经典造父变星的银河系运动学研究

利用视向速度资料和依巴谷星表的自行资料,研究了经典造父变星的银河系运动学问题．采用Ｏｇｏｒｏｄｎｉｋｏｖ－Ｍｉlnｅ三维运动学模型,获得银河系旋转速度Ｖ０＝２４０．５±１０．２ｋｍ／ｓ（取太阳至银心距离为８．５ｋｐｃ）同时发现,在太阳附近沿银河系旋转方向存在一种收缩运动,其值((V(/(()／Ｒ＝－２．６０±１．０７ｋｍｓ－１kｐｃ－１．本文分析了产生这种收缩运动的原因．另外,得出太阳运动速度Ｓ＝１８．７±０．８６ｋｍ／ｓ向点＝５４．４°±２．９°＝＋２６．６°±２．６°     

速度分布和银盘厚度效应对正常脉冲星Z向分布的影响

基于彭秋和等1978年得到的无扰动有限厚盘引力势,根据两个引力势参数(h_(z1)= 0．001kpc,h_(z2)=0．325 kpc)和两个速度分布参数(σ_(v1)=115km/s,σ_(v2)=200 km/s)组合的4种情况,对4×10~5颗脉冲星做了三维蒙特卡洛模拟．4×10~5颗脉冲星按着10~8年间隔被分成20组,计算了每组“逃逸”脉冲星所占比例．对每组中“未逃逸”脉冲星,分别在0＜r＜25kpc和5＜r＜11kpc两个区域中对|z|分布做了统计,研究了“未逃逸”脉冲星在这两个区域中的分段标高和累积标高的演化特征．“未逃逸”脉冲星的分段标高在一定空间范围内的变化不规则,但累积标高的变化却比较平滑．在相对长的时间里(＞10~8年),银盘厚度对脉冲星累积标高演化有显著的复杂影响；在相对短的时间中(＜2×10~7年),这种效应很小,而且累积标高对时间的依赖关系是线性的．在长时间里,初始速度分布对累积标高也有显著影响．在引力势h_(z2)=0．325 kpc的条件下,在径向范围5＜r＜11kpc和时间t=9．22×10~6年以及σ_(v2)=200km/s的情况下,模拟的累积标高是0．596±0．005 kpc．     

银河系运动学参数的确定

利用 2 0 2个太阳附近疏散星团的视向速度和自行观测资料 ,对太阳的运动和银河系的运动学参数进行了研究。其中 ,距离在 0 .5kpc到 2kpc之间的 12 8个疏散星团对平均太阳运动分量的解算结果是 (u0 ,v0 ,w0 ) =(- 13.8± 1.4 ,- 5 .0± 1.6 ,- 11.6± 2 .9)km/s ;Oort常数和银河系径向运动参数的解算结果分别为 (A ,B) =(16 .9± 1.1,- 11.6± 2 .6 )km·s- 1·kpc- 1及 (C ,D) =(2 .5± 1.1,- 2 .1± 0 .9)km·s- 1·kpc- 1。     

经典造父变星的银河系运动学研究

利用视向速度资料和依巴谷星表的自行资料,研究了经典造父变星的银河系运动学问题。采用Ｏｇｏｒｏｄｎｉｋｏｖ－Ｍｉｌｎｅ三维运动学模型,获得银河系旋转速度Ｖ０＝２４０．５±１０．２ｋｍ／ｓ（取太阳至银心距离为８．５ｋｐｃ）。同时发现,在太阳附近沿银河系旋转方向存在一种收缩运动,其值（δＶθ／δθ）／Ｒ＝－２．６０±１．０７ｋｍ ｓ＾－１ｋｐｃ＾－１。本分析了产生这种收缩运动的原因。另外,得出太阳运动     

球状星团M79的自行测定和轨道运动

利用上海天文台相隔29年的两期天体测量底片，测量了球状星团M79的绝对自行，采用Harris给出的这个星团离开太阳的距离和视向速度数据，计算了星团当前的空间运动速度；根据银河系引力势模型，进一步计算了该星团在银河系中的轨道参数，还对利用自行数据所作的球状星团运动学研究的不确定性作了讨论。     

K型星运动学的研究

本文利用最新的K型星视向速度资料,对太阳附近K型星运动学进行了研究,平均太阳运动的解算值是(u_0,v_0,w_0)=(-9.1±2.2,-20.4±2.6,-5.2±2.5)km/s,与早期一些研究结果的符合程度是令人满意的。按不同年龄组进行分析的结果表明,作为本地静止标准基础的年轻恒星可能存在着某种方向朝外的大尺度运动,另外,我们发现了近距K型星的平均太阳运动与Gould带的运动学状态有着某种表观上的一致性。     

银河系运动学模型

利用恒星视向速度和横向速度资料 ,建立银河系三维运动学模型 ,以研究银河系在太阳附近运动。给出了相关公式的推导和建立 1 2参数运动学条件方程 ,包括 3个太阳运动速度分量 ,3个银河系刚性旋转分量 ,3个较差旋转分量 ,以及 3个银河系收缩和膨胀运动分量。     

太阳银心距的多途径测定

太阳银心距的测定对一些领域的天体物理研究具有不可替代的重要作用.在将近一个世纪的时间内,人们通过各种互相独立的途径,不断提高太阳银心距R(⊙)测定(包括绝对测定和相对测定)值的精确度和可靠性. 1985年IAU的推荐值为R(⊙)=(8.5±1.1)kpc;1993年Reid依据之前的多途径测定结果,得出其最优测定值可取为R(⊙)=(8.0±0.5)kpc,且为嗣后的许多研究工作所采用.该文对有关工作给予简要的介绍和评述,并利用1993年以来R(⊙)的各类测定结果得到最优估值R(⊙)=(7.82±0.16)kpc.     

类星体3C279和双类星体0957 561A、B的红移和质量

本文提供一种新方法、以求某天体的引力红移、速度红移和质量,只要事先知道它的红移观测值和偏转角观测值(指的是它的发射线掠过折射天体如太阳所弯曲的角度或者引力透镜中的有关数据)。 所要用的基本公式如下:(一)光线弯曲与光谱频移关系式式中φ为偏转角,GM/c~2R为折射天体无量纲表面引力势,z_(v1)和z_(v2)分别为射线掠过折射天体之前和之后的引力红移。(二)引力红移相加法则 z_v=z_(v1) z_(v2) z_(v1)·z_(v2)。式中Z_r为总的引力红移。(三)引力红移变换式△c/c=z_λ z_v z_λ·z_v。式中△c/c为光速变化率,只要它为已知,则引力红移的两种表示式z_λ和z_v可以相互交换得到。通过这种变换,式(二)可以变成z_λ=z_(λ1) z_(λ2) z_(λ1)·z_(λ2),而形式完全相同.我们叫它为引力红移相加法则是变换不变的。(四)光速变化率。它是根据广义相对论的公式c=c_0(1-2U)(1 2U)~(-1)推得的。式中c_0为真空中光速,c_A、c_C和U_A、U_C分别为场中A、C两点的光速和无量纲引力势。(五)引力红移和速度红移相加法则。Z_λ=z_(λ0) z_λ z_(λ0)·z_λ 式中z_(λ0)为速度红移,Z_λ为红移观测值。我认为波λ和频率v在描述自然规律方面应有同等作用,即通过类似的红移变换,此红移相加法则的形式仍然不变。     

基于GRACE数据的西南陆地水储量分析

利用地球重力卫星GRACE(Gravity Recovey and Climate Experiment)2005年1月～2010年4月期间64个月的数据,对我国西南地区陆地水储量变化进行了反演.结果表明,选取适当的高斯半径(R=600 km)和所采用数据的平均引力场作为背景引力场,则基于GRACE数据反演的西南陆地水...     

On the origin of the solar system and the exceptional position of the Sun in the Galaxy

The solar system's position in the Galaxy is an exclusive one, since the Sun is close to the corotation circle, which is the place where the angular velocity of the galactic differential rotation is equal to that of density waves displaying as spiral arms. Each galaxy contains only one corotation circle; therefore, it is an exceptional place. In the Galaxy, the deviation of the Sun from the corotation is very small — it is equal to ΔR/R _⊙≈0.03, where ΔR=R _c ?R _⊙,R _c is the corotation distance from the galactic center andR _⊙ is the Sun's distance from the galactic center. The special conditions of the Sun's position in the Galaxy explain the origin of the fundamental cosmogony timescalesT ₁≈4.6×10⁹ yr,T ₂?10⁸ yr,T ₃?10⁶ yr detected by the radioactive decay of various nuclides. The timescaleT ₁ (the solar system's ‘lifetime’) is the protosolar cloud lifetime in a space between the galactic spiral arms. The timescaleT ₂ is the presolar cloud lifetime in a spiral arm.T ₃ is a timescale of hydrodynamical processes of a cloud-wave interaction. The possibility of the natural explanation of the cosmogony timescales by the unified process (on condition that the Sun is near the state of corotation) can become an argument in favour of the fact that the nearness to the corotation is necessary for the formation of systems similar to the Solar system. If the special position of the Sun is not incidental, then the corotation circles of our Galaxy, as well as those of other galaxies, are just regions where situations similar to ours are likely to be found.     

Perturbations by the oblateness of the Earth and by the planets in the motion of the Moon

Perturbations in the motion of the Moon are computed for the effect by the oblateness of the Earth and for the indirect effect of planets. Based on Delaunay's analytical solution of the main problem, the computations are performed by a method of Fourier series operation. The effect of the oblateness of the Earth is obtained to the second order, partly adopting an analytical evaluation. Both in longitude and latitude are found a few terms whose coefficient differs from the current lunar ephemeris based on Brown's theory by about 0.01. While, concerning the indirect effect of planets, several periodic terms in the current ephemeris seem to have errors reaching 0.05.As for the secular variations of and due to the figure of the Earth and the indirect effect of planets, the newly-computed values agree within 1/cy with Brown's results reduced to the same values of the parameters. Further, the accelerations in the mean longitude, and caused by the secular changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbite and in the obliquity of the ecliptic are obtained. The comparison with Brown shows an agreement within 0.3/cy² for the former cause and 0.02/cy² for the latter. An error is found in the argument of the principal term for the perturbations due to the ecliptic motion in the current ephemeris.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

On the model of the accumulation of the moon compatible with the data on the composition and the age of lunar rocks

It is suggested that the overall early melting of the lunar surface is not necessary for the explanation of facts and that the structure of highlands is more complicated than a solidified anorthositic ‘plot’. The early heating of the interior of the Moon up to 1000K is really needed for the subsequent thermal history with the maximum melting 3.5 × 10⁹ yr ago, to give the observed ages for mare basalts. This may be considered as an indication that the Moon during the accumulation retained a portion of its gravitational energy converted into heat, which may occur only at rapid processes. A rapid (t < 10³ yr) accretion of the Moon from the circumterrestrial swarm of small particles would give necessary temperature, but it is not compatible with the characteristic time 10⁸ yr of the replenishment of this swarm which is the same as the time-scale of the accumulation of the Earth. It is shown that there were conditions in the circumterrestial swarm for the formation at a first stage of a few large protomoons. Their number and position is evaluated from the simple formal laws of the growth of satellites in the vicinity of a planet. Such ‘systems’ of protomoons are compared with the observed multiple systems, and the conclusion is reached that there could have been not more than 2–3 large protomoons with the Earth. The tidal evolution of protomoon orbits was short not only for the present value of the tidal phase-lag but also for a considerably smaller value. The coalescence of protomoons into a single Moon had to occur before the formation of the observed relief on the Moon. If we accept the age 3.9 × 10⁹ yr for the excavation of the Imbrium basin and ascribe the latter to the impact of an Earth satellite, this collision had to be roughly at 30R, whereR is the radius of the Earth, because the Moon at that time had to be somewhere at this distance. Therefore, the protomoons had to be orbiting inside 20–25R, and their coalescence had to occur more than 4.0x10⁹ yr ago. The energy release at coalescence is equivalent to several hundred degrees and even 1000 K. The process is very rapid (of the order of one hour). Therefore, the model is valid for the initial conditions of the Moon.     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

On some problems concerning the calculation of the form of the magnetopause and the electric field on the magnetopause in the framework of the continuum medium model

In order to understand the reason of the existence of the electric field in the magnetosphere, and for the theoretical evaluation of its value, it is necessary to find the solution of the problem of determination of the magnetosphere boundary form in the frameworks of the continuum medium model which takes into account part of the magnetospheric plasma movement in supporting the magnetospheric boundary equilibrium. A number of problems for finding the distribution of the pressure, the density, the magnetic field and the electric field on the particular tangential discontinuity is considered in the case when the form of discontinuity is set (the direct problem) and a number of problems for finding the form of the discontinuity and the distribution of the above-mentioned physical quantities on the discontinuity is considered when the law of the change of the external pressure along the boundary is set (for example, with the help of the approximate Newton equation). The problem which is considered here, which deals with the calculation of the boundary form and with the calculation of the distribution of the corresponding physical quantities on the discontinuity of the 1st kind for the compressible fluid with the magnetic field with field lines which are perpendicular to the plane of the flow in question, concerns the last sort of problems. The comparison of the results of the calculation with the data in the equatorial cross-section of the magnetosphere demonstrates that the calculated form of the boundary, the value of the velocity of the return flow and the value of the electric field on the magnetopause, agree satisfactorily with the observational data.