大型个体滑坡遥感调查

个体滑坡遥感调查是“数字滑坡”技术的一部分,其需要有更高地面分辨率的图像并与中等分辨率图像相结合,需精确的空间定位及与GIS技术相结合,以易贡滑坡及天台乡滑坡遥感调查为例说明其应用。采用RS＋GIS技术对易贡滑坡形态结构进行的最新研究证明高速滑体是飞行越过峡谷并在沟口碰撞解体后转变为碎屑流的,首次揭示了高速碎屑流的堆积结构,并由滑前块体及碎屑流堆积体计算证明了两者的转换关系。在天台乡滑坡遥感调查中提出了“滑坡特征点”法。由滑坡特征点的分析确定了滑坡边界及影响范围;计算了滑坡各部分的滑动距离、滑动方向和滑坡速度,滑坡规模。分析研究认为在2004年9月5日滑坡前,天台乡义和村总体上为一稳定斜坡,2003年开挖的新公路是该滑坡的潜在诱发因素。2004年9月3—5日的连续强降雨直接触发滑坡发生。     

光学遥感用于贵州发耳镇尖山营滑坡监测研究

文章选取贵州省发耳镇尖山营采矿型滑坡为研究对象,利用多期光学遥感数据,基于亚像元相关性匹配技术,实现该滑坡长时序定量化二维形变监测。利用多期存档Google earth影像及无人机影像,探测出该地区1#滑坡在2013年已开始发生明显的地表形变,且随着时间的推移,地表形变愈发严重;再基于Sentinel-2遥感数据求解出1#滑坡自2016年7月31日至2020年3月22日期间的二维形变时间序列,结果表明:该滑坡最大水平形变方向与斜坡方向一致,且在东西向和南北向上均表现为持续增大的趋势,最大累积形变量分别达到了44 m和-58 m。      

茂县新磨特大滑坡-碎屑流的发育特征与运移机理

2017年6月24日茂县叠溪镇新磨村发生体积近800×104 m3的灾难性特大型滑坡-碎屑流灾害。通过现场调查、遥感解译和资料分析,本文对灾害发育的地质环境条件,崩滑危岩体及运移堆积特征,降雨及地震对崩滑的触发作用等进行了研究,探讨了影响碎屑流运动性的主要效应及其致灾机理,并评价了类似灾害的监测预警新方法。研究认为:（1）新磨村位于1933年叠溪M_S7.5地震前已经存在的大型老滑坡堆积体上,多次历史强震和历年降雨循环使滑源区砂板岩坡体表层卸荷带失稳剥离,内部岩体完整性和强度进一步损伤劣化,滑源区在2003年之前已经发育了多条宽大裂缝,并存在显著滑前变形前兆,新磨滑坡本质上是一次后地震机制的灾难性高速岩质滑坡-碎屑流。（2）新磨基岩顺层滑坡体积约150×104 m3,但有约600×104 m3沟道老崩坡积体被刮铲、裹携。滑坡体高位撞击使老堆积体内“土拱效应”快速丧失并获得加速,“刮铲-裹携效应”促进了滑坡-碎屑流的流动性和扩散性,但大规模的裹携也限制了碎屑流运移得更远。这种冲击加载-刮铲裹携的破坏机制与1986年新滩滑坡、2000年易贡滑坡和2004年贵州纳雍左营滑坡等类似。（3）滑坡-碎屑流产生的地震信号分析可再现整个滑坡、冲击、运移、停积等全过程,震前InSAR形变资料分析则揭示了显著的变形前兆,两者结合应是未来这类超视距崩滑-碎屑流灾害早期识别、评价和预警的新方法。（4）鉴于滑后新磨流域仍然存在大量新老裂缝及其切割而成的危险块体,建议立即开展详细的灾害调查、风险评价和监测预警工作,避免类似灾害重复发生。     

映秀-北川断裂带北川段唐家湾滑坡活动历史与形成机制

以映秀-北川断裂带北川段唐家湾滑坡为研究对象,基于地形资料、多期遥感与航拍影像,结合¹⁴C测年的方法,细分了唐家湾滑坡的活动历史,分析了2016年唐家湾滑坡再次复活的主要控制因素。研究结果表明：（1）唐家湾斜坡历史上至少发生过四期滑动,其中第一期次滑坡发生在全新世以前;第二期次滑坡发生于全新世初期;第三期次滑坡发生在2008年汶川地震时期,系龙门山断裂带活动过程中产生的同震滑坡;第四期次滑坡分别发生在2016年和2018年,属于断裂带滑坡堆积体的再次局部复活;（2）2016年唐家湾滑坡的形成与断裂活动、河流侧蚀和水等因素有关,其中,上覆滑坡堆积体、下伏高陡基岩形成的二元斜坡结构,是唐家湾滑坡发生的决定性条件;断裂活动及其导致的浅地表最大主应力偏转是唐家湾滑坡变形的重要内因;（3）以唐家湾滑坡为例,初步讨论了基于地形条件控制的断裂带滑坡堆积体复活的地质模型,其形成演化表现为断裂带活动和河流侵蚀形成滑坡（或陡峭地形）→先期滑坡后壁（或陡峭地形）接受上部老滑坡堆积→二元斜坡结构控制下的老滑坡复活变形。该滑坡为研究地形控制断裂带滑坡复活提供了独特的案例,研究成果对于理解和评估该类滑坡,开展综合防治等方面具有重要的借鉴价值。     

黄土高原西南部陇县—千阳—带崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的遥感影像特征及分布规律

渭北高原西段新构造活动强烈,崩塌、滑坡地质灾害频繁发生.通过1:5万专题遥感解译和重点地质调查,全区遥感解译崩塌、滑坡地质灾害点共计611处,其中大型滑坡17处、中型滑坡194处、小型滑坡385处,小型崩塌15处.结合区域地理、地质环境特征,将区内大、中型滑坡地质灾害点划分为5个集中分布区、6个集中分布带.区内崩塌、滑坡地质灾害主要受地形地貌、新构造与岩性条件的控制,以地质灾害点集中分布区、带为基础,参考重点地质灾害点的影响范围及人类活动的状况,将千阳县城关镇-崔家头镇、陇县杜阳镇-千阳县草碧镇、陇县峡口河-杨河沟地区列为地质灾害防治监测重点地区.     

基于数字滑坡技术的三峡新滩滑坡研究

以6.12新滩滑坡前后的航摄图像及数字地形为信息源,采用数字滑坡技术,以更广阔的时空视野,更准确的地理配准及更直观清晰的表达方式,从切层滑坡类型之一的角度,再次宏观分析6.12新滩滑坡活动特征,指出该滑坡是分段分区活动的,各区段的规模、活动方式、方向各不相同,且分区段多级驱动;基岩裂隙对滑坡有一定的控制作用,姜家坡—新滩斜坡滑坡活动将持续间断地发生,难以完全停止。基于数字滑坡技术早期识别该类滑坡的关键工作方法除了详细调查滑坡所处地质环境外,主要是监测斜坡活动,主要监测内容有:① 主要滑坡物质来源的崩塌活动及其下堆积的变化,确定滑前崩塌堆积的预警（最大）面积;② 监测各段各区块活动,特别是驱动区块的活动;③ 监测堆积坡上显示的基岩裂隙变化。由于斜坡的地质与地形条件,建议进行长期连续性的监测。     

三峡水库区千将坪滑坡活动性质及运动特征

2003年7月13目三峡水库区秭93县千将坪村发生大规模滑坡。依据遥感解译航片显示的“7．13”滑坡前地貌形态、古滑坡遗迹调查及滑坡发育的地质环境条件分析，认为千将坪原为一整体呈簸箕形的古滑坡。实地调查表明该滑歧的范围在古滑坡的西侧堆积垅和东部沟“7”之间的部分，活动性质为千将坪古滑坡的大规模复活。“7．13”滑坡的东、西侧壁及后壁特征清楚。后壁加滑体斜长1050m，平均宽525m，滑坡总破坏投影面积约0．5km^2；堆积体总体形态与古滑坡相似。据不同的堆积特征，大致可分为4个部分：后缘、滑体后部、中前部及滑坡坝。由各要素特征及其上的地物状态分析，滑坡的中部、前部为深层推移武高速整体滑动，滑坡前缘以反翘姿态飞速冲向对岸，堵断青干河；滑坡的两测，滑体高速下滑时与东西侧壁问作高速剪切运动；滑坡堆积后部，受其下中前部滑体快速滑动而产生的强大牵引力影响，沿古滑面下滑并倾倒、崩落。通过现场调查及综合分析实际资料，认为三峡库区第一期蓄水是触发该滑坡的主要厚因，雨季强降水为辅助因素。另外，根据现场公路断开两点GPS测量估算出公路被切断后下滑了235．91m，估算该滑坡在主滑方向的滑距约为250m，滑坡总体积约为2400万m^3。总体而言，“7．13”千将坪滑坡活动释放能量比较充争，目前整体稳定。但滑体上局部调整活动暂时不会停止。边界以外的古滑体堆积受到严重干扰，会不断发生牵引及塌滑。     

黄土高原西南部陇县—千阳一带崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的遥感影像特征及其分布规律

渭北高原西段新构造活动强烈,崩塌、滑坡地质灾害频繁发生。通过1：5万专题遥感解译和重点地质调查,全区遥感解译崩塌、滑坡地质灾害点共计611处,其中大型滑坡17处、中型滑坡194处、小型滑坡385处,小型崩塌15处。结合区域地理、地质环境特征,将区内大、中型滑坡地质灾害点划分为5个集中分布区、6个集中分布带。区内崩塌、滑坡地质灾害主要受地形地貌、新构造与岩性条件的控制,以地质灾害点集中分布区、带为基础,参考重点地质灾害点的影响范围及人类活动的状况,将千阳县城关镇—崔家头镇、陇县杜阳镇—千阳县草碧镇、陇县峡口河—杨河沟地区列为地质灾害防治监测重点地区。     

黄土高原西南部陇县——千阳一带崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的遥感影像特征及分布规律

渭北高原西段新构造活动强烈,崩塌、滑坡地质灾害频繁发生。通过1：5万专题遥感解译和重点地质调查,全区遥感解译崩塌、滑坡地质灾害点共计611处,其中大型滑坡17处、中型滑坡194处、小型滑坡385处,小型崩塌15处。结合区域地理、地质环境特征,将区内大、中型滑坡地质灾害点划分为5个集中分布区、6个集中分布带。区内崩塌、滑坡地质灾害主要受地形地貌、新枸造与岩性备件的控制,以地质灾害点集中分布区、带为基础,参考重点地质灾害点的影响范围及人类活动的状况,将千阳县城关镇—崔家头镇、陇县杜阳镇—千阳县草碧镇、陇县峡口河—杨河沟地区列为地质灾害防治监测重点地区。     

滑坡位移-时间曲线特征的物理模拟试验研究

位移-时间曲线表征了滑坡变形状态及相对的稳定性程度,是监测滑坡变形和失稳预测至关重要的数据资料。目前所获取的滑坡变形全过程监测资料并不多,大多数是临滑前的短期监测资料,而一些突发型滑坡的变形监测资料更是难以收集。由此,滑坡位移-时间曲线簇的类型及分布特征的研究受到了数据资料不足的约束而难以开展,一些滑坡预警理论都是基于推断和理论分析的基础上而得出的,缺少数据支撑。本文通过物理模拟的办法,自行设计制作了变角度的物理模拟试验框架,开发完成了位移数据的自动采集系统,经一年多的试验测试,对试验设备软硬件及模型材料不断调整、优化,完成了7组12条位移-时间曲线的采集工作,从而获取了不同受力条件下斜坡的变形破坏的时间-位移曲线簇,为进一步的理论研究提供了科学的数据资料。     

An approach for GIS-based statistical landslide susceptibility zonation—with a case study in the Himalayas

Landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) is necessary for disaster management and planning development activities in mountainous regions. A number of methods, viz. landslide distribution, qualitative, statistical and distribution-free analyses have been used for the LSZ studies and they are again briefly reviewed here. In this work, two methods, the Information Value (InfoVal) and the Landslide Nominal Susceptibility Factor (LNSF) methods that are based on bivariate statistical analysis have been applied for LSZ mapping in a part of the Himalayas. Relevant thematic maps representing various factors (e.g., slope, aspect, relative relief, lithology, buffer zones along thrusts, faults and lineaments, drainage density and landcover) that are related to landslide activity, have been generated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The LSZ derived from the LNSF method, has been compared with that produced from the InfoVal method and the result shows a more realistic LSZ map from the LNSF method which appears to conform to the heterogeneity of the terrain.     

Description of dynamics of the Tuzla Landslide and its implications for further landslides in the northern slope and shelf of the Cinarcik Basin (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Seismic and multi-beam bathymetric data from the northern shelf and slope of the Cinarcik Basin, which is generated by the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) located in the easternmost basin in the Marmara Sea, were re-interpreted to better understand the future sub-marine landslide susceptibility. Seismic data indicate that upper surface of the sub-marine extension of the Paleozoic rocks has an NNE–SSW oriented basin and a ridge type morphology controlled by the secondary faults of the NAFZ. Basins are fulfilled by Plio-Quaternary sediments, which are cut by strike-slip faults on the shelf and slope. The thickness of basin deposits reaches up to 130 m toward the linear northern slope of the Cinarcik Basin. A relatively recent sub-marine landslide, the Tuzla Landslide, cuts the slope of the Cinarcik Basin. The detailed morphological investigation indicates that the Tuzla Landslide is a deep-seated rotational landslide, which was likely triggered by activity of the NAFZ. Morphological analyses also indicate that the thick Plio-Quaternary deposits on the Paleozoic basement slid during the Tuzla Landslide event. This landslide is considered as a key event to understand the dynamics of the potential landslides on the northern shelf and slope of the Cinarcik Basin. Two areas locating on the eastern and the western sides of the Tuzla Landslide are considered as the potential areas for future sliding due to similarities of geological and geomorphological features with the Tuzla Landslide such as similar thick Plio-Quaternary deposits, similar slope morphology, and similar fault activity cutting the sediments. Considering this information, the purposes of the present study are to determine the dynamics of the possible landslide areas and to discuss their effects on the sub-marine morphology. In the light of the interpretations, the amounts of possible displaced material are obtained. Three different landslide scenarios due to possible slide surfaces for future landslides are developed and assessed. The first scenario is sliding of the sediments at the shelf break. The third scenario is a mass movement of almost whole basin deposits on the Paleozoic rocks. The latter one is evaluated as less important because of the volume of the displaced material, and the latter one is accepted as lowest possible event. Among the scenarios, the second scenario is accepted as the most critical and possible because of the amount of the slipped material and existence of faults rupture, which is considered as further sliding surfaces. These landslides will result in important changes in shelf, slope and basin floor in the study area.     

新疆伊犁某移民新区黄土滑坡成因分析及防治对策

移民新区东坡滑坡发育于小吉尔格朗河东岸二级残留阶地,坡面中部,坡体平均坡度35°,均为小型土质滑坡。因滑坡剪出口位置较高,滑动后,多为快速滑动,极易成灾,对沙尕村移民新区构成较大威胁。通过研究发现,滑坡主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等原生地质条件控制,受大气降水、地下水、地震、人类工程活动等外界条件影响,其中大气降水和地下水为滑坡成因的主要影响因素。结合滑坡成因及影响因素,提出抗滑桩板墙和挡土墙相结合并辅以排水措施的防治方案,对该地区的滑坡防治具有较好的指导意义。     

Mapping of landslide hazard zonation using GIS at Golestan watershed, northeast of Iran

Landslide hazard zonation is essential for planning future developmental activities. At the present study, after the preparation of a landslide inventory of the study area, nine factors as well as sub-data layers of factor class weights were tested for an integrated analysis of landslide hazard in the region. The produced factor maps were weighted with the analytic hierarchy process method and then classified into four classes—negligible, low, moderate, and high. The final produced map for landslide hazard zonation in Golestan watershed revealed that: (1) about 53.85 % of the basin is prone to moderate and high threats of landslides. (2) Landslide events at the Golestan watershed were strongly correlated to the slope angle of the basin. It was observed that the active landslide zones, including moderate to high landslide hazard classes, have a high correlation to slope classes over 30° (R ²?=?0.769). (3) The regions most susceptible to landslide hazard are those located south and southwest of the watershed, which included rock topples, falls, and debris landslides.     

Landslide hazard zonation by deterministic analysis (Veľká Čausa landslide area, Slovakia)

A practical application of a simple and economical solution to landslide hazard zonation based on slope stability analysis was carried out in the Veľká Čausa landslide, Horná Nitra region, central Slovakia. The region is prone to different types of slope deformation controlled by geological structure, physical and mechanical properties of materials, complicated hydrogeological setting, undulating morphology, and man-made influence. Taking into consideration the cause of the landslide, identified as groundwater change, two scenarios of landslide activity have been investigated. Scenario 1 considers the maximum groundwater level recorded from March 1995 to October 1998, corresponding to the period starting from the most recent landslide activity up to the end of remediation work. Scenario 2 considers the maximum groundwater level recorded from November 1998 to December 2004, after the remediation works, and corresponding to the actual situation of the landslide. It has been found from this study that slope angle has the highest influence on landslide instability in the Veľká Čausa landslide. Therefore, high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is essential for obtaining reasonable results. In addition, an appropriate selection of the model input parameters (e.g., shear strength) is very important. The validation between the calculated landslide hazard zonation map and results of monitoring survey were examined. The results show moderate to good agreement with the inclinometric and geodetic measurements. It was also verified that the most active part of the landslide is the north-western side.     

青藏高原融冻泥流型滑坡灾害及其稳定性评价方法

青藏高原多年冻土地区融冻泥流型滑坡属于长度与深度之比为无限大的浅层滑坡,应用无限斜坡分析方法研究滑坡的稳定性是完全合适的。考虑渗流方向与斜坡方向一致的情况,应用有效应力原理,本文推导出不同含水条件下融冻泥流型滑坡安全系数的解析表达式,绘制出了干土坡和完全饱水土坡稳定性分析图表,并对青藏公路K30 35里程融冻泥流型滑坡进行了稳定性分析及评价。      

兰州皋兰山黄土滑坡特征及灾度评估研究

皋兰山滑坡是西北地区非常典型的黄土滑坡,由3个次级滑坡构成,形成条件可概括为:新构造作用促使皋兰山强烈隆起,形成高达200～300m以上陡峻的自然斜坡,平均坡度在33.7°,临空条件好;构成斜坡的基岩为泥岩,其上覆盖很厚的黄土层,泥岩表面风化、破碎严重,不透水,黄土垂直节理发育,有利于地表水的渗入,在黄土与泥岩的接触面构成抗剪强度低值带;在地下水对下部软弱层侵润作用下,其抗剪强度大大降低;地震是促使滑坡产生的突发因素;同时,由于斜坡前缘建房开挖边坡及公园建设加载和绿化灌溉等,导致坡体稳定性明显降低,出现失稳破坏。通过野外勘查和位移监测及稳定性计算表明:目前滑坡总体上处于稳定状态,局部滑坡体复活变形迹象渐趋明显,其中变形最严重的是位于斜坡中下部并紧邻市区的Ⅰ₃滑坡、Ⅰ₄滑坡和Ⅲ滑坡。文章还对滑坡潜在损失进行了初步评估,并提出了防治方案和建议。     

兰临高速公路袁家湾滑坡演化机理

位于兰临高速公路k15+000～k15+500段的袁家湾滑坡系公路修建时开挖高陡边坡所诱发的顺层岩质滑坡,因工程设计和岩体结构等原因,从开挖伊始直到运营期间,该滑坡一直持续滑动而久治不愈,滑坡规模大、危害严重,具有重复性和继承性滑动特征。根据其地质条件、工程特征以及滑动特征和滑动历史,采用工程地质分析、物理模型试验和FLAC3D数值模拟等方法,分析了该滑坡产生的原因、演化机理和过程。