粗粒土的破碎耗能计算及影响因素

粗粒土的颗粒破碎直接改变了土体本身结构,对粗粒土的剪胀和内摩擦角都会产生影响。在土体剪切过程中,体积应力和剪切应力在体积应变和剪切应变上做功,这部分能量在剪切过程中转化为颗粒的弹性储能、颗粒间的摩擦耗能、颗粒剪胀时对外做功和颗粒破碎耗能4部分。准确计算剪切过程中粗粒土破碎耗能的目的是：从能量角度分析颗粒破碎对土体本构关系的影响,为建立考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构关系创造条件。通过分析粗粒土的常规三轴试验数据,计算得到了剪切过程中的粗粒土破碎耗能。计算结果表明,常规三轴试验条件下粗粒土破碎耗能主要受固结应力、土体摩擦系数M等因素的影响。     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土本构模型

颗粒破碎直接改变了粗粒土本身结构,对粗粒土的剪胀、内摩擦角、峰值强度、渗透系数都会产生影响。为了能够准确地描述粗粒土的应力-应变关系,特别是高应力条件下出现显著颗粒破碎时的应力-应变关系,亟待建立考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。根据三轴试验数据,建立考虑颗粒破碎耗能的应力-应变关系,采用相关联流动法则导出考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。所建立的本构模型考虑了颗粒破碎对粗粒土剪胀、内摩擦角的影响。通过变异粒子群优化算法确定模型参数,拟合试验曲线。模型计算结果与试验曲线拟合较好,能够很好地描述粗粒土在不同围压下的体积剪胀、剪缩和应力硬化、软化现象。     

考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土剪胀性统一本构模型

粗粒土作为无黏性散粒状材料具有状态依赖特性,土体的剪切特性受密度和应力水平影响。易破碎是粗粒土的另一个特点,颗粒破碎影响粗粒土的剪胀、内摩擦角、峰值强度和渗透系数。为了能够准确地描述粗粒土的应力-应变关系,采用初始状态参量描述粗粒土的内部状态,根据三轴试验数据建立考虑颗粒破碎耗能的应力-应变关系,采用相关联流动法则推导考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土剪胀性“统一本构模型”,并建立初始状态参量与模型参数之间的关系。所建立的统一本构模型既考虑了颗粒破碎对剪胀、内摩擦角的影响,又考虑了剪切特性对土体初始状态的依赖。采用变异粒子群算法拟合试验曲线,确定模型参数。模型计算结果能够很好地拟合试验曲线。采用同一组参数对假定的初始状态进行模拟计算,计算结果表明,模型能够模拟不同初始密度和应力水平下粗粒土变形的一般规律。     

堆石料的剪胀特性与广义塑性本构模型

以三轴试验成果为基础,考虑颗粒破碎引起堆石料剪胀比与应力比之间的非线性关系,提出了能够反映堆石料低围压剪胀、高围压剪缩特性的剪胀方程。在广义塑性理论框架内构造堆石料的塑性流动方向向量和加载方向向量,引入依赖于密实度与平均应力的压缩参数,构造随平均应力、剪应力比和密实度变化的塑性模量,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型。阐述了该模型10个参数的确定方法,并通过模拟不同围压和不同应力路径下堆石料的三轴压缩试验资料验证了模型与参数的合理性。     

粗粒土与结构接触面的可逆性与不可逆性剪胀规律

进行了粗粒土与结构接触面的单调和往返剪切试验,研究了接触面的剪胀特性。试验结果表明,接触面的剪胀体应变是由一个完全可逆性的体应变分量和一个不可逆性的体应变分量构成的。不可逆性剪胀体应变反映了接触面内的土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化,其变化规律与接触面的应力相对位移关系的演化规律具有相似性,是接触面力学特性演化的一个重要量度。可逆性剪胀体应变存在相变点,并表现出明显的剪切异向性,该异向性的主要内因是由于剪切引起的结构面附近土的结构异向性。基于接触面受力变形机理分析,引入有效剪应变等概念,建立了剪胀方程。     

紫坪铺面板坝堆石料颗粒破碎试验研究

采用大型三轴仪对紫坪铺面板坝堆石料进行了单调和循环荷载下的固结排水剪切试验,研究了不同孔隙比情况下颗粒破碎及剪胀的变化规律。试验表明：（1）单调和循环荷载条件下,堆石料颗粒破碎率与塑性功之间存在一致的双曲线关系;（2）峰值应力处剪胀率与颗粒破碎率在半对数坐标中呈近似线性关系;（3）峰值应力处主应力比与相应的剪胀率呈近似线性关系,且上述结果受初始孔隙比的影响不大。研究成果有助于进一步了解堆石料的颗粒破碎特点,对建立复杂应力条件下考虑颗粒破碎和状态相关性的弹塑性本构模型,分析紫坪铺面板堆石坝汶川地震破损机制是十分有益的。     

考虑颗粒破碎的冻结砂土非线性本构模型研究

颗粒破碎是粒状材料在高应力状态下的一种基本现象。为了研究冻结砂土中颗粒破碎对应力应变关系的影响,将冻结砂土视为复合颗粒材料,忽略冰的压融,考虑内摩擦角随应力状态的变化,构建一个适用于冻结砂土的考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型。构建过程分为三步,首先是基于三轴剪切前后颗粒分析对冻结砂土颗粒破碎模式和产生机理进行探讨;其次是基于考虑颗粒破碎的能量平衡方程,对冻土在三轴剪切试验过程中的颗粒破碎耗能进行分析,结果表明颗粒破碎耗能随轴向应变呈双曲线变化趋势;最后应用考虑颗粒破碎的剪胀方程修正沈珠江三参数非线性模型中的体积切线模量ν_t,得到一个考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型,模型参数可以通过单轴压缩试验和常规三轴试验确定。将原模型和修正后模型的计算结果与控制温度为-6℃,围压为1 MPa、4 MPa、6 MPa、8 MPa和10 MPa时冻结砂土的试验结果进行对比,结果表明该模型能够较好的模拟冻结砂土从低围压到高围压的应变软化特征与剪胀特征。      

基于颗粒破碎的粗粒土剪切强度的模拟分析

颗粒破碎在岩土工程领域是很常见的现象,土工试验中无法显示颗粒破碎过程及其影响,本文采用离散单元软件PFC2D模拟了考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土的直剪试验,给出了考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土直剪试验的模拟方法,分析粗粒土的剪应力-剪切位移关系、剪胀和剪切强度等宏观力学行为,探讨基本颗粒间黏聚力、单颗粒孔隙率和粗粒土试样的孔隙率对剪切强度的影响。结果表明:颗粒破碎对剪切强度的破碎准则有影响,颗粒不破碎试样的剪切强度符合Mohr-Coulomb准则;颗粒破碎试样的强度包络线是幂函数关系。     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土本构关系

粗粒土在较大的应力条件下容易产生颗粒破碎现象,而现有的大多数模型都没有考虑剪切过程中的颗粒破碎。模型将塑性功引入土体受力变形过程的能量方程中,推导得到土体流动法则。采用直线型屈服轨迹和非相关联流动法则,利用不排水应力路径计算得到硬化函数,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。对比分析表明：该模型对粗粒土在各种围压下的应力-应变和体应变计算结果与试验曲线吻合较好。     

基于大三轴试验的粗粒土剪胀性研究

采用大三轴剪切仪对3种不同相对密度的双江口心墙坝覆盖层料进行固结排水剪切试验,重点研究粗粒土的剪胀特性,分析粗粒土的剪胀性与围压、相对密度之间的关系,并检验修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程、Rowe剪胀方程对粗粒土的适用性。结果表明,粗粒土在低围压下表现出明显的剪胀趋势,随着围压的增加,逐渐由剪胀向剪缩过渡;随着密度的增大,粗粒土的剪胀性明显增强;相变应力比是粗粒土剪胀强弱的一个重要影响因素,其随密度的增加而增加,随围压的增大则呈线性减小趋势;粗粒土的剪胀性与相对密度、围压关系密切,根据试验数据得出最大剪胀率 与相对密度 、围压 之间的关系式;修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程不能反映粗粒土的剪胀性;Rowe剪胀方程在一定程度上能反映粗粒土的剪胀性,但高围压下在压缩阶段低估了其压缩性,而在剪胀阶段则高估了其剪胀性。     

An elastoplastic constitutive model for rockfills incorporating energy dissipation of nonlinear friction and particle breakage

A new elastoplastic model is developed for rockfills within the general critical state framework incorporating the state parameter. Two state functions are proposed to characterize the evolution of volume dilation and strain softening of rockfills, and a modified breakage index based on the concept of Hardin's relative breakage is defined to describe the progressive crushing of rockfills. The nonassociated plastic flow rule is derived from a state dependent dilatancy equation, and it incorporates energy dissipation due to intrinsic nonlinear friction and particle breakage upon shearing. Thus, their couple effect on the plastic deviatoric and volumetric deformation of rockfills is taken into account in the current model. The numerical analyses are carried out for a series of drained triaxial tests on the modeled rockfills at various consolidation pressures and stress paths. The volume dilation/contraction and strain softening/hardening of rockfills are accurately predicted by the proposed model, and the particle breakage and nonlinear critical state shear strength of rockfills are also well captured. The research findings indicate that the current model is applicable to represent the complex stress–strain–volume change behavior of rockfills in general. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bounding surface plasticity model for stress-strain and grain-crushing behaviors of rockfill materials

Crushing of grains can greatly influence the strength,dilatancy,and stress-strain relationship of rockfill materials.The critical state line(CSL)in the void ratio versus mean effective stress plane was extended to the breakage critical state plane(BCSP).A state void-ratio-pressure index that incorporated the effect of grain crushing was proposed according to the BCSP.Rowe’s stress-dilatancy equation was modified by adding the breakage voidratio-pressure index,which was also incorporated into the formulations of the bounding stress ratio and plastic modulus.A BCSP-based bounding surface plasticity model was proposed to describe the state-dependent stressstrain behaviors and the evolution of grain crushing during shearing process of rockfill materials,and was shown to sufficiently capture the breakage phenomenon.     

Constitutive description of interface behavior including cyclic loading and particle breakage within the framework of critical state soil mechanics

The cyclic behavior of soil–structure interface can be very important in dynamic problems. The cyclic behavior of soil–structure interface may be nonlinear, which includes hysteresis, hardening, degradation, and particle breakage. The breakage of granular soil particles during shearing of granular soil–structure interface is associated with cyclic degradation and can be critical to the dynamic behavior of soil–structure system. The critical state soil mechanics concept formerly used to simulate the nonlinear monotonic behavior of granular soil–structure interface was modified and extended to describe the cyclic behavior, especially soil‐particle breakage and degradation during cyclic shearing. Soil‐particle breakage was assumed to relate to the energy consumption during cyclic shearing and the critical state line of the soil–structure interface was assumed to translate with the consumption of shearing energy during cyclic shearing as the threshold value is attained. The model was formulated in the framework of generalized plasticity and is capable of describing the salient features of granular soil–structure interface under cyclic loading. Most of the model parameters have straightforward physical meanings and are calibrated using monotonic or cyclic interface test results. The proposed model was calibrated and validated against published test results. The dependency of interface behavior on stress path and cyclic degradation can be successfully described by the proposed model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testing and modeling of the state-dependent behaviors of rockfill material

Dense Tacheng rockfill material (TRM) exhibits strain softening and dilation during drained triaxial tests, and therefore, an adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation was proposed for TRM. This equation incorporates an internal state index related to the density and pressure, as well as the coefficient of particle breakage and rotation. The adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation indicates that the relationship between stress and dilatancy is not constant, but varies with density and pressure. This result is in agreement with TRM test data. A state-dependent model was established for TRM using generalized plasticity theory combined with the adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation. The model includes twelve constants calibrated using TRM test data from Group A, and this model was used to predict the strain softening and dilatancy behaviors of dense TRM. Furthermore, the model predictions were validated using test data from Group B. In summary, the model accurately represented the stress–strain and dilatancy behaviors of TRM over a wide range of densities and pressures.     

粗粒料强度和变形的大型三轴试验研究

通过大型三轴试验,对高低围压下粗粒料的应力应变特性、抗剪强度、内摩擦角和颗粒破碎特性进行了对比分析,并探讨了不同泥岩含量对堆石坝料强度的影响。结果表明：中高围压下粗粒料表现出应变硬化特性和剪缩,强度包线和不同围压下的最大主应力比与剪胀率的关系近似为线性,而低围压下主要表现为应变软化和剪胀,抗剪强度包线等表现为非线性。随着围压的增加,主应力比降低、颗粒破碎率增大、内摩擦角减小。泥岩含量的增加使颗粒表面的摩擦阻力与粒间的咬合力减弱,导致抗剪强度降低。