多级平面网的整体平差研究

在多级导线网统一平差更加严密，合理的设想下，根据德州市德城区已形成的首级控制网和加密的一级导线网数据，通过重新进行统一平差，对多级导线网统一平差需解决的有关问题进行了研究。文章对多级网中多类，不同等级观测值的权匹配问题和粗差探测问题进行了分析讨论，并用科傻测量控制网数据处理软件（CosaWIN)计算出相应的结果，最后结合计算结果，给出了结论。     

多级导线网的统一平差研究

根据德州市德城区的首级控制网和加密的一级导线网数据,重新进行统一平差,对多级网中多类,不同等级观测值的权匹配问题和粗差探测问题进行了分析讨论。     

导线网间接平差中点的近似坐标算法设计及实现

导线测量随着光电测距技术的发展而成为应用广泛的测量手段。与此同时,对于导线测量中的观测数据进行平差计算还是一项不可或缺的繁重工作。在导线网间接平差时,点的近似坐标计算是很重要的一步,只有在计算了点的近似坐标以后,方可实现平差解算。鉴于此,在略谈导线网间接平差算法的基础上,重点研究导线网近似坐标的计算,并给出了其算法流程图,最后用C 语言编程实现算法,结合算例验证了其正确性。     

基于赫尔默特方差估计的不等精度导线网分析

在实际工程中,可能需对不同地形和地貌条件建立不同等级的导线控制网。目前对导线网的平差一般采用在不同阶段或不同精度进行模块化平差计算的方法。该方法将导致不同精度导线模块之间的平差存在一定不足:①增加了平差计算时的工作量,增大了投入,还可能导致模块衔接时出现平面点的错位现象;②利用普通近似方法平差使得导线的平差结果与实际数据差距较大,导线产生旋转或平移。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于赫尔默特方差分量估计的不同精度导线网平差方法,并进行了适当的定权计算,减少了人为定权的主观性。     

赫尔默特方差分量估计及其近似公式在导线网平差中的应用

通过对赫尔默特方差估计公式及其近似公式的研究,把它们应用于导线网平差中。对几个实用公式的适用性、准确度、迭代速度等有关问题进行讨论。最后,利用赫尔默特公式和一般平差公式对同一导线网的平差结果进行比较。     

基于Excel和MATLAB的导线网平差

随着电子计算机的普及与应用,导线精度要求越来越高,有必要采用严密平差的方法,但是严密平差的计算过程比较复杂,可以采用Excel和MATLAB的链接插件Excellink对导线网进行严密平差。介绍了ExcelLink函数的建立和使用,编译出了基于该软件的导线网平差运算程序,并结合一个实例进行了计算和分析,取得了良好的效果。     

基于MATLAB的导线网平差软件设计及误差椭圆的绘制

导线网观测数据平差是一项繁重的工作,其平差过程涉及矩阵计算,由于算法复杂,较难利用传统编程语言进行程序实现和绘制误差椭圆。本文在MATLAB平台下,利用其强大的计算和可视化分析功能,基于间接平差原理,完成了间接平差软件设计,实现了导线网平差,以及导线网网形和误差椭圆的绘制,并通过实例进行了验证分析。     

基于 MATLAB 的导线网平差软件设计及误差椭圆的绘制

导线网观测数据平差是一项繁重的工作,其平差过程涉及矩阵计算,由于算法复杂,较难利用传统编程语言进行程序实现和绘制误差椭圆。本文在MATLAB平台下,利用其强大的计算和可视化分析功能,基于间接平差原理,完成了间接平差软件设计,实现了导线网平差,以及导线网网形和误差椭圆的绘制,并通过实例进行了验证分析。     

相关平差的导线点精度

目前导线网平差多采用相关平差法。按该法在网(结点)平差时计算未知数的协因数阵,可以评定结点的点位精度。文献[2]等均未曾论及各个导线点的精度评定问题。实际上,导线网中的最弱点不一定出现在结点内,为此需全面评定导线点的精度。本文将专门论述导线网相关平差中导线点的精度评定问题。     

加密导线网平差程序的设计与实现

现在生产单位对于城市建设控制网的布设，倾向于首先布设GPS控制网，然后再以GPS点作为首级控制点，进行导线网加密，全面介绍了导线加密网的平差计算，据此编写了相关处理软件，并在实际生产应用中进行了验证。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。