一次系列下击暴流事件的多普勒天气雷达分析

该文首次利用我国新一代天气雷达资料对一次系列下击暴流过程进行了详细分析。2003年6月6日在安徽定远县和肥东县交界处附近发展起来的一个孤立的强烈多单体风暴, 产生了一次伴随强降雹的系列下击暴流事件。此次系列下击暴流事件实际上是由多单体风暴中3个相继发展的对流单体分别产生的3次下击暴流构成的。每轮下击暴流触地前, 都伴随着相应对流单体反射率因子核心的逐渐下降。在首轮下沉气流触地前6 min, 1.5°到4.3°仰角的径向速度图上都出现向着风暴中心的辐合, 其中以2.4°仰角 (地面以上约3~4 km) 的辐合最明显。因此, 反射率因子核心的逐渐降低并伴随云底以上的速度辐合的多普勒雷达回波特征, 可以用来提前数分钟预警下击暴流的发生。     

山东半岛秋季一次脉冲风暴下击暴流观测分析

利用山东威海CINRDA/SA多普勒雷达探测资料,结合常规天气图资料、地面自动气象观测站资料等,对2018年9月8日发生在威海文登机场附近的一次下击暴流天气特征进行分析。结果表明：1)此次下击暴流天气发生在高低空一致的西北气流背景下,午后太阳辐射使得低空大气加热显著,形成了强烈的不稳定层结。2)大气层结特征呈喇叭状温湿分布,850 hPa以下接近干绝热的温度直减率,为下击暴流的发生提供了有利环境条件。3)地面辐合线为风暴单体的产生提供了动力抬升条件。4)从多普勒雷达产品上看,风暴初始回波发生在午后海风锋触发的晴空窄带回波上,通过单体间的合并加强,发展成为多单体风暴;下击暴流出现前,对流风暴回波强度及高度明显发展,成熟阶段的对流风暴伴有回波悬垂结构和三体散射特征,伴随着强反射率因子核心的持续下降,下击暴流迅速到达地面,径向速度图上存在明显的中层辐合、旋转、低层辐散的现象;5 km以上60 dBZ强反射率因子核心的下降,结合径向速度中层辐合、低层辐散特征可提前3～9 min预警下击暴流的发生。     

云顶亮温在一次区域性暴雨中的分析与应用

利用高、低空常规气象观测资料、卫星云图和多普勒雷达资料,分析了2006年6月12日发生在太原机场的一次强对流风暴过程,结果表明：高空气旋性冷槽的迅速东移和地面冷锋过境是本次强对流风暴发生的天气尺度系统背景,机场发生的地面大风是由下击暴流引起的,近地面强辐散引起阵风锋发生在弓形回波中低辐合层对应的下方;雷暴单体回波剖面随时间的演变发现确有反射率因子核心重心下降并接地的现象,并据此证实有两次下击暴流过程.第一次出现在16时前后距本场西北90 km处,第二次出现在18时04分,第二轮下击暴流直接造成本场的地面大风.下击暴流发生的过程始终伴随着中低层长时间的辐合和反射率因子核心的重心下降接地过程.     

基于多普勒天气雷达体扫资料的MARC特征自动识别算法

下击暴流是对流风暴最常产生的天气现象,预报其初始爆发的时间是强对流风暴预报中最具挑战性的内容之一。而较为显著的中层径向辐合(Mid-Altitude Radial Convergence,MARC)特征是下击暴流的预警指标之一,预报时效为10~30 min。基于多普勒天气雷达体扫资料的三维MARC特征自动识别算法首先采用二维局地LLSD方法计算径向速度的径向散度切变,其次是基于径向散度切变数据,使用类似SCIT算法的SCRCZI算法进行风暴单体三维径向辐合区的自动识别,然后使用基于反射率因子数据识别的风暴位置对与强风暴无关的三维径向辐合区进行消空处理,最后被保留下来的三维径向辐合区就是被识别出来的三维MARC特征。该算法能较好地识别出与强风暴相关的三维MARC特征,包括表现为非典型"正-负速度区域对"的径向辐合区。使用武汉雷达观测的强风暴个例体扫资料,分析了一个产生下击暴流的强风暴反射率因子和径向速度回波演变特征,并对MARC识别算法进行了检验。结果表明:在最低仰角径向速度图上首次出现辐散特征之前的3个体扫和之后出现辐散特征的3个体扫里,该算法都识别出了强风暴较为显著的三维MARC特征,其平均高度为3.9 km,平均厚度为2.5 km,最强辐合高度位于3.0~4.6 km之间,平均最强辐合量为-58×10-4s-1,预报时效为18 min。     

三次下击暴流雷达回波特征分析

利用济南、徐州和临沂多普勒天气雷达资料,对发生在山东境内的3次下击暴流进行了分析.2009年6月27日和2006年7月25日强风暴不仅产生了尺度大于4 km的宏下击暴流,而且还产生了冰雹和强降水天气,风暴最大反射率因子维持在60 dBz以上,单体VIL在45～70kg·m-2之间.2009年7月8日对流风暴只产生了尺度...     

一次连续下击暴流天气的成因分析

基于多普勒雷达、闪电定位、地面观测资料和现场勘察情况,对2016年5月2日皖西南发生的一次连续下击暴流天气的成因进行分析。结果表明:引起2次微下击暴流的风暴为同一风暴单体,且为超级单体,旺盛阶段的雷达回波表现为钩状分布和倾斜结构;下击暴流产生的初始原因是液态或固态降水粒子下降的拖曳作用,中后期则主要源于热力不稳定、对流层中层的动量下传和补偿性气流作用,伴随的水成物与环境之间的负浮力增大是下击暴流发生的重要原因;对流层中层盛行风向造成的动量下传决定了2次微下击暴流的地面风走向;超级单体风暴具有反射率因子核最高和下降速度最快的特点,反射率因子核高度超过6 km,1个体扫间隔下降3 km左右或以上;当6 min降水达4 mm以上时,是发生下击暴流的征兆之一。     

陕西中部一次下击暴流的多普勒雷达回波特征

利用西安多普勒雷达产品资料对2006年6月25日发生在陕西中部的一次下击暴流天气进行初步分析，结果表明：强单体合并加强形成弓状回波并产生了33m·s^-1的大风天气；弓状回波反射率因子核心（60dBz）高度下降明显；垂直液态水含量高达70kg·m^-2；弓状回波中层辐合较强，多普勒风场中层辐合区特征比较明显。     

一次强雷暴阵风锋和下击暴流的多普勒雷达特征

利用江苏盐城多普勒天气雷达资料结合自动气象站和常规观测资料对2007年7月25日苏北兴化等地的一次雷雨大风过程进行了分析.结果表明:风灾是由两种不同类型的雷暴大风产生的.一种是阵风锋,产生于风暴前沿,影响时地面产生7～9级大风.另一种是下击暴流,产生于多单体风暴中,其反射率因子核初始高度高于-20℃等温线高度,有中层径向辐合和反射率因子核下降的特征.影响时风暴内部下沉气流在地面强烈辐散,产生10级以上的大风.阵风锋上空有新生单体合并进原风暴,风暴发展加强;当下击暴流产生、风暴减弱后,阵风锋上又有新生单体补充进原风暴,导致下击暴流连续产生,阵风锋持续影响.     

江苏典型下击暴流风暴结构特征统计分析

为了研究江苏地区下击暴流的结构特征,利用常规天气资料、雷达探测资料、自动气象站观测资料和ERA5再分析资料等,选取2007—2018年江苏地区19个典型下击暴流过程进行统计分析。结果表明:江苏下击暴流的分布呈北多南少,以湿下击暴流为主,7月是下击暴流的高发月份,孤立风暴型下击暴流具有弱的天气尺度强迫和上干下湿的结构,风暴移速较慢,飑线镶嵌型下击暴流具有很强的天气尺度强迫特征,风暴移速较快。下击暴流影响期间地面温度变化剧烈,温度降低伴随有明显风速增大过程。统计显示,产生下击暴流风暴的环境温度平均垂直递减率为6.8℃/km,能够保证负浮力的维持,干冷空气被中层辐合气流夹卷进入风暴内进一步加强了下沉气流,使得下击暴流得以维持和加强。下击暴流的初生阶段,强反射率因子核心和中层径向辐合出现在下击暴流发生前20—30 min,成熟阶段,强反射率因子核心高度有明显降低,低层呈辐散结构。      

鄂东一次下击暴流天气的中尺度分析

利用自动气象站观测网资料,计算了逐分钟地面散度场,并将散度场等与多普勒天气雷达资料叠加形成综合分析场,对2007年7月27日鄂东地区雷雨大风天气过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明:地形辐合线对中尺度对流系统(MCS)触发和加强起到重要作用。MCS发生发展期间,多普勒天气雷达上相继有两个弓状回波形成。第一个弓状回波在速度图上因弓状回波移动方向与雷达波束有较大夹角后部入流急流特征不明显,但强度图上有弱回波通道特征;第二个弓状回波沿雷达径向移动,后部入流急流特征明显。武汉地区灾害性雷雨大风是一个强盛的多单体风暴所产生的系列下击暴流造成的,它位于第二弓状回波向前突出的位置。系列下击暴流发生期间,地面附近强辐散峰值与多单体风暴强回波高度显著下降的时间和位置基本一致。除弓状回波特征、后部入流急流、中层速度辐合及回波重心高度下降等特征外,弱回波通道、风暴相对速度图上沿雷达波束方向的正负速度对等也是下击暴流发生的典型特征。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.