Expert System for Statistical Prediction of Mineral Deposits on Middle and Large Scales

The expert system for statistical prediction of mineral deposits on middle and large scales takes the system of scientific exploration theories, criteria and methods proposed by Professor Zhao Pengda as the field expert knowledge. At present the developed system focuses on two aspects: synthetic exploration and quantitative exploration. Among the three basic theories for the prediction of deposits, it highlights the applications of seeking anomaly theory. This system is characteristic in the determination of geological background, the study of geological anomalies and the delineation of geological background, the study of geological anomalies and the delineation of mineralization anomalies. The system combines closely the knowledge base, method base and database ,integrates the input and output information of multi-sources and multi-variables, data , graphs and imagine processing system and inquiring system as a whole . So the system can meet in general all kinds of demands in statistical prediction of m     

SPECIAL PAPER FOR 100th ANNIVERSARY

Deep mineral exploration is increasingly important for finding new mineral resources but there are many uncertainties.Understanding the factors controlling the localization of mineralization at depth can reduce the risk in deep mineral exploration.One of the relatively poorly constrained but important factors is the hydrodynamics of mineralization.This paper reviews the principles of hydrodynamics of mineralization,especially the nature of relationships between mineralization and structures,and their applications to various types of mineralization systems in the context of hydrodynamic linkage between shallow and deep parts of the systems.Three categories of mineralization systems were examined,i.e.,magmatic-hydrothermal systems,structurally controlled hydrothermal systems with uncertain fluid sources,and hydrothermal systems associated with sedimentary basins.The implications for deep mineral exploration,including potentials for new mineral resources at depth,favorable locations for mineralization,as well as uncertainties,are discussed.     

Genetic Modeling of GIS-Based Cell Clusters and Its Application in Mineral Resources Prediction

This paper presents a synthetic analysis method for multi-sourced geological data from geo-graphic information system (GIS). In the previous practices of mineral resources prediction, a usually adopted methodology has been statistical analysis of cells delimitated based on thoughts of random sam-pling. That might lead to insufficient utilization of local spatial information, for a cell is treated as a point without internal structure. We now take “cell dusters“, L e. , spatial associations of cells, as basic units of statistics, thus the spatial configuration information of geological variables is easier to be detected and utilized, and the accuracy and reliability of prediction are improved. We build a linear multi-discriminating model for the dusters via genetic algorithm. Both the right-judgment rates and the in-class vs. betweewclass distance ratios are considered to form the evolutional adaptive values of the population. An application of the method in gold mineral resoerces prediction in east Xinjiang, China is presented.     

Application of Weights of Evidence to Mineral Potential Mapping of Yujiacun Ore Field in Northwest Yunnan Province, China

The multivariate information conprehensive processing technique is especially important at present to the digital mineral prospecting. However, the GIS-based weights of evidence have provided us with powerful tool for the quantitative assessment of mineral resource potential. In this paper, the mineralization model is established, based on the achievements made by previous researchers, to mend such deficiencies ad few references on ore fields in Yujiacun, Yunnan Province and the shortage of quantitative prediction and assessment of mineral resources. In addition, the weights of evidence are used to make a systematic quantitative prediction and assessment of mineral resources there, so that 2 mineral prospecting target areas of grade Ⅰ and 8 mineral prospecting target areas of grade Ⅱ are delineated, providing the further mineral resource exploration with the basis for the selection of mineral deposits.     

Quantitative Prediction of Concentrated Regions of Large and Superlarge Deposits in China

Identification and quantitative prediction of large and superlarge mineral deposits of solid mineral resources using the mineral resource prediction theory and method with comprehensive information is carried out nationwide in China at a scale of 1:5000000. Using deposit concentrated regions as the model units and concentrated mineralization anomaly regions as prediction units, the prediction is performed on GIS platform. The technical route and research method of locating large and superlarge mineral deposits and principle of compiling attribute table of independent variables and functional variables are proposed. Upon methodology study, the qualitative locating and quantitative predicting mineral deposits are carried out with quantitative theory Ⅲ and characteristic analysis, respectively, and the advatntage and disavantage of two methods are discussed. This research is significant for mineral resource prediction in ten provinces of western China.     

The Minerogenetic Series of Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of China

Owing to the internal relationship between material sources or mineralization ways and the difference ofmineralization micro-environments or the change of constraints. certain types of nonmetallic mineral depositsare regularly formed either simultaneously or in successive order under the control of certain association ofmineralization processes in a certain geotectonic environment, thus forming a minerogenetic series ofnonmetallic mineral deposits. The geological setting that controls the formation of minerogenetic series is mosttruly recorded in ore-bearing formations. while the mineralization processes which are associated or surely suc-cessive are the indispensable prerequisite for the formation of the various mineral deposits of a minerogeneticseries. Therefore, the minerogenetic series of nonmetallic mineral deposits can be classified according tomineral-bearing formations and mineralization processes. Based on available data. 13 minerogenetic series aredistinguished in China. The study of minerogenetic series may not only result in the enrichment of the theory ofmineral deposits but also help direct mineral prospecting and give guidance in the integrated development andutillization of mineral resources.     

Quantitative Geoscience and Geological Big Data Development: A Review

After long-term development, mathematical geology has today become an independent discipline. Big Data science, which has become a new scientific paradigm in the 21 st century, gives rise to the geological Big Data, i.e. mathematical geology and quantitative geoscience. Thanks to a robust macro strategy for big data, China’s quantitative geoscience and geological big data’s rapid development meets present requirements and has kept up with international levels. This paper presents China’s decade-long achievements in quantitative prediction and assessment of mineral resources, geoscience information and software systems, geological information platform development, etc., with an emphasis on application of geological big data in informatics, quantitative mineral prediction, geological environment and disaster management, digital land survey, digital city, etc. Looking ahead, mathematical geology is moving towards "Digital Geology", "Digital Land" and "Geological Cloud", eventually realizing China’s grand "Digital China" blueprint, and these valuable results will be showcased on the international academic arena.     

A Preliminary Review on the Metallogeny of Pb-Zn Deposits in China

Lead and zinc resources are abundant in China, with the reserves of 100 million tons ranking only second in the world. There are more than 3000 lead-zinc mine areas nationwide. The classification of lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) deposits has been a highly controversial issue. From the standpoint of evaluating the potential of mineral resources, we construct a Pb-Zn deposit predictive type of classification scheme, and propose a Pb-Zn deposit comprehensive classification scheme (including 5 classes and 13 sub-types) that regards mineralization as the primary factor and the ore rock as secondary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of Pb-Zn deposits, we conclude that a multi-period, multi-cycle orogenic environment is the most favorable for lead-zinc deposit growth, that the Proterozoic is the major eon for the growth of igneous-type deposits, the Paleozoic is an important development era for sedimentary Pb-Zn deposits, and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are the heyday eras of magmatic type lead-zinc deposits. On this basis, we analyse the relationship between tectonic evolution and Pb-Zn metallogenic, and propose that the key factors determining geological mineralization are the metallogenic epoch of mineralization and tectonic environment, which determine the temporal and spatial distribution.     

Review……………………………………………………A Preliminary Review on the Metallogeny of Pb-Zn Deposits in China

Lead and zinc resources are abundant in China, with the reserves of 100 million tons ranking only second in the world. There are more than 3000 lead-zinc mine areas nationwide. The classification of lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) deposits has been a highly controversial issue. From the standpoint of evaluating the potential of mineral resources, we construct a Pb-Zn deposit predictive type of classification scheme, and propose a Pb-Zn deposit comprehensive classification scheme (including 5 classes and 13 sub-types) that regards mineralization as the primary factor and the ore rock as secondary. According to the temporal and spatial distribution of Pb-Zn deposits, we conclude that a multi-period, multi-cycle orogenic environment is the most favorable for lead-zinc deposit growth, that the Proterozoic is the major eon for the growth of igneous-type deposits, the Paleozoic is an important development era for sedimentary Pb-Zn deposits, and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are the heyday eras of magmatic type lead-zinc deposits. On this basis, we analyse the relationship between tectonic evolution and Pb-Zn metallogenic, and propose that the key factors determining geological mineralization are the metallogenic epoch of mineralization and tectonic environment, which determine the temporal and spatial distribution.     

Delineation of Potential Mineral Resources Region Based on Geo-anomaly Unit

It is well known that the geophysical and geochemicalanomalies are very important for the location of mineral de-posits. However,the concept of geo-anomaly and its signifi-cance in mineral exploration had hardly been expounded until1 990 s.In fact,the geo-anomaly that has wider implicationsthan the geophysical and geochemical anomalies do,can bewidely applied to the assessment of mineral resources and theexplanation of some crucial geological phenomena. A geo-anomaly is defined as a geological…     

“三联式”成矿预测新进展

随着信息技术的发展 ,矿产勘查已步入数字化、定量化研究的新阶段。“三联式”成矿预测以地质异常分析为基础 ,以成矿多样性分析与矿床谱系研究为指导 ,将地质异常、成矿多样性及矿床谱系 3方面定量化研究紧密结合形成矿产预测及定量评价的切入点 ,是实现“数字找矿”的创新探索。文中对“三联式”成矿预测的基本理论进行了论述 ,结合在固体矿产和油气资源预测评价中的最新研究成果 ,重点论述了“三联式”成矿预测中的地质异常动态演化解析思路和“5P”靶区逐步逼近法。研究认为 :不同时期地质异常各自包含的矿产类型、组合特征与资源潜力等均有明显差异 ,应用地质异常动态演化的解析思路与方法 ,有效提取与相应成矿事件密切相关的致矿地质异常 ,是提高预测成果科学预见性的关键。并且 ,随着“三联式”成矿预测研究的不断深入 ,找矿信息由少到多 ,找矿范围由大到小 ,靶区级别由低到高 ,找矿成功概率逐步增大 ,勘探风险逐步降低。“5P”靶区圈定 ,从 1P到 5P依次研究目标内涵增大、外延减小、预测对象 (矿产种类及成因类型 )渐趋明确。     

"三联式"资源定量预测与评价--数字找矿理论与实践探讨

随着信息技术的发展,矿产勘查已步入数字化,定量化研究的新阶段。“三联式”成矿预测及资源评价途径正是“数字找矿”的创新探索。“三联式”成矿预测以地质异常分析为基础,以成矿多样性分析与矿床谱系研究为指导,将地质异常,成矿多样性及矿床谱系三方面定量化研究紧密结合形成矿产预测及定量评价的有机切入点,是实现全面数字找矿的必由之路,也是矿产勘查评价领域应用信息技术的基础和前提。     

区域多目标矿产预测评价理论与实践探讨——以滇西北地区喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩相关矿产为例

以矿产系统勘查为目的,提出了"多目标矿产预测评价"新理念,根据矿产勘查不同阶段、不同比例尺的任务要求,划分出成矿区(带)、矿区(带)、矿田、矿床和矿体5类多目标矿产预测评价。前三者统称为区域多目标矿产预测评价。以滇西北地区喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩相关矿产预测评价为例,在"三联式"成矿预测理论指导下,较系统地开展了区域多目标矿产预测评价的理论探索与方法实践。研究认为,在区域多目标矿产预测评价中的关键问题是致矿地质异常解析、成矿多样性及其与地质多样性的关联分析、成矿谱系建立以及多目标矿产(矿床)定量预测评价模型研究。     

全国重要矿产预测评价

全国重要矿产预测评价在借鉴国内外矿产预测经验基础上,运用成矿系列理论、成矿动力学理论和综合信息矿产定量预测理论为支撑的矿床模型综合地质信息矿产预测方法,以成矿系列矿产预测类型为纲,在系统编制建造构造预测底图的基础上,建立矿床综合信息预测模型。通过运用成矿地质体参数法,在矿产资源评价系统(MRAS)的辅助下,估算我国铁、铝、铜、铅、锌、金、锑、钨、锰、锡、钼、镍、银、稀土、铬铁矿、菱镁矿、锂、硼、硫、萤石、钾、重晶石、磷23种矿产地下2 km预测资源量,并在此基础上圈定全国层次的3级预测区。科学评价了我国矿产资源的潜力,为国家政府机构和矿产勘查机构提供技术支撑。     

中国大陆斑岩铜矿资源潜力定量评价

应用美国"三部式"资源评价方法原理,对中国大陆斑岩铜矿成矿地质背景、时空分布规律、矿床模型等方面研究,圈出46个远景区;以中国1999年金属储量数据库和区划矿产地数据为基础,建立了铜矿数据库共984个,分不同类型进行品位吨位的研究,以此为基础构造出数字找矿模型和开发出矿产资源定量评价模型程序,并计算了每个远景区的概率资源量,为评估中国斑岩铜矿资源潜力提供了参照。     

矿产预测类型及其在矿产资源潜力评价中的运用

矿产预测类型是从成矿预测和矿产资源潜力评价的角度对矿产资源进行分类的一种方法,具有区域性但也兼顾典型矿床的一般性成矿规律,其理论基础就是成矿系列理论的矿床式。回顾了矿产预测类型概念的提出与演变过程,以阿舍勒式、大厂式和甲玛式为例探讨了作为预测工作第一步骤的重要性及划分矿产预测类型的理论依据,以大冶式铁矿为例阐述了矿产预测类型在成矿预测中的重要性和优越性。矿产预测类型基于典型矿床但又超越典型矿床的具体成矿条件因而体现出预见性,为成矿预测奠定了理论基础;同时,可以根据预测工作尺度的不同而分层次给出矿产预测类型的划分方案,可以满足分级别预测的需要;再者,矿产预测类型具有区域性特点但又不排斥一般性,既有针对性又有可操作性。分析讨论了2006年以来在全国运用矿产预测类型概念开展潜力评价工作中存在的若干问题,指出只有加强成矿规律研究才能科学地评价矿产资源的潜力。     

基于地质大数据理念的模型驱动矿产资源定量预测

在大数据科学成为新的科学范式的背景下,基于地质大数据理念,提出了模型驱动的矿产资源定量预测评价的新方法,以及模型流程建模技术贯穿整个矿产资源预测评价过程的新思路,以地质理论指导地质大数据分析和计算机技术实现地质大数据挖掘2条主线展开研究,实现了面向地质大数据的数据挖掘与矿产资源的定量预测评价。结合青海祁漫塔格铁铜多金属矿床、山东焦家金矿床、云南个旧锡铜多金属矿床等不同地区、不同成矿类型和矿种开展了应用研究,完成了找矿模型工作流的设计与实现,进行了有利成矿信息的挖掘,取得了较好的效果,为大数据时代数字地质研究提供了新的思路。     

基于证据加权模型的综合信息成矿预测

综合信息成矿预测是复杂高维非线性系统的建模与评价过程,通过识别和提取地、物、化、遥等多源地学观测数据中的综合致矿地质异常信息,并以此为依据进行成矿预测。成矿预测是在科学预测理论的指导下,应用地质成矿理论和数理统计方法对地质、物探、化探、遥感等信息进行充分挖掘,剖析成矿地质条件,总结成矿规律,建立综合信息成矿模型并应用于成矿预测,从而圈定和评价成矿远景区,为区域找矿工作部署和矿产资源开发利用的统筹规划提供科学依据。本次研究将证据加权模型引入到成矿预测研究中,通过建立和评价地质信息、化探信息、遥感蚀变信息、遥感线环形构造密度信息与已知矿化点的关系,然后用贝叶斯公式计算成矿后验概率,推出研究区成矿预测结果。研究结果表明:综合信息成矿模型预测结果符合研究区地质成矿规律,和已知成矿点吻合率达71.4%。     

有利因素相关法在松潘地区“东北寨式”金矿资源评估中的应用

据“东北寨式”金矿的成矿模式,结合松潘地区的成矿条件、地球化学异常评价以及资料水平和工作程度等,选择“有利因素相关法”对本区内334资源量进行了远景预测,取得了很好的结果。该方法实际上可归入“矿床模拟估计法”中,其主要原理是：通过对已知对象的研究,阐明控矿因素(地质变量)与矿产资源量之间的关系,建立一定矿床类型的矿产储量与地质条件之间的定量关系(定量预测模型)。将其移植到地质条件类似的预测区应用时,只要预测区上获得预测模型中相同的地质变量及其相同的数据类型值,代入模型,就可估算预测区内的矿产资源量。预测结果,在松潘地区,“东北寨式”金矿可望增长的3341外资源量约为81吨,3342资源量约65．9吨,为下步在该区部署地质工作提供了依据。