南盘江盆地油气成藏过程及天然气勘探前景分析

本文采用多种研究手段探讨了南盘江盆地的多期成藏、破坏过程。根据有机质成油、成气和油成气的化学动力学模型,计算了南盘江盆地主要烃源岩的油气演化过程;并通过对沥青充填期次、包裹体研究和胶结物期次与沥青的关系,研究了古油藏经历的多期次充注、破坏过程,据此初步建立了南盘江盆地古油藏演化模式。从南盘江盆地古油藏演化过程来看,南盘江盆地油气勘探应以原油裂解的天然气为主,但是由于该地区具有聚气早、破坏时间长的特征,尤其是三叠系沉积之后的巨厚剥蚀使原油裂解气保存的可能性变小,因此在该地区形成大中型天然气藏的难度很大,天然气勘探前景需要进一步研究。     

川东北地区上二叠统油气储层中流体包裹体特征及成藏期研究

川东北地区是中国重要的天然气勘探区之一.为了探讨该区上二叠统储层流体特征、天然气充注的时期,本文应用包裹体、同位素地球化学的原理和方法,对区内上二叠统长兴组和吴家坪组储层中流体包裹体产出特征、岩相学特征、包裹体成分和显微测温,以及裂缝充填方解石的Sm-Nd同位素年龄进行了研究.结果表明,上二叠统储层中存在三期油气包裹体,其组合依次为:少量液相烃包裹体→黄色、黄褐色液相烃包裹体+气液烃包裹体→气相烃包裹体+烃—水包裹体+沥青包裹体,测得与油气包裹体共生的气液水包裹体均—温度分别为71～111℃、117～148℃和149～217℃.根据气液水包裹体的均—温度,结合沉积盆地热演化史和储层埋藏史,确定上二叠统储层中三期油气充注时间分别为202～185Ma、182～169 Ma和167～120Ma,第三期裂缝充填方解石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为126±11Ma.说明古油藏的油气充注始于燕山早期,燕山中晚期达到高峰,喜马拉雅期运动对早期形成的气藏起抬升、剥蚀破坏作用.     

贵州石头寨二叠系古油藏油气成藏期分析：流体包裹体与Sm-Nd同位素制约

贵州石头寨二叠系古油藏是滇黔桂地区众多上古生界生物礁型古油藏的典型代表。该古油藏发育了三期溶孔、裂缝充填方解石,其中含丰富的油气包裹体,三期油气包裹体组合依次为:少量液烃包裹体→液烃包裹体 气烃包裹体→气烃包裹体,与油气包裹体共生的气液水包裹体的均一温度分别为77℃～84℃、91℃～103℃和103℃～155℃。根据含油气包裹体的均一温度,结合沉积盆地热演化史和储层埋藏史,确定石头寨古油藏三期油气充注时间分别为238～235Ma、233～230Ma 和230～185Ma,第三期裂缝充填方解石的 Sm-Nd 等时线年龄为182±21Ma。古油藏的油气充注始于印支中期,于印支晚期至燕山早期达到高峰,燕山中晚期以来遭受破坏形成现今的残余古油藏。     

冀北坳陷中上元古界中的油气活动——以双洞背斜为例

冀北坳陷双洞背斜为一被破坏了的古油藏:铁岭组灰岩中广泛分布的油苗、沥青和油气包裹体指示地质历史时期本区大规模的油气活动.灰岩中发育多期含油气包裹体的方解石脉,说明本区经历过多期构造运动,且每次构造运动都伴有较大规模的油气活动,构造运动使古油藏发生调整和破坏.冀北坳陷中-上元古界勘探的关键是有否好的盖层和保存条件,中-上元古界上覆地层古生界和中生界均未遭受严重破坏的地区为勘探远景区.     

鄂西—渝东地区飞三段天然气成因与成藏阶段

飞三段是鄂西—渝东地区海相碳酸盐岩层系的主力产气层,系统研究飞三段的天然气成藏阶段与主控因素,对该区飞三段的天然气勘探具有指导意义。利用天然气组分和稳定碳同位素资料、烃源岩的干酪根碳同位素资料以及流体包裹体均一温度资料,在阐明油气的成因与来源、烃源岩的生烃史和油气充注史的基础上,结合构造演化史和圈闭演化史,划分了天然气的成藏阶段,并总结了天然气成藏的主控因素。结果认为:飞三段天然气主要为二叠系烃源岩生成的原油的二次裂解气;天然气的成藏经历了古岩性油藏的聚集(190～160 Ma)、古油藏裂解与古岩性气藏形成(160～140 Ma)、天然气调整再聚集形成今构造—岩性复合气藏(140 Ma—现今)3个阶段;沉积期暴露浅滩相储层的规模决定了古油藏的规模,晚期天然气的调整再聚集过程中的保存条件决定了天然气的最终聚集。     

有机包裹体在生油盆地研究中的应用

在搜集国内外有关资料的基础上,结合笔者的研究体会,较系统地介绍了有机包裹体在盆地构造演化史、储层成岩史、有机质演化史以及盆地古地温和生油热历史的恢复方面的最新研究成果,在盆地断裂构造、岩相古地理、层序地层学的研究等方面和在油气演化程度、运移期次、运移通道、油气源性质的确定以及烃源岩和储集岩的区分方面的最新研究成果,以及在根据有机包裹体的丰度特征进行储层评价、根据有机包裹体的类型特征评价油气藏、根据有机包裹体的成分特征确定油气勘探深度、根据有机包裹体的成分特征预测勘探远景区以及根据包裹体的流体势图确定油气圈闭部位等方面的最新研究成果。并同时对某些应用方面的可靠性、局限性、存在问题及发展方向进行了简要阐述。     

鄂尔多斯盆地宜川—黄陵地区马家沟组流体包裹体特征及其意义

通过单偏光、荧光显微镜和显微冷热台测温观察等方法,对宜川—黄陵地区下古生界马家沟组流体包裹体进行系统研究,归纳流体包裹体岩相学、均一温度和冰点温度等特征,结合盆地热演化史分析推测储层内烃类充注史。综合分析结果显示研究区马家沟方解石内发现的沥青包裹体证明早期形成古油藏已遭受改造破坏;研究区马家沟组顶部古油藏的形成时间在早侏罗世—中侏罗世,而气藏的形成时间在早白垩世。     

羌塘盆地昂达尔错白云岩古油藏地质特征及成藏条件

昂达尔错白云岩古油藏位于羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷,是羌塘盆地规模最大的古油藏带,对该区油气勘探具有重要意义。依据铸体薄片、储层物性、沥青族组分分析,剖析了白云岩古油藏地质特征。分析结果表明,昂达尔错古油藏的储集体可归类为低孔—低渗型到中孔—中渗型储层,为较好储层类型;其石油族组分呈现饱和烃含量低、非烃+沥青质含量高的特征,为芳香沥青型、芳香环烷型石油。划分出两套生储盖组合,其中的下侏罗统曲色组—中侏罗统布曲组组合为较好的生储盖组合类型,具有较好的勘探远景。认为古油藏在晚侏罗世成藏,在喜马拉雅期遭受逆冲破坏。     

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖地区侏罗系-古近系储层流体包裹体特征与油气运移

柴达木盆地北缘冷湖地区的侏罗系—古近系储层是柴北缘地区的重点勘探对象,通过对采自该区7口典型钻井中的储层岩心样品进行流体包裹体分析,揭示了油气运移的一些基本特征。首先,根据储层含油气包裹体丰度的差异,认为冷湖地区并不存在从五号→四号→三号构造的顺层油气运移指向,油气主要自昆特依凹陷呈放射状向构造带运移。其次,储层油气包裹体类型的差异表明,深部侏罗系储层中曾经接受过一期成熟度较低的石油充注,但规模可能有限;冷湖地区可能并不存在大规模的天然气聚集;原油普遍遭受过水洗降解等次生变化。最后,综合包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果,提出本区侏罗系—古近系储层中目前所发现的油气大多为中新世后形成。这些认识为区域油气深入勘探提供了重要的基础参考信息。     

应用流体包裹体和自生伊利石测年重构鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系油藏烃类充注史

中生界侏罗系是鄂尔多斯盆地重要的石油勘探与开发目的层之一,侏罗系油藏受前侏罗纪古地貌影响较为显著。本文通过流体包裹体特征分析、均一化温度测定和包裹体丰度（GOI）分析、定量颗粒荧光（QGF、QGF-E）研究以及储集层自生伊利石K-Ar定年等实验方法和手段的应用,对鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系油气包裹体特征进行了精细描述及定量化分析研究,揭示了侏罗系油藏形成时间、充注过程及油气包裹体与油气运移、成藏的关系。研究结果表明：侏罗系油藏存在晚期充注,早期充注少或油藏遭受调整,早期生成的烃类现今仅以沥青的形式赋存,现今烃类流体主要为晚期成藏的产物。侏罗系石油大规模充注期为（108.3±2.0）~（116.5±2.0）Ma（早白垩世中期）,具有垂向运移聚集的特点。鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系油藏早期受岩性和构造双重控制,晚期构造活动调整了油气藏的形态及局部富集。侏罗系在晚期成藏过程中没有形成过叠合连片的大规模的油藏,只在局部构造上形成规模较小的“小而肥”的独立油藏。     

Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Fluid Inclusions and Their Significance for Evolution of Petroleum Systems in the Dabashan Foreland, Central China

Field investigation combined with detailed petrographic observation indicate that abundant oil,gas,and solid bitumen inclusions were entrapped in veins and cements of sedimentary rocks in the Dabashan foreland,which were used to reconstruct the oil and gas migration history in the context of tectonic evolution.Three stages of veins were recognized and related to the collision between the North China block and the Yangtze block during the Indosinian orogeny from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic(Dl),the southwest thrusting of the Qinling orogenic belt towards the Sichuan basin during the Yanshanian orogeny from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous(D2),and extensional tectonics during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene(D3),respectively.The occurrences of hydrocarbon inclusions in these veins and their homogenization temperatures suggest that oil was generated in the early stage of tectonic evolution,and gas was generated later,whereas solid bitumen was the result of pyrolysis of previously accumulated hydrocarbons.Three stages of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions were also identified in cements of carbonates and sandstones of gas beds in the Dabashan foreland belt and the Dabashan foreland depression(northeastern Sichuan basin),which recorded oil/gas formation,migration,accumulation and destruction of paleo-reservoirs during the D2.Isotopic analysis of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions contained in vein minerals shows that δ~(13)C_1 of gas in fluid inclusions ranges from-17.0‰ to-30.4‰(PDB) and δD from-107.7‰ to-156.7‰(SMOW),which indicates that the gas captured in the veins was migrated natural gas which may be correlated with gas from the gas-fields in northern Sichuan basin.Organic geochemical comparison between bitumen and potential source rocks indicates that the Lower Cambrian black shale and the Lower Permian black limestone were the most possible source rocks of the bitumen.Combined with tectonic evolution history of the Dabashan foreland,the results of this study suggest that oil was generated from the Paleozoic source rocks in the Dabashan area under normal burial thermal conditions before Indosinian tectonics and accumulated to form paleo-reservoirs during Indosinian collision between the North China block and the Yangtz block.The paleo-reservoirs were destroyed during the Yanshanian tectonic movement when the Dabashan foreland was formed.At the same time,oil in the paleo-reservoirs in the Dabashan foreland depression was pyrolyzed to transform to dry gas and the residues became solid bitumen.     

Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary. Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir. According to the concept and theory of “continuous petroleum reservoirs” and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression, it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs. The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint. The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas, while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water. The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultra-high pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source. All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs. The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages, which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones. These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation, self-preserving and self-coverage model. Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale. As the source rocks, Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon. Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs. During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion, natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs. Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances. With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity, natural gas accumulated continuously. Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies. The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal. With low porosity and low permeability, the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity. It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness. Thus, it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression. So, it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.     

川西前陆盆地流体的跨层流动和天然气爆发式成藏

川西前陆盆地是我国西部典型的前陆盆地,也是我国重要的致密砂岩含气区。盆地上三叠统须家河组二段和四段等渗透层中的流体跨过须家河组三段、五段等不渗透层流入侏罗系自流井组、千佛岩组、沙溪庙组、遂宁组和蓬莱镇组等渗透层,即发生了流体的跨层流动。流体的跨层流动一方面使侏罗系砂岩发生了受酸性水控制的次生溶蚀作用,从而改善了侏罗系的储集条件;另一方面为侏罗系形成天然气藏提供了气源条件。盆地天然气成藏具有烟囱效应、早聚晚藏和异常高压等特征。深盆气是天然气早期聚集在川西前陆盆地上三叠统(主要是须二段和须四段)的基本形式,是后期天然气成藏的基础,本文称之为气库区。天然气藏形成是由地壳隆升作用致使早期聚集的气库区决口,引起流体跨层流动,天然气以速度快、规模大和范围窄的形式运移和聚集,本文称之为爆发式成藏。爆发式成藏形成了上三叠统晚期裂缝重组气藏和侏罗系气藏(并非都是次生气藏)两类气藏。早期天然气聚集和定位地区的确定和评价是今后川西前陆盆地天然气勘探的重点和难点。     

中亚地区与中国西部盆地类比及其油气勘探潜力

中国西部盆地和中亚某些含油气盆地在地质背景和石油地质条件等方面有一定的相似性,从盆地结构上看,中亚地区的盆地与中国西部盆地大多为具有不同构造属性的构造阶段,相互叠置的叠合盆地;从烃源岩发育特征来看,中下侏罗统的含煤岩系使中国西部与中亚地区烃源层有较好的可比性。勘探实践证明,无论在中亚还是在中国西部该含煤岩系是最重要的烃源层之一,但中国西部绝大多数盆地广泛发育古生界烃源岩,这无疑大大增强了中国西部盆地的生烃潜力。从储集岩特征来看,中亚地区含油气盆地以发育中—新生界储层为主,而中国西部大部分盆地不仅广泛分布中—新生界储层,具有发育古生界储集层的优势;从资源类型来看,中亚地区以天然气占有绝对优势,而中国西部除天然气外,石油资源也有良好的勘探前景。总的来看,中国西部的油气勘探潜力要优于中亚地区的大多数盆地。     

涟源凹陷流体包裹体特征与天然气成藏

涟源凹陷属于典型的改造型盆地,是湘中坳陷最有利的含油气凹陷之一。应用流体包裹体分析技术,并结合盆地构造演化和圈闭发育史、烃源岩主要生、排烃史,对改造型盆地涟源凹陷主要目的层石炭系储层中流体包裹体特征及气藏形成时间和期次进行了分析。结果表明,研究区存在两种类型流体包裹体,第一类为单一液相或气/液比小于15%的气液两相盐水包裹体,第二类为气液两相含烃盐水包裹体,单一液相包裹体大小一般3~4μm,其它包裹体大小一般1~7μm;流体包裹体特征反映出该区气藏成藏期有两期,即第一期天然气注入时温度120.8~126.2℃,对应成藏时间为早三叠世,第二期天然气注入时温度154.4~169.7℃,对应成藏时间为晚三叠世,其中主要成藏期为晚三叠世。     

川南五峰组-龙马溪组页岩流体活动及压力演化过程

流体活动及压力演化对于页岩气的富集或改造具有重要指示意义.以川南五峰组?龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,基于岩心和显微岩相学观察、流体包裹体分析测试、盆地数值模拟等方法,研究流体活动及压力演化过程.结果表明:川南五峰组?龙马溪组页岩脉体充填的矿物主要为方解石及部分石英,脉体矿物中捕获了丰富的有机包裹体,见到发黄色、蓝色荧光的气...     

右江盆地流体运移过程中成矿与成藏作用

右江盆地裂陷期和坳陷早期的沉积物提供研究区金矿与古油藏的物质与流体。成矿物质与烃类在盆地流体中沿以二叠纪生物礁为核心的断层、浊积岩及不整合面组成的三维输导体系向盆地边缘及二叠纪生物礁的核部运移。由于烃类物质与盐水体系密度的差异，使烃类物质与成矿物质差异聚集于不同的圈闭中形成流体藏。流体矿藏的破坏是导致成矿物质沉淀形成矿床的直接原因。构造活动、风化剥蚀及流体压裂均可导致流体矿藏破坏，其中燕山构造运动是该区流体藏破坏的主要原因，因而亦是该区金矿成矿作用的主要构造营力。本文从盆地流体运移、演化的角度证明，该区古油藏是盆地裂陷与坳陷阶段流体聚集的产物，而矿床则是盆地挤压抬升阶段流体藏破坏、流体散失的结果。研究成果表明，金矿与油气是同一盆地流体在其不同演化阶段的产物，这对在盆地中寻找相同类型的金属矿产意义重大。     

从火山岩勘探到基底勘探

中酸性喷出岩作为石油天然气勘探新的储集层是石油地质学的重要发展。已被勘探的中酸性喷出岩的地质年代从古生代到中生代和新生代。中酸性喷出岩是断陷盆地沉积剖面的重要组成部分,是整个世界石油勘探从沉积层勘探向潜山和基底勘探的过渡阶段。     

The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs

Fluid inclusions can be used to interpret thermal history and petroleum maturation and migration relative to burial history. Temperature, pressure and composition data collected from fluid inclusions are used to determine the environment of diagenesis and the timing of cementation and migration. Cements in petroleum reservoirs contain both oil and aqueous fluid inclusions. Fluorescence spectroscopy is used to identify oil inclusions and to determine the maturity of entrapped oil. The lifetime of fluorescence induced by a pulsed laser is related to the API gravity of entrapped oil. Interpretation of fluid inclusion data depends on knowing the origin of fluid inclusions and the probability that they survive in the burial environment. Those aspects of fluid inclusion study are investigated by synthesizing oil and aqueous inclusions in calcite crystals in laboratory experiments. Examples of how fluid inclusions are used to determine the physico-chemical environments of diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs and the timing of cementation and migration are given for the Wealden Basin, England, the Mishrif Formation, Dubai, the Smackover Formation, Gulf Coast, U.S.A. and Jurassic sandstones, offshore Norway. In the Wealden Basin, temperature data from fluid inclusions are used to determine that oil migration occurred in the Cretaceous and that the reservoir rocks have been uplifted to varying degrees at a time after migration. Distribution of oil inclusions indicates that generation and migration of oil was principally in the western part of the basin. The geochemistry of oil inclusions in calcite cements from the Mishrif Formation, Dubai, are used to determine the type and maturity of entrapped oil. Temperature data from oil and water inclusions are used to relate reservoir diagenesis to burial history and the migration of oil. In deep Smackover reservoirs oil contains H₂S. The origin of the H₂S is examined by study of fluid inclusions containing H₂S. In Jurassic sandstones, offshore Norway, fluid inclusion studies show that silica cementation is related to burial depth whereas a later calcite cementation originated from invasion of a hot fluid.