀的样品前处理方法,通过离心使溶液与沉淀分离,从而实现了稀土元素与镁、铁等基体元素的快速分离,再采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定稀土元素含量。方法检出限为0.17~2.18 ng/g,加标回收率为95%~101%,国家标准物质(GBW07101和GBW07102)的测定值与标准值的相对误差小于20%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)小于10%。该方法既减少了分步沉淀过程中带来的损失,也缩短了分析周期(消解时间仅需一天),操作简便,分析效率高。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定钒钛磁铁矿中铁钛钒

样品采用HCl-HF-HNO3-HClO4四酸溶矿、H2SO4-HF-HNO3三酸溶矿、KOH碱熔3种分解方法进行处理,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钒钛磁铁矿中的铁、钛、钒。结果表明,3种样品处理方法应用于ICP-AES测定是可行的。KOH碱熔适用于方法比对,三酸溶矿适用于样品内检分析,四酸溶矿适用于大批量样品测定。对铁、钛、钒三元素选择适合的分析谱线,以冶金行业钒钛磁铁矿标准样品制备的溶液绘制标准曲线,可消除试液基体和介质不一致对测定结果的影响。样品试液中主要共存离子对选择的分析线干扰小。采用四酸溶矿ICP-AES测定铁、钛、钒的方法检出限分别为0.0032%、0.0024%、0.0003%,方法精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.43%～5.06%。经实验室间比对和批量样品方法比对实验,测定值无明显系统偏差。建立的方法具有样品分解完全、测定含量范围宽、分析简便快速、结果准确等优点,适用于钒钛磁铁矿样品中铁、钛、钒的测定。     

ZJB(BP)-30A型变频调速高压注浆泵的研制

介绍ZJB（BP）－30A型变频调速高压注浆泵的设计思路、研制过程以及其主要技术参数和性能特点。     

Control of disinfection by products formation potential by enhanced coagulation

Jar-test experiments were conducted to study enhanced coagulation effectiveness in removal of disinfection by products (DBPs) from Zayandehrud River at Isfahan Province-the center part of Iran-in 2004. In this study, the removal of suspended and colloidal particles and natural organic matter (NOM) at various coagulant doses and coagulation pHs was assessed through raw and treated water measurements of turbidity, UV₂₅₄ absorbance, TOC, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was also determined by a mathematical relationship with TOC. Results indicated that NOM removal was a function of coagulant type, coagulant dose, and pH of coagulation. In general, TOC, DOC, and UV₂₅₄ absorbance removal enhanced with increasing coagulant dose. However, further increases in coagulant dosage had little effect on disinfection by-products precursors removal. Ferric chloride was consistently more effective than alum in removing NOM. Coagulation pH was appeared to be a determining factor for maximum NOM removal and the removal of DBPs precursors by enhanced coagulation was significantly enhanced at pH 5.5 in comparison with initial pH of water. Furthermore, it is specified that preadjustment of pH with sulfuric acid reduced the coagulant dosage and thus, production of sludge. The reduction in THMFP was consistent with the trends observed for DBPs precursors removal data (i.e. UV₂₅₄ and TOC data).     

Aqueous pyrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen and by ferric iron

Rates of aqueous, abiotic pyrite oxidation were measured in oxygen-saturated and anaerobic Fe(III)-saturated solutions with initial pH from 2 to 9. These studies included analyses of sulfite, thiosulfate, polythionates and sulfate and procedures for cleaning oxidation products from pyrite surfaces were evaluated. Pyrite oxidation in oxygen-saturated solutions produced (1) rates that were only slightly dependent on initial pH, (2) linear increases in sulfoxy anions and (3) thiosulfate and polythionates at pH > 3.9. Intermediate sulfoxy anions were observed only at high stirring rates. In anaerobic Fe(III)-saturated solutions, no intermediates were observed except traces of sulfite at pH 9. The faster rate of oxidation in Fe(III)-saturated solutions supports a reaction mechanism in which Fe(III) is the direct oxidant of pyrite in both aerobic and anaerobic systems. The proposal of this mechanism is also supported by theoretical considerations regarding the low probability of a direct reaction between paramagnetic molecular oxygen and diamagnetic pyrite. Results from a study of sphalerite oxidation support the hypothesis that thiosulfate is a key intermediate in sulfate production, regardless of the bonding structure of the sulfide mineral.     

用FPAS分析气势--以琼东南盆地为例

地层流体受两大流体系统的控制：压实流和重力流。利用流体势分析系统(简称FPAS)研究地下流体势及压力分布可克服井资料不系统的局限性，有效地进行油气资源的预测评价。由于琼东南盆地地质务件极其复杂，海洋油气勘探程度很低，勘探成本高，石油地质研究水平也比较低，分析认为区内有巨大的油气资源前景，但油气运移方向和路程均不清楚。用地下流体力场和势分析的方法可以统一处理和定量解释油气的运移和聚集规律，明确预测油气运移的主通道，确定有利的油气勘探靶区，显著提高钻探成功率。综合本区剖面、平面流体势及压力特征，结合其他有关地质资料，找出最有利的勘探目的层位。该方法在琼东南盆地松东地区的应用，取得了良好的效果。     

明沟排水与竖井排灌

本文在分析干旱细土平原区水文地质条件的基础上 ,论述了盐渍化地区在不同排水条件下水中盐份的运移和积聚的过程 ,比较了明沟排水和竖井排灌的优劣 ,从而提出竖井排灌是改良土壤盐渍化 ,防止土壤返盐的有效措施     

Hydrocarbons occluded by asphaltenes

Homologous series of n-alkenes and dimethylalkanes with the odd or even number of carbon atoms in the molecule have been identified in chloroform extracts from the organic matter of Upper Paleozoic deposits of the Vilyui syneclise penetrated by the superdeep well SV-27 at depths below 5 km. It is presumed that these unusual hydrocarbons resulted from the destruction of asphaltene occlusions under severe P-T conditions at great depths and that the hydrocarbon generation began in the zone of postdiagenetic transformations of sediments. This hypothesis was tested in the sections of deposits whose organic matter underwent catagenesis of different grades. On the basis of these results, zones of emergence, transition, and destruction of occlusions have been recognized.     

War,by Conservation

In this paper I argue that there has been a critical shift towards war by conservation in which conservation, security and counter insurgency (COIN) are becoming more closely integrated. In this new phase concerns about global security constitute important underlying drivers, while biodiversity conservation is of secondary importance. This is a significant break from earlier phases of fortress conservation and war for biodiversity. In order to develop a better understanding of these shifts, this paper analyzes the existing conceptual approaches, notably environmental security which seeks to understand how resources cause or shape conflict, and political ecology approaches that focus on the struggles over access to and control over resources. However, this paper indicates the limitations of these existing debates for understanding recent shifts, which require a fresh approach. I chart the rise of the narrative I call poachers-as-terrorists, which relies on the invocation of the idea that ivory is the white gold of Jihad, a phrase which is closely associated with an Elephant Action League (EAL) report in 2012 which claimed Al Shabaab used ivory to fund its operations. This narrative is being extended and deepened by a powerful alliance of states, conservation NGOs, Private Military Companies and international organizations, such that it is shaping policies, especially in areas of US geo-strategic interest in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result conservation is becoming a core element of a global security project, with significant implications for conceptual debates and for conservation practice on the ground.     

A Practical Procedure for the Measurement of Fragmentation by Blasting by Image Analysis

Summary. The operation of a digital image analysis system in a limestone quarry is described. The calibration of the system, required in order to obtain moderately reliable fragmentation values, is done from muckpile sieving data by tuning the image analysis software settings so that the fragmentation curve obtained matches as close as possible the sieving. The sieving data have also been used to extend the fragment size distribution curves measured to sizes below the system’s optical resolution and to process the results in terms of fragmented rock, discounting the material coming from a loose overburden (natural fines) that is cast together with the fragmented rock. Automatic and manual operation modes of the image analysis are compared. The total fragmentation of a blast is obtained from the analysis of twenty photographs; a criterion for the elimination of outlier photographs has been adopted using a robust statistic. The limitations of the measurement system due to sampling, image processing and fines corrections are discussed and the errors estimated whenever possible. An analysis of consistency of the results based on the known amount of natural fines is made. Blasts with large differences in the amount of fines require a differentiated treatment, as the fine sizes tend to be the more underestimated in the image analysis as they become more abundant; this has been accomplished by means of a variable fines adjustment factor. Despite of the unavoidable errors and the large dispersion always associated with large-scale rock blasting data, the system is sensitive to relative changes in fragmentation.     

Adsorption of aluminium by a latosol as affected by phosphate and glutamic acid

The effect of phosphate and glutamic acid on adsorption of aluminium onto a latosol was investigated as a function of pH and ligand concentrations through batch equilibrium experiments. The results showed that adsorption of aluminium by the soil was enhanced after addition of phosphate at low pH, and this promotive effect was gradually eliminated with the increase in pH. The positive effect of phosphate on aluminium adsorption onto latosol was attributed to phosphate-induced surface negative charge and formation of ternary surface complexes involving aluminium and phosphate. While using silica as adsorbent, the inactive surfaces for phosphate, promotion of adsorption of aluminium by phosphate was also found. Then it was proposed that additional aluminium might bind to the phosphate adsorbed onto the silica in the form of surface complexes silica–aluminium–phosphate again, and the mechanism might operate in the soil systems as well. Glutamic acid exhibited no influence on the adsorption of aluminium by the soil at low pH. After increasing the pH, adsorption of aluminium was inhibited especially with the highest addition of glutamic acid, probably owing to weak affinity of complexes between glutamic acid and aluminium to the soil.