ABSS的研制及其观测水中悬沙含量的实验研究

为了声遥测浅海海底边界层上悬浮泥沙含量及其垂直分布，研制了声反向散射系统作为实验样机，介绍了该系统的设计原理及水中悬沙含量与其反向散射关系的实验研究。并分析了实验结果。     

全自动水下光散射仪的研制

海水对光的散射是比较复杂的,这是因为不仅海水本身对光产生散射,其中悬浮的粒子也引起散射。海水本身散射较有规律性,变化也不大,但各种粒子的散射规律复杂,且随粒子性质、大小、数量的不同而有很大变化。由于各海区的海水成分不同,所含有的悬浮粒子的组成、大小、浓度不同,并且随着时间而变化,因此海水对光的散射是随海区和时间而变化的。敌有必要对各海区的光散射特性作调查测量。     

全自动水下光散射仪的研制

海水对光的散射是比较复杂的，这是因为不仅海水本身对光产生散射，其中悬浮的粒子也引起散射．海水本身散射较有规律性，变化也不大，但各种粒子的散射规律复杂，且随粒子性质、大小、数量的不同而有很大变化。由于各海区的海水成分不同，所含有的悬浮粒子的组成、大小、浓度不同．并且随着时间而变化，因此海水对光的散射是随海区和时间而变化的。故有必要对各海区的光散射特性作调查测量．     

南黄海砂质海底反向声散射测量（6-24 kHz）

在南黄海某一典型的砂质海底区域，采用全向性声源和全向性接收水听器开展了频率范围为6-24 kHz的海底反向声散射测量。测量结果表明，在避免海面散射干扰并满足远场条件的情况下，本次实验获得了掠射角范围为18~80°的海底反向声散射强度，其数值为-41.1~24.4 dB。在有效掠射角范围内，声散射强度总体上随掠射角的增大呈现出增大趋势，但对于不同的频率，其变化趋势有所不同，反映出不同的散射机理。在20°、40°和60°掠射角处，在6-24 kHz的频率范围内反向声散射强度总体上呈现出正相关的频率依赖性，其线性相关斜率分别为0.2229 dB/kHz、0.5130 dB/kHz、0.1746 dB/kHz。在最大掠射角80°处，反向声散射强度未呈现出明显的频率相关性。     

ADCP对悬浮沉积物浓度的测量及其误差分析研究

为实时、连续地测量海水中悬浮沉积物,利用声学多普勒海流剖面仪(ADCP),可以在测流的同时,测量海洋悬浮沉积物浓度。描述了利用后散射强度,估计悬浮沉积物浓度的原理。在现场测试中,利用采水器采集水样,通过水样分析并结合声信号的衰减特征对AI)CP的测量结果进行修正。作者还结合现场测试结果,对这一测量方法的精度进行了分析。现场实验表明,经公式校正后,ADCP测得的后散射强度与实测水样所获得的悬浮沉积物浓度之间有很好的相关性,相关系数达0．88,由此证明,此测量方法具有很好的实用价值和应用前景。     

夏季加拿大海盆海冰边缘区声体积后向散射强度研究

声信号的体积后向散射强度是声传播过程中一个关键的参数。海冰边缘区的声体积后向散射强度研究对深入认识北极声场环境有着十分重要的意义。本文利用中国第六次北极科学考察获取的数据资料研究了海冰边缘区声体积后向散射强度特性。结果表明:加拿大海盆海冰边缘区是声体积后向散射强度的明显过渡区。无冰海面(海冰密集度小于15%)海洋深层水的声体积后向散射强度明显大于密集海冰区域的海水(海冰密集度大于50%)。讨论了声体积后向散射强度与海冰融化之间的关系,造成融冰区声体积后向散射强度增大的原因是水下悬浮泥沙、浮游生物等悬浮物质增加。根据海冰密集海域的海水后向散射强度弱的特点,对北极下放式声学多普勒测流仪(LADCP)观测的设置提出建议。     

水下激光散射仪的研制

一、前言海洋光学发展至今已经成为一个范围广泛、具有巨大潜力的重要学科。光在水中的传输特性,始终是人们感兴趣的课题。散射和吸收是决定光在海水中传播的基本过程。海水对光的散射是比较复杂的,这是由于海水中悬浮粒子的大小范围很广,粒子的散射特性是与粒子的大小相对于光的波长之比有关,同时海水对光的散射还与粒子的性质和数量有关。此外,它们又随着时间而变化,并受制于水文要素。因此,必须对光散射作比较详细地研究,并对各海区的光散射特性作现场调查。海水光散射的测量对水下照相、水下电视、水下伪装、水下照明工程、水下捕捞、遥感沿岸水深和水色、海水表     

胶州湾悬浮体的粒径分布与光的散射

散射和吸收是决定光在海水中传播的基本过程,散射是指由于个别光子的方向改变(无任何其它变化)而引起的任一随机过程,这一过程引起光分布的复杂变化.海水中的散射有二个截然不同的情况,即由水本身产生的散射和由悬浮体所引起的散射.海水应该看成是由具有吸收本领的、随机取向的、不规则粒子组成的复杂的色散系统.海水中悬浮体的粒径大小很不一致,而且其性质和浓度具有较大的可变性.散射研究中的重要因素是体积散射函数,它是用散射角度的函数来表示散射率的,     

用286微机实现对声散射信号的采集和处理

1 概述在水声技术应用中,经常碰到利用测量目标的散射信号强度来判别目标的特性和参数。例如研究深海散射边界层,倾废扩散,悬浮沉积物的运迁和分布规律等等,都涉及到将声散射信号进行采集、存贮和回放处理,从而可以作出不同深度,不同时间或地点下信号的变化曲线,进一步研究其分布规律,使得研究工作更加直观、快速,并可以提供用户各种最终有用的图表或曲线。一般来讲,要求的技术性能如下:(1)能反映出记录的时间、地点。(2)对原始信号的存贮,并能按一定深度取样和平均。     

南海深水散射层的实验研究

1983年10月,作者在南海首次进行了深水散射层的实验。这项实验是采用遥测的方法进行的,实验时分别在两种深度上投放定深信号弹,同时在这两个深度上用无方向性水听器接收混响信号。本文对现场实测的体积混响信号进行了计算,求得了该海区深水散射层的层深、层厚、层强度以及平均反向体积散射系数,由此估计出该海区的散射层是由尺寸为几厘米的有鳔鱼群体构成。     

基于子波分析的悬浮物散射信号特征提取实验研究

概述了应用子波分析对悬浮物测量中的声散射信号进行特征提取的方法 ,并对声散射信号识别的研究进行了探讨。对实测数据的实验取得了较好的结果     

A general purpose autonomous transmitter and receiver system forunderwater acoustic experiments

A versatile multifrequency, multi-purpose acoustic transmitter and receiver system has been developed and used to measure low frequency acoustic backscatter from the ocean surface. The instrumentation is general purpose in that all signal and sample parameters are selected by software and a variety of transmission, scattering and reverberation experiments are possible without hardware modification. The system is battery-powered and self-contained for remote and unattended operation for periods of months, depending upon the experimental parameters that affect power and tape consumption. The main features of the system are: a high-powered broadband set of acoustic sources-with center frequencies of 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz, programmable output signal types, a 64-element vertical hydrophone array, fifty gigabytes of data storage capacity, dynamically-tuneable band pass filters and variable sampling rates, high power microprocessors for in situ signal processing and independent subsystems for recording mooring depth and inclination. The system has been used in surface backscattering experiments at sea and results that demonstrate the capability of the system are presented and discussed     

Analysis of simrad EM12 multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter data for seafloor mapping,exemplified at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45° N

The EM12 multibeam echosounder can record acoustic backscatter information as well as high resolution bathymetry. The dataset presented, from the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45° N, was the first EM12 survey of a mid-ocean ridge. This paper presents methods for utilising the backscatter information. Data processing enables the production of a mosaic of acoustic backscatter, and visualisation techniques are investigated to provide initial qualitative views of the combined backscatter and bathymetry datasets. The co-registration of the backscatter and bathymetry data enables quantitative analysis of their relationships. Various sites of different geological type have been selected and their angular acoustic backscattering relationships estimated, including the effect on backscatter of incidence angle, its regional variability with bottom type and the influence of bottom slope. Incidence angles and bottom type are shown to affect backscatter to a similar degree, while slopes appear to contribute little. The geometry of hull-mounted systems, such as the EM12, is significantly different from that of conventional sidescan sonars, such as GLORIA, and the backscatter images from the two types differ in various respects. Because of the wide variations in incidence angle that are common with hull-mounted systems, and the importance of incidence angle in determining backscatter strength, it is vital to consider the effect of incidence angle during interpretation.     

Spatial diversity processing for underwater acoustic telemetry

A large increase in the reliability of shipboard or stationary underwater acoustic telemetry systems is achievable by using spatially distributed receivers with aperture sizes from 0.35 to 20 m. Output from each receiver is assigned a quality measure based on the estimated error rate, and the data, weighted by the quality measure, are combined and decoded. The quality measure is derived from a Viterbi error-correction decoder operating on each receiver and is shown to perform reliability in a variety of non-Gaussian noise and jamming environments and reduce to the traditional optimal diversity system in a Gaussian environment. The dynamics of the quality estimator allow operation in the presence of high-power impulsive interference by exploiting the signal and noise differential travel times to individual sensors. The spatial coherence structure of the shallow water acoustic channel shows relatively low signal coherence at separations as short as 0.35 m. Increasing receiver spacing beyond 5 m offers additional benefits in the presence of impulsive noise and larger-scale inhomogeneities in the acoustic field. A number of data transmission experiments were carried out to demonstrate system performance in realistic underwater environments     

Seafloor acoustic remote sensing with multibeam echo-sounders and bathymetric sidescan sonar systems

This paper examines the potential for remote classification of seafloor terrains using a combination of quantitative acoustic backscatter measurements and high resolution bathymetry derived from two classes of sonar systems currently used by the marine research community: multibeam echo-sounders and bathymetric sidescans sonar systems. The high-resolution bathymetry is important, not only to determine the topography of the area surveyed, but to provide accurate bottom slope corrections needed to convert the arrival angles of the seafloor echoes received by the sonars into true angles of incidence. An angular dependence of seafloor acoustic backscatter can then be derived for each region surveyed, making it possible to construct maps of acoustic backscattering strength in geographic coordinates over the areas of interest. Such maps, when combined with the high-resolution bathymetric maps normally compiled from the data output by the above sonar systems, could be very effective tools to quantify bottom types on a regional basis, and to develop automatic seafloor classification routines.     

Waterfall notch-filtering for restoration of acoustic backscatter records from Admiralty Bay,Antarctica

A series of multibeam sonar surveys were conducted from 2009 to 2013 around Admiralty Bay, Shetland Islands, Antarctica. These surveys provided a detailed bathymetric model that helped understand and characterize the bottom geology of this remote area. Unfortunately, the acoustic backscatter records registered during these bathymetric surveys were heavily contaminated with noise and motion artifacts. These artifacts persisted in the backscatter records despite the fact that the proper acquisition geometry and the necessary offsets and delays were applied during the survey and in post-processing. These noisy backscatter records were very difficult to interpret and to correlate with gravity-core samples acquired in the same area. In order to address this issue, a directional notch-filter was applied to the backscatter waterfall in the along-track direction. The proposed filter provided better estimates for the backscatter strength of each sample by considerably reducing residual motion artifacts. The restoration of individual samples was possible since the waterfall frame of reference preserves the acquisition geometry. Then, a remote seafloor characterization procedure based on an acoustic model inversion was applied to the restored backscatter samples, generating remote estimates of acoustic impedance. These remote estimates were compared to Multi Sensor Core Logger measurements of acoustic impedance obtained from gravity core samples. The remote estimates and the Core Logger measurements of acoustic impedance were comparable when the shallow seafloor was homogeneous. The proposed waterfall notch-filtering approach can be applied to any sonar record, provided that we know the system ping-rate and sampling frequency.     

Analysis of acoustic backscatter in the vicinity of the Dry Tortugas

 Experimental measurements of the bottom backscattering strength from carbonate sediments were made with a 200-kHz multibeam sonar mounted on a remotely operated vehicle. Results were obtained from eight different sites, which may be grouped into three categories, labeled soft, medium and hard, according to measured sediment sound speed. Sediment samples were gathered at or near each site to help interpret the acoustic results. The acoustic results are compared with extant published data and with the BOGGART bottom backscatter model. Backscattering strength values measured in the soft and medium sites fell within the main cluster of previously published values from sediments of similar grain sizes. The values from the hard region fell close to the upper limit. Dependence of the apparent backscattering strength on sonar height above bottom, particularly for the lower values of height above bottom, was observed, which suggests that the scattering process is a multiple-scattering one.     

Fe−Mn nodule field indicated by GLORIA,north of the Puerto Rico Trench

A 2,500-km² area of sea floor on the south-eastern flank of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge north of the Puerto Rico Trench displays anomalously high acoustic backscattering properties on GLORIA longrange sidescan-sonar data. Previously collected dredges, bottom photographs, and sediment cores indicate the presence of Fe–Mn nodules within the area of high backscatter. We were able to map the extent of the inferred nodule field on the basis of acoustic property contrast between the nodule-covered sediment and the surrounding nodule-free sediment.     

On Optimal Frequencies of Acoustic in-situ Detector for Seafloor Hydrothermal Vents

The approach to determine working frequencies of acoustic in-situ detector for seafloor hydrothermal fluid is presented. Based on the research of deep-sea noise and the sound generated by mid-ocean ridge black smoker hydrothermal vents, and on the hydrothermal-vent animal hearing ranges, coupled with influences of suspended particles of hydrothermal on acoustic attenuation under different frequencies, the optimal frequency range for detection of acoustical signal near black smokers is determined. The optimal frequencies providing the maximum ratio of receiver signal to background noise are obtained. We have developed a laboratory experimental setup for the optimal frequencies selection. In particular, we evaluated time-of-flight performance with respect to the source signal parameters of center frequency and bandwidth. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach. Current results indicate that individual transducers operated in the range of 18 ～ 25 kHz are immune to most interfering sounds and suitable for our system.