中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造的构造应力场特征

本文是笔者等中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造研究的系列论文之一。本文的第一部分根据大地震调查结果和最新的震源机制研究结果的大量数据, 讨论了中国及邻区大陆内部的发震构造。结果表明, 我国及邻区大陆内部不论在数量上、强度上、分布面积上, 占绝对优势的是走滑型地震, 进而强调了走滑型发震构造研究在地震危险性分析中的重要意义。第二部分讨论了走滑型发震构造的构造应力场特征, 以及根据各种性质断层面解的应力特征编制的中国及邻区大陆内部走滑型发震断层、正断层、逆断层的分布概况。      

利用P波、S波初动和振幅比计算2000年姚安M_S6.5地震序列震源机制解

利用P波、SV波和SH波的初动和振幅比计算了2000年姚安6.5级地震序列中14次M≥3.0地震的震源机制解.结果表明,姚安6.5级地震的主要发震断裂走向为北西,高倾角,在北北西向近水平主压应力作用下,呈现出以右旋走滑为主的断层错动性质;姚安地震序列以走滑型为主,个别地震为斜滑型,是在北北西向水平或近水平的主压应力作用下的构造运动方式;主震发生后1～3天断层错动以走滑型为主,个别为斜滑型,主震发生后3～30天断层错动为走滑型;P轴和T轴的方位总在按与构造应力场走向由一致到不一致再到一致的规律反复变化;在强余震明显活动期间,地震以水平或近水平向主压应力作用下的断层错动方式为主,有一定的斜向作用,然后为水平或近水平的主压应力作用方式,主震后应力场有明显的调整变化过程.     

中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造的构造变形场特征

本文是笔者等中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造研究的系列论文之二．本系列的论文之一，讨论了中国大陆内部走滑型发震构造的构造应力场特征(环文林等，1994)．本文在此基础上进一步讨论了走滑型发震断层的变形场特征． 本文第一部分阐述了走滑型发震构造的变形场模型．提出一条完整的走滑断层，并不是整条带上都以水平位移为主，其位错面的各个地段的变形性质是不同的．只有中部主体走滑段表现为走滑性质，而两端则以垂直变形为主要特征；本文第二部分通过近年来我国大陆内部发生的、且调查比较清楚的几次７级以上走滑型大地震发震断层的变形场特征的讨论，进一步证实了，虽然各次地震都具有各自复杂的个性特征，但它们在共性上，这些地震的发震断层都具有上述相似的走滑型发震构造的变形场特征．      

依据断层摩擦准则估算的地壳主应力量值关系式及其参数分析

基于Zoback(1992b)提出的估算地壳构造应力量值的思路和2个假设,考虑了3个主应力分别为垂直主应力(对应3种构造应力类型)的情况,比较系统地建立了依据应力形因子和断层摩擦强度估算构造主应力量值的关系式。讨论了摩擦系数、孔隙压力系数和应力形因子对构造主应力量值的影响:在最大主应力为近水平的情况下(应力类型为走滑型或逆断型),最大主应力量值(或随深度线性增加的斜率)随摩擦系数取值的增大而增大,随孔隙压力系数取值的增大而减小。在最小主应力为近水平的情况下(应力类型为走滑型或正断型),最小主应力量值(或随深度线性增加的斜率)随摩擦系数取值的增大而减小,随孔隙压力系数的增大而增大。并且,3个参数对主应力量值估算的影响很大,如果摩擦系数取值较大,同时孔隙压力系数取值较小,最大主应力随深度增加的斜率与最小主应力随深度增加的斜率之间的差异就大,有可能导致不合理的结果出现。该方法只是对地壳岩石发生脆性破裂或摩擦滑动时的构造应力量值进行近似估算,估算结果并不是地壳稳定状态下的构造应力量值。     

2012年5月3日金塔—阿拉善盟5.4级地震震源机制解

利用甘肃省数字地震台网的波形资料,采用CAP方法反演得到2012年5月3日金塔-阿拉善盟5.4级地震的震源机制解。震源性质为走滑型,断层破裂面为78°,主压应力P轴方向为N32°E,震源深度为9km。     

华北地区盆地内地壳应力随深度的变化

本文详细讨论了华北地区盆地内水平应力和垂直应力以及最大剪应力随深度的变化,找出了水平应力与垂直应力之比与深度的关系。鉴于2100米以下超孔压带的存在,对该带内测得的所有最大水平主应力值作了孔压修正。 区内最大水平主应力方向近东西,变化幅度随深度增加逐渐变小,从地表到4000米深处,基本存在S_H=σ_1、S_h=σ_3、S_v=σ_2的应力状态。因此,我们推测区域内现今构造活动模式浅部为平移断层,深部为平移正断层。     

由宽频带辐射能量目录和地震矩目录给出的视应力及其地震学意义

对NEIC宽频带地震辐射能量目录和哈佛矩心矩张量（CMT）目录的比较，给出了关于视应力的一些可能是有意义的结果，尽管目前的结果误差仍很大，可靠性也是有限的，但这种比较所提供的线索却颇值得注意，视应力的计算给出关于地震断层面上非线性动摩擦函数的线索，能量／地震矩之比随地震大小的变化表明，在BK模型框架下，对于走滑型地城,依赖于滑动速度的摩擦似乎占主要地位，而对于非走滑型地震，依赖于位移的摩擦似乎占主要地位，主震和余震的能量／地震矩之比的比较表明，对于走滑型地震，余震的视应力平均地说来低于主震的视应力，而对于非直滑型地震，余震的视应力即有高于主震的也有低于主震的，这对于障碍体和凹凸模式的讨论及模型中地震破裂停止条件的设置可能具有一定的参考意义。     

下关地区水压致裂应力测量及构造应力状态的研究(英文)

本文报导了下关附近500米深钻孔中的水压致裂应力测量结果。通过原地应力测量发现应力值随深度增加而增大;最大水平主应力方向随深度变化不大,平均方向为北20°东,与红河断裂带呈45°交角。最大主应力及最大剪应力随深度变化的梯度比华北和美国圣安德列斯断层附近的测值大得多。从测得的最大主应力值和最大剪应力值来看,下关地区处于高应力状态,发生地震的危险性是值得引起注意的。     

华北断块区现代构造断裂的动力学问题的地震研究

通过华北断块区的地震活动、空间分布、地震断裂力学参数分析和剪切破裂带地震滑动速率及应力计算等研究了该地区现代构造断裂的动力学问题。基本结果如下: (1) 由地震活动及其分布所构成的深部地壳的现代断裂为一稳定的剪切破裂网络体系。 (2) 由震源机制资料得到本区地震断层多属走滑型和近走滑型,震源区主应力为水平力和近水平力。但斜滑型断层和倾滑型断层以及斜力和近垂直力也占有不可忽视的比例。 (3) 由地震矩估算出剪切破裂带的平均滑动速率均小于0.1厘米/年。 (4) 用中小地震估算本区地震构造力约为几十——几百巴量级     

基于CAP方法的2013湖北巴东5.1级地震震源机制与发震构造研究

利用湖北与重庆区域台网共9个台的宽频带数字地震记录,采用CAP法(Cut and Paste Method)反演了湖北巴东2013年12月16日MS5.1地震震源机制解,其最佳双力偶解为节面I：走向166°,倾角82°,滑动角41 °;节面Ⅱ：走向69°,倾角49°,滑动角169°;最佳震源深度主要集中分布在5.5 km附近。分析认为此次地震的发震断层为带有逆冲成分的走滑性质断层,主压应力P轴近EW向,主张应力轴近NS向。余震序列主要呈EW分布,少部分呈NS方向分布,较大余震的发震破裂滑动类型以正走滑型的居多,其次为逆倾滑型及逆走滑型。结合7次较大余震的机制解判断,近EW向节面为发震断层。     

In-situ stress state in the China’s Sea and adjacent areas

Based on 141 data of in-situ stress orientations data of breakouts, stress reliefs and hydraulic fracture tests, and some data of stress magnitudes from oil-well hydrofracturing operations, this paper discusses in-situ stress regime and the tectonic stress provinces in the China’s Sea and adjacent areas. Furthermore, the origin of tectonic stress field is expounded. The research results show that the tectonic stress in China’s Sea region can be divided into some stress provinces which are the extension of the Northern China and Southern China stress provinces toward the eastern sea area. The tectonic stress field in the Bohai and Huanghai and their neighbouring regions is controlled by a ENE-WSW compression, where the faulting types are mainly strike-slip. However, the stress in the East and South China’s sea region and the Taiwan Straits is dominated by the WNW-NW-NNW compressions, that is to say that the orientations of the maximum horizontal stress spread radially from the central mainland toward southeastern sea areas. The principal stress directions become more and more steady and uniform as depth increases. In the North China and nearby areas, the types of faulting are primarily strike-slip. In Southern China and adjacent sea areas, there is a transition layer at 1,700M depth, the faultings principally show reverse faults above that depth and strike-slip below it. Furthermore the origin of the tectonic stress field in this region may primarily come from the composite action of the Pacific, the Philippine sea and the India-Australian plates.     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL STRESS FIELD VARIATION IN THE CENTRAL LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE AFTER THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FROM FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTIONS OF SMALL EARTHQUAKES

We determined the focal mechanism solutions(FMS)of aftershocks of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using the waveform data recorded by the Western Sichuan movable seismic array. We further obtained the spatio-temporal variation of the stress field by inverting the stress tensors from these data. The results show that the FMSs of the small earthquakes are primarily reverse faulting with considerable number of normal and strike-slip. The proportion of reverse type earthquakes clearly increases with time, and the spatial distribution of the FMSs is closely related with local geology and the characteristics of the deep faults. The stress tensor inversion results reveal that the orientations of the maximum horizontal compressive stress(S_H)shortly after the mainshock in each area are mainly in EW to NWW-SEE directions, while in the area along Xiaoyudong-to-Lixian aftershock branch it is in NE-SW direction in shallow crust. This implies that the stress field at the early stage after the Wenchuan earthquake is mainly controlled by the dynamic stress change caused by the rupture propagation, and the conspicuous factor determining the S_H direction is the characteristics of the rupture plane. Temporal variations of the stress tensors show that the stress regimes at depth changed from a mixture of reverse and strike-slip faulting to pure reverse, implying that local Coulomb stress caused by the main shock is released through strike-slip faulting and gradually recovers into the background stress field. The change of stress in the shallow subsurface follows that in the deep subsurface with observable time delay.     

2008年8月30日攀枝花-会理6.1级地震序列 ML≥4.0事件的震源机制解

针对2008年8月30日在四川攀枝花-会理发生的M_s6.1地震序列,本研究基于四川和云南两省数字地震台网的宽频带波形记录,采用CAP方法反演了该序列主震及M_L≥4.0余震的震源机制解.结果显示:主震震源机制解的两个主应力轴仰角小于10°,其中,主压力轴方位为140°;节面之一走向185°、西倾83°、滑动角5°,显示左旋走滑略兼逆冲分量的断层作用性质.结合余震、烈度分布以及震区的活动构造,判定该节面代表了主震的发震断层面,相应的发震断层应是穿越震区的近南北向红格断裂(南段).本研究还获得主震震源机制解的最佳拟合误差深度为10 km,与该事件的定位结果相一致.该序列中6次M_L≥4.0余震也具有与主震类似的震源机制解.分析初步表明:空间上,2008年攀枝花-会理M_s6.1地震序列的震源机制解与研究区内更早地震的震源机制解具有良好的协调性,反映了该序列是在川滇地块SE-SSE向水平运动的背景下、沿近S-N向红格断裂发生左旋走滑略兼逆冲运动的结果.     

Source mechanism studies of earthquakes in the Ibero-Maghrebian region and their tectonic implications

Seismicity of the Ibero-Maghrebian region includes the occurrence of shallow, intermediate depth, and very deep earthquakes. This is a very rare occurrence for a region not associated to an active subduction zone. Detailed studies of the source mechanism of these three types of earthquakes have been made possible through the collaboration with Prof. Madariaga. They give important information about the complex tectonic of the region. Shallow earthquakes at the west and east ends of the region have predominant reverse faulting with NW-SE trending horizontal pressure axes. The center part is the most tectonically complex. At the Strait of Gibraltar, there is a change on focal mechanisms from reverse faulting to strike-slip motion in northern Morocco, conserving the horizontal compression on NW-SE direction. In the Alboran Sea, mechanisms are of normal faulting with E-W trending horizontal tension axes, and in south Spain, mechanisms are of mixed solutions. The intermediate depth earthquakes (40–130 km) are located at both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar, at the western part distributed in E-W direction. The most important concentration, however, is located at the east of Gibraltar in a N-S trending thin vertical body and has different mechanisms. The very deep earthquakes (650 km) are concentrated at a small volume, and their mechanism corresponds to N-S vertical planes or horizontal ones. A tectonic model for the region is presented to explain the shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes.     

川滇菱形块体中部现今构造应力场精确求解

自Global CMT和前人文献中搜索了1973～2015年间的34条中小地震震源机制解并进行分析,根据震级对每个地震震源机制解进行加权处理,采用网格搜索法反演了川滇菱形块体中部区域现今构造应力场。结果表明,川滇菱形块体中部区域整体以走滑断层类型为主,而西部呈现正断层类型;整个区域应力场受到近NW向挤压,NE向拉张,应力形因子为0.1。该区域应力场主张应力轴方向近水平,表明有横向的拉张作用。较低的应力形因子表明几乎处于NW-SE向和垂直向的双轴挤压及NE-SW向拉张的应力状态。这种应力状态来源于2种动力作用:(1)在青藏高原物质东流和华南块体阻挡作用下呈现NW-SE向挤压和NE-SW向拉张的走滑应力状态;(2)印度板块缅甸弧对该地区深部的NEE向低角度俯冲作用导致浅部地壳物质具有NEE-SWW向的拉张分量。这2种动力的共同作用导致该地区既出现走滑型地震,又出现正断型地震。     

2009年中国大陆地区部分地震的震源机制解

选用国家地震台网和区域台网的初至波P波初动符号资料,采用下半球等面积投影,用格点尝试法计算了2009年中国大陆27次MS4.5级以上地震的震源机制解。根据Zoback[1]研究全球应力场时的分类标准,对断层面解类型进行了分类。结果表明:走滑型(SS)地震13次,逆断层为主兼走滑(TS)8次,逆断层(TF)2次,正断层为主兼走滑(NS)3次,正断层(NF)1次。主压应力轴P轴方位的优势分布具有明显的区域特征,除东北地区有稍微的偏移,其余地区都与当地的背景构造应力场基本一致。     

南北地震带震源机制解与构造应力场特征

南北地震带作为中国大陆地应力场一级分区的边界,其构造应力场的研究对理解大陆强震机理、构造变形和地震应力的相互作用具有重要意义.本文收集南北地震带1970—2014年的震源机制解819条,按照全球应力图的分类标准对震源机制解进行分类,发现其空间分布特征与地质构造活动性质比较吻合.P轴水平投影指示了活动块体的运动方向,T轴水平投影在川滇块体及邻近地区空间差异特征最为突出,存在顺时针旋转的趋势.南北地震带的最大水平主应力方向具有明显的分区特征,北段为NE向走滑类型的应力状态,中段为NEE—EW—NWW向的逆冲类型,南段为SE—SSE—NS—NNE向走滑和正断类型,在川滇块体的北部和西边界应力状态为EW—SE—SSE的正断层类型,表明来自印度板块的NNE或NE向的水平挤压应力和青藏高原物质东向滑移沿大型走滑断裂带向SE向平移的复合作用控制了南北地震带的岩石圈应力场.川滇块体西边界正断层类型应力状态范围与高分辨率地震学观测得到的中下地壳低速带范围基本吻合,青藏高原向东扩张的塑性物质流与横向边界(丽江—小金河断裂带)的弱化易于应变能的释放,在局部地区使NS向拉张的正断层向EW向拉张正断层转变.反演得到的应力状态基本上与各种类型地震的破裂方式比较吻合,也进一步验证反演结果的可靠性,可为地球动力学过程的模拟和活动断层滑动性质的厘定提供参考.     

Present-day seismicity,stress field and crustal deformation of Egypt

In this study we investigate present-day seismicity and crustal deformation of Egypt based on a comprehensive earthquake catalog from 1900 to 2004 by focal mechanism stress inversion and by recent GPS observations. Spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters indicates that Egypt has been suffered from both interplate and intraplate earthquakes. Most earthquake activity (more than 70%) has been concentrated in northern Egypt along the geologically documented borders of Sinai subplate (northern Red Sea and its two branches Suez rift and Aqaba–Dead Sea transform). The majority of inland earthquake focal mechanisms in Egypt are normal with strike-slip component or strike-slip faulting events. Only a small minority, namely four events, exhibits reverse faulting. The inversion method of Gephart and Forsyth (1984) was applied to calculate the orientation of the principle stress axes and the shape of the stress tensor. The best fitting tensor in Egypt shows homogeneity stress field. The tension stress regime is dominant in northern Egypt. The stress directions are well resolved by the 95% confidence limits, the relative stress magnitude has a value of about 0.3. However, along southern Egypt the strike-slip regime is dominant. The shape factor (R-value) is 0.5, which means that the deviatoric components of σ₁ and σ₃ are of the same magnitude, but of opposite signs. The average horizontal velocity of GPS stations in Egypt is 5.15± 1.1 mm/year in mostly NNW direction. The results of deformation analysis indicate that the northern Egypt is deformed more than the southern part. Only the Egyptian-Mediterranean coastal–Nile Delta zone dominates as a compression deformation area. However, an extensional deformation has been observed throughout the rest of country. This means that the relative motion of African plate with respect to both Eurasian and Arabian has highly controlled the deformation processes in Egypt.     

2008年6月10日内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗M5.2地震的震源机制、震源深度和发震构造

2008年6月10日14时5分,内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗发生M5.2地震,该地震处于大兴安岭梯度带北段,是内蒙古东北部地区近年来发生的最大地震。基于内蒙古地震台网观测资料,使用TDMT方法、CAP方法、PTD方法和sPn-Pn等方法测定此次地震的震源机制解和震源深度。结合已有数据资料,分析震源区域地震的时空分布特征和构造应力特征,并探讨该地震的发震构造。此次地震震源深度较浅,位于上地壳,结合震源机制解结果、地震分布特征和构造背景分析认为,此次地震为右旋走滑类型,走向NNE,主压应力方向为SWW。