正断层诱发砂土中群桩基础破坏及避让距离研究

地震中发震断层诱发桩基失效,导致上部结构破坏甚至坍塌,相关破坏机制和避让距离缺乏系统研究。通过离心机试验和数值模拟,针对基岩正断层活动诱发上覆砂土中群桩基础的静力破坏展开研究,考察不同群桩断层相对位置下群桩的破坏特征。试验与计算结果均表明,当群桩跨越断层时,正断层活动使群桩向上盘一侧倾斜,并使基桩弯向上盘一侧。基桩桩顶荷载的重分布进一步使基桩形成受拉和受压两种破坏模式。数值参数分析表明,在不同桩位上,群桩的变形响应可划分为5个特征区域。对于埋深为20.0 m的基岩正断层,群桩在上盘和下盘一侧的安全避让距离分别为23.5 m和15.9 m,其中下盘一侧离开断层7.9 m至上盘一侧离开断层4.1 m的区域需要进行重点避让。     

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。      

断层对顶板稳定性影响相似模拟试验研究

通过相似模拟试验方法分析了不同倾向高角度正断层, 在采动影响下顶板岩体变形破坏和矿压分布规律。结果表明, 在采动影响下断层“活化”,断层带及其影响范围内的岩体破碎, 表现为周期断裂步距小, 冒落带高, 尤其是断层下盘, 顶板稳定性差; 当工作面开采到离断层面22.5~ 30 m时, 直到断层位置的前方煤体中支承压力增大, 煤体被压碎, 且随着距断层面距离的缩小, 支承压力的峰值位置向工作面前方转移; 通过断层后, 顶板岩体中支承压力减小, 比无断层存在的情况要低。      

断层作用下深部开采诱发冲击地压相似试验研究

以典型断层型冲击地压矿井为例,采用相似材料模拟试验方法,基于覆岩空间结构失稳与断层活化耦合致灾原理,分析了巨型逆冲断层下盘煤层开采采场覆岩运动过程、工作面倾向支承压力及断层面的应力变化规律,研究了巨型逆冲断层影响下巨厚坚硬顶板易冲击煤层冲击地压显现特征。试验结果表明：煤层开采诱发巨型逆冲断层冲击灾变过程分为3阶段：第1阶段,受煤层采动影响,上覆岩层发生空间运动,煤体中形成明显高应力集中区;第2阶段,覆岩多层空间结构演化诱发断层活化,断层活化导致空间结构外部岩体回转,给空间结构施加外部载荷,造成空间结构失稳加剧,煤岩体的应力激增,影响范围扩大;第3阶段,断层滑移释放能量,提供动载荷。根据应力监测数据变化规律,划分了逆冲断层的明显影响区域,研究结果为断层影响下煤层开采的防冲策略与设计提供可靠依据。     

陡倾结构金属矿山采空区围岩破坏机制研究

在地下金属矿山开采中会造成采空区围岩变形破坏,影响地下采矿安全。采用现场调查、位移监测、微震监测,并结合理论分析等方法对金山店东区地下采空区的围岩破坏机制进行研究。考虑水平构造应力和崩落岩体的影响,基于极限平衡理论和能量法分别得到上下盘采空区围岩破坏机制,即倾倒滑移破坏和溃曲滑移破坏。上盘和下盘围岩在陡倾结构面的切割作用下,分别形成反倾结构和顺倾结构。在水平构造应力作用下,上盘陡倾结构岩体向采空区侧发生倾倒破坏,岩体变形破坏进而导致F4断层活化。随着采矿的深入,破坏的岩体数量和范围不断增加,形成一个深部滑动面,并穿过F4断层。下盘采空区围岩在水平构造应力作用下诱发了矿体边界处F1断层滑移,同时引起顺倾结构岩柱发生溃曲-滑移破坏,沿着节理面形成滑动面。     

采动诱发断层活化导水试验研究

华北地区深部开采矿井,高地应力作用下煤层采动诱发断层活化引起的承压水突涌是矿井水害的主要形式之一,借助相似材料模拟试验台,通过自主设计的试验装置和试验方法,以五沟煤矿F13断层为工程背景,研究承压水上煤层开采的覆岩运动破坏形态、底板裂隙发育扩展特征、断层带应力和结构演化规律,再现断层活化导水全过程。以工作面距断层带的距离为时间参照,采动诱发断层活化导水存在4个明显阶段:断层带应力超限屈服、断层带拉裂延展、两盘错动滑移、承压水导升。以承压水沿断层带的导升高度为基准,寻找承压水导升高度的相关性因素:工作面距断层带的距离与导升高度近似呈负线性关系;水压力、断层带宽度与导升高度具有正相关性,试验过程中水压力与导升高度的相关性呈现强-弱-强的变化趋势;根据试验结果和规律设计断层防水煤柱宽度为40 m,现场观察未出现明显突漏水现象、效果良好。研究成果对于揭示断层活化突水机制、指导矿井防治水具有一定的意义。     

地裂缝活动对土体应力与变形影响的试验研究

通过进行西安典型地层环境下地裂缝活动的大型模型试验,研究了隐伏地裂缝活动引起附近土体应力与变形的规律。试验表明,地裂缝活动在上盘土体中产生负的附加应力,引起土体应力降低,而在下盘土体中产生正的附加应力,引起土体应力增强,且距离地裂缝越远由地裂缝活动引起的附加应力越小。地裂缝活动导致其两侧土体发生台阶状位移突变现象,随着地层由深至浅,土体变形范围明显增大,且影响区范围上盘大于下盘。地裂缝活动引起附近土体应力的分布在空间上大致分为4个区域即下盘原始应力区、应力增强区、应力降低区和上盘原始应力区,其中应力降低区范围约为应力增强区的1.5～2倍。同时,地裂缝附近土体沉降变形也可分为3个带,即下盘稳定带、差异沉降过渡带和上盘稳定带,其中上盘差异沉降带范围约为下盘沉降差异带的2倍。     

基于流固耦合的断层活化导水数值模拟研究

运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,建立了包括断层影响带及断层破碎带的断层活化模型,以此开展安徽某井田SF15断层活化研究。通过对模拟过程中监测点数据统计分析,探究了SF15断层影响带、断层破碎带与断层上下盘位移、水压变化规律,并结合太原组灰岩含水层水压变化规律,明确了SF15断层活化机制。研究表明:随着工作面不断推进,断层上下盘位移、水压及位移差、水压差变化幅度均较小,受采动影响不明显。断层破碎带和断层影响带水压变化范围为0～0.89 Mpa,远小于太灰水初始水压,表明断层内水不是由断层导入;太灰水一直向顶部岩层导升,但没有发育到SF15断层,即采动影响下SF15断层没有活化。该结果对指导矿山安全生产提供了重要的参考依据。     

煤柱挖潜影响下断层活化FLAC3D数值模拟研究

为研究断层防水煤柱挖潜对断层的影响,分析断层活化的危险性,应用FLAC3D数值模拟分析软件,以荆各庄矿1196F工作面开采挖潜F3断层防水煤柱为原型,对煤柱挖潜影响下F3断层活化进行了数值模拟分析。研究表明:F3断层防水煤柱的挖潜,打破了原有的应力平衡,在一定程度上影响了断层带内的应力分布,致使断层上下盘的应力增量和位移显著不同,并在工作面斜上方断层带内产生了剪应力变形增量集中,该位置最易引发断层活化,但由于F3断层挖潜后还剩60m宽度,煤柱挖潜对F3断层的影响是局部的,没有引起断层带内物质产生剪切破坏,F3断层没有产生活化。该结论得到了物探和钻探成果的验证。     

深部高应力软岩动压巷道加固技术研究

为解决深部软岩高应力动压巷道维护的技术难题,针对孔庄矿-620软岩大巷处高应力区、受上方7335水采工作面、8331综采工作面采动以及断层影响的特征,分析其破坏状况和因素,模拟研究了采动影响前后大巷变形规律,掌握大巷应力状态变化规律及影响区域,提出大巷加固思想,优化加固方案,确定了合理加固参数。研究成果表明,采用锚网索喷+锚注联合支护技术,利用新型专利注浆锚杆,对大巷周围2 m范围注浆,能够有效控制大巷变形。进行井下工业性试验,通过注浆前后围岩力学性质对比、实摄及矿压观测手段检测,结果表明-620大巷变形破坏得到了有效的控制。     

正断层上盘煤与瓦斯突出特征与地应力场控制机理

断层带是煤与瓦斯突出发生的主要地质单元.大量煤与瓦斯突出案例统计显示,对于正断层,发生在上盘的突出次数和强度明显大于下盘,但造成这一现象的地质机理研究不多,特别是正断层上盘的地应力场在采动前后的变化规律及其对突出发生的控制机理尚未完全揭示.基于此,以河南焦作矿区中马村煤矿DF4正断层为地质模型,应用FLAC3D软件,模...     

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake’s Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.     

骊山山前断裂对西安地铁临潼线隧道的影响研究

以西安地铁临潼线穿越骊山山前断裂为研究背景,采用数值模拟方法,通过建立地铁隧道-断裂-地层三维有限元模型,研究了骊山山前断裂错动作用下隧道结构的变形受力特征,以此揭示了骊山山前断裂错动作用对西安地铁临潼线的影响机制以及重点设防位置,确定了地铁临潼线的设防范围,提出了相应防治建议措施。研究结果表明:断裂错动作用造成地铁隧道沿纵向发生弯曲变形,大致可分为3个变形区域:下盘稳定区、剪切拉张区和整体沉降区。断裂附近地层竖向应力和隧道拱底接触压力均表现为上盘减小而下盘增大,而隧道拱顶接触压力在上盘增大下盘减小。同时,沿纵向隧道顶部结构在上盘受压而下盘受拉,底部结构受力刚好相反,在上盘受拉下盘受压;隧道受剪区范围随断裂位错量变化基本保持不变,且最大值均出现在与断裂相交位置处。最后,综合确定了西安地铁临潼线跨越骊山山前断裂的纵向设防长度至少为80 m,并给出了跨断裂西安地铁临潼线的防治措施。研究结果可为西安地铁临潼线跨越骊山山前断裂带设计及其病害防治提供科学参考。     

2008年汶川地震(Ms8.0)非对称同震破碎带的确定:来自WFSD-1随钻流体的证据

地震过程中相当可观的一部分能量消耗于裂隙的活化与形成,来自汶川地震断裂带科学钻探一号孔(WFSD-1)的随钻流体表明,地震新形成的裂隙对应有较强的流体异常,它们为流体的入侵提供了良好的通道。随钻流体呈非对称性分布于主滑移面的两侧,主要的流体异常带集中在主滑移带下方须家河组顶部120 m范围内,该带中气体的含量以及变动的频率明显高于上部相同的宽度范围以及下部沉积岩层,来自地球物理测井的资料同样显示这一带破碎严重并伴随有大量水的侵入,暗示汶川地震形成的裂隙具有非对称性分布的特征。这一特征可能同时受控于断裂上盘彭灌杂岩与下盘须家河组岩层的力学性质差异以及地震破裂过程中形成的非对称性应力分布。     

Reverse drag revisited: Why footwall deformation may be the key to inferring listric fault geometry

Although reverse drag, the down warping of hanging wall strata toward a normal fault, is widely accepted as an indicator of listric fault geometry, previous studies have shown that similar folding may form in response to slip on faults of finite vertical extent with listric or planar geometry. In this study we therefore seek more general criteria for inferring subsurface fault geometry from observations of near-surface deformation by directly comparing patterns of displacement, stress, and strain around planar and listric faults, as predicted by elastic boundary element models. In agreement with previous work, we find that models with finite planar, planar-detached, and listric-detached faults all develop hanging wall reverse-drag folds. All of these model geometries also predict a region of tension and elevated maximum Coulomb stress in the hanging wall suggesting that the distribution and orientation of near-surface joints and secondary faults may also be of limited utility in predicting subsurface fault geometry. The most notable difference between the three models, however, is the magnitude of footwall uplift. Footwall uplift decreases slightly with introduction of a detachment and more significantly with the addition of a listric fault shape. A parametric investigation of faults with constant slip ranging from nearly planar to strongly listric over depths from 1 to 15 km reveals that footwall fold width is sensitive to fault geometry while hanging wall fold width largely reflects fault depth. Application of a graphical approach based on these results as well as more complete inverse modeling illustrates how patterns of combined hanging wall and footwall deformation may be used to constrain subsurface fault geometry.     

Propagation of normal faults to the surface in basalt, Koae fault system, Hawaii

Normal fault scarps of the Koae fault system on Kilauea volcano consistently display locally breached monoclines underlain by prominent cavities, deep gaping fissures on the footwall, finer fissures on the hanging wall, and buckles at the scarp base. Elastic analyses reveal that this assemblage forms as a fault propagates up towards the surface rather than down from it. Models of a planar blind normal fault with a dip exceeding 60° yield a monocline with a tensile stress concentration at the surface where gaping fissures occur, a stronger subsurface tensile stress concentration near the blind fault tip, where cavities occur, and a compressive stress concentration at the surface where buckles occur. The footwall fissures grow down from the tensile stress concentration at the surface and link with a fault as its scarp grows. In contrast, the cavities initiate at depth near the fault tip and propagate with it up towards the surface. The hanging wall fissures apparently open in response to slip on late-forming blind antithetic faults near the surface. Stoped blocks derived from footwall fissure walls help prop the footwall fissures open as a normal fault breaches the surface. The fissures, cavities, and scarp rubble provide highly conductive hydraulic pathways.     

地下采矿引起的程潮铁矿东区地表变形规律研究

金属矿山由于其矿体形态多变、地质条件复杂、多非充分采动、开采方法多样、构造应力显著及结构效应明显等特点,难以把握由地下采矿引起的地表变形和岩体的破坏形式。以程潮铁矿东区为例,依据近年（2010年3月至2015年9月）的地表变形实测数据,绘制出相应的监测成果图。结合三维激光扫描等新技术再现地表变形三维盆地,探究了地下开采影响下的地表变形规律和机制。对矿区上下盘地表变形规律等进行了比较分析,结果表明：程潮铁矿东区在采矿初期发生筒状冒落;变形传递到地表后,在采空区正上方形成大小不等的漏斗状塌坑群。上盘地表变形扩展与采矿推进度有较好的对应关系;水平应力是岩体变形的主动力,应力不断释放影响着地表变形特征。结构面倾向改变了上、下盘岩体的破坏形式,减缓和加速了上下盘岩体的破坏。同时,在坡体形态的影响下,地表变形在下坡方向总变形量增大和垂直变形增量更大。