Molodensky边值问题中解析延拓法g1项的小波算法

运用小波分析理论研究了Molodensky边值问题的计算方法，论证了该类问题的计算对于精化重力场模型的意义，即可以放弃考虑地球密度的各种重力改正．针对解析延拓法，证明g1项奇异积分在Chauchy主值意义下的存在性．计算结果表明，该算法具有快速、准确的特征，特别适用大范围计算g     

联合不同类型重力测量数据确定地球重力场模型的迭代法

不同的重力测量数据包含了不同波段的地球重力场信息,因此要恢复更高精度的地球重力场模型,就必须对不同类型的重力测量数据进行联合处理.以地面重力异常Δg为例,推导了利用迭代法联合不同类型重力测量数据反演地球重力场模型的基本原理公式,并给出了其具体实现步骤,接着采用全球的重力异常Δg数据和扰动位T数据,基于迭代法对卫星重力梯度SGG数据解算的重力场模型进行了进一步的精化.结果表明,初始的卫星重力梯度SGG模型和经过全球重力异常Δg数据精化后的模型,其对应的累计大地水准面误差分别达到1.128cm和0.048cm、累计重力异常误差分别达到0.416mGal和0.018mGal的精度;在经过全球扰动位T数据进一步精化后的模型,其对应的累计大地水准面误差达到0.043cm、累计重力异常误差达到0.016mGal的精度.     

卫星重力梯度测量及其应用前景探讨

卫星重力梯度测量是研究空间重力梯度探测与应用的新领域,特别适于检测地球重力场的短波特征.目前它尚处在研制超灵敏张量梯度仪器和应用预研究的阶段.本文考察了卫星梯度测量的重要性和优越性.阐述了它在惯性导航和地球重力场模型精化中的作用;探讨了卫星梯度测量在重力勘探、地球动力学与地震预测研究中的多种用途;讨论了它在检测微重力环境、检验重力场延拓理论和改善飞行器轨道受力分析中的重要意义.     

丽江地震前后重力场变化的有限矩形位错模型分析

研究了用有限矩形位错模型计算地壳形变引起的地面重力场变化的方法．以丽江MＳ7.0地震为例，讨论了确定用于模型计算的断层面参数的原则，并给出了结果．计算和分析了不同类型位错引起的重力场变化图象特征，并与丽江地震前后观测到的重力场变化进行比较．结果表明，在发震断层有限范围内模型可解释同震重力场的变化，但模型对于更大空间范围上的重力场变化并不能给出很好地解释.      

卫星重力场恢复中海潮负荷效应的改正

本文详细介绍了海潮负荷效应对卫星重力测量影响的基本理论,并采用不同分辨率的FES2004、TPXO7.2和GOT00全球海潮模型计算了海潮负荷对卫星重力结果前60阶的影响;并用各个模型之间的差异作为海潮模型精度的估计量,计算了海潮模型误差对卫星重力结果的影响,与GRACE恢复的重力场精度的比较说明:海潮负荷效应主要影响卫星重力观测结果的低阶系数,35阶以下的影响都超过了目前重力场恢复精度;尽管由于卫星测高技术的发展,全球海潮模型的分辨率及精度均得到很大提高,但目前的全球海潮模型用于GRACE重力场恢复的前12阶的改正还是不够精确.受近海地区特殊海岸线及复杂海底地形的影响,整体精度仍得不到提高,利用高精度高分辨率的中国近海模型对不同分辨率全球海潮模型进行局部精化,进一步提高了全球海潮模型的整体精度,同时改善了卫星重力场恢复中的海潮负荷改正效果.     

三江地区不同场源重力场特征及其与构造、地震的关系

利用重力场实测资料及最新的高分辨率超高阶重力位模型IGG97LB（720阶）计算了三江地区不同场源的重力场。在分析研究了不同场源重力场特征之后，结合地震层析成像资料，得出了初步结论：（1）三江地区的康滇菱形块体内部的物质是由青藏高原下面物质向南东方向延伸来的，可见康滇菱形块体与青藏高原的关系密切；（2）康滇菱形块体的低速度层厚度大于周边地区；（3）从三江地区重力场特征及历史上地震发生的情况看，地震容易发生在重力异常等值线拐弯处，特别是复杂的等值线拐弯处，更是地震的多发区。     

广东地区重力场演化特征及其与地震的关系

通过对广东地区1988－1999年流动重力资料的重新整理计算，对粤东，粤西和珠江三角洲地区重力场演变趋势做了分析研究，探讨其与华南沿海地区地震活动的关系，并提出了广东地区重力场时，空，强变化的地震前兆信息，为该地区提供震前重力场异常判别依据。     

基于Clenshaw技术计算大地水准面差距的快速算法

随着超高阶重力场位模型的建立与精化,其计算效率也逐渐凸显起来.本文比较了Clenshaw算法和标准向前列递推算法的适用性,并分析了Clenshaw求和计算全球大地水准面差距的适用范围.在Clenshaw求和技术基础上,进行如下算法改进:将球谐函数级数和的形式以矩阵形式替代,算法运算过程中以向量化计算代替循环计算.在计算前360阶、420阶、480阶、……、直至前1500阶的大地水准面差距时,改进后的Clenshaw算法要比改进前算法的运算耗时减少了三分之一左右,也就是运算效率至少提升了33%.     

彰武地震前后垂直形变场局部反向原因探索

以探索彰武地震前后垂直形变场局部反向原因为目的，利用动态秩亏平差方法处理辽宁地区水准、重力复测资料。依据重力场变化图按网格法计算重力场变化对垂直形变场的影响，绘制消除重力场变化影响的垂直形变场图。     

GRACE月时变模型缺失值的填补方法与精度分析

长时间序列的GRACE时变重力场对研究全球地表质量变化具有重要的意义.部分月份的GRACE卫星观测数据质量不佳导致了相应月份的时变重力场模型缺失,为了保持时变重力场模型的连续性,可采用一定的插值方法填补.本文以ITSG-Grace2016时变重力场模型序列为研究对象,详细分析了三次样条插值、三次埃尔米特插值和三次多项式插值等3种方法用于填补GRACE时变模型序列的精度,实验结果表明:(1)利用3种插值方法获取空缺1个月或连续空缺2个月的时变重力场模型时,插值时变模型与实测时变模型比较,阶误差均较小,且三次埃尔米特插值的精度稍好;(2)利用插值时变模型分析区域质量变化时,在空缺1个月数据的情况下,插值时变模型与实测时变模型符合度较高,但在连续空缺2个月数据的情况下,插值时变模型与实测时变模型的计算结果差异较大,说明利用阶误差评定模型精度具有一定局限性;(3)对区域质量变化的趋势项进行分析时,区域质量变化的复杂程度决定了模型内插的精度,当时间序列的长度在3年或3年以上时,插值时变模型的精度对区域质量变化分析的影响较小.在分析区域质量变化时,三次样条插值方法的插值结果与实测结果更为接近,建议采用该方法填补GRACE月时变重力场模型的缺失值.     

Recognition method for mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting factors based on global sensitivity analysis in the Nenjiang River Basin

Mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting is important to China. Forecasting based on physical causes has become the trend of this field, and recognition of key factors is central to recent development. Here, global sensitivity analysis based on back‐propagation arithmetic was used to calculate the sensitivity of up to 24 factors that affect runoff in the Nenjiang River Basin. The following five indices were found to be key factors for mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting during flood season: Tibetan Plateau B, index of the strength of the East Asian trough, index of the area of the northern hemisphere polar vortex, zonal circulation index over the Eurasian continent and index of the strength of the subtropical high over the western Pacific. The hydrological climate of the study area and the rainfall–runoff laws were then analysed in conjunction with its geographical position and topographic condition. The rationality of the results can be demonstrated from the positive analysis point of view. The results of this study provide a general method for selection of mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting factors based on physical causes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN APPLICATION OF FAST ALGORITHMS TO NUMERICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING*

Numerical electromagnetic modeling by the finite-difference or finite-element methods leads to a large sparse system of linear algebraic equations. Fast direct methods, requiring an order of at most q log q arithmetic operations to solve a system of q equations, cannot easily be applied to such a system. This paper describes the iterative application of a fast method, namely cyclic reduction, to the numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation with a piecewise constant imaginary coefficient of the absolute term in a plane domain. By means of numerical tests the advantages and limitations of the method compared with classical direct methods are discussed. The iterative application of the cyclic reduction method is very efficient if one can exploit a known solution of a similar (e.g., simpler) problem as the initial approximation. This makes cyclic reduction a powerful tool in solving the inverse problem by trial-and-error.     

新10号泉水化学测项中强地震前兆异常特征的研究

选取1980年以来距新10号泉300km范围内的16次5级以上地震为研究对象,通过对新10号泉水化学参数在上述地震前后的全程时空扫描,初步总结出该泉水化学测项的前兆异常特征。（1）异常形态各异：硫化物为中期高值异常;氟离子以短期异常和中期异常为主;电导率基本上表现为中期高值异常;水汞以中期高值异常为主,个别地震前会出现临震高值异常;水氡为中期高值异常或年变畸变;甲烷则一般表现为高值中期异常,个别地震前也会在中期异常的基础上叠加大幅度临震异常;氦气为高值正异常。（2）映震对应率：硫化物为81．3％,氟离子为57．1％,电导率为31．3％,水汞为55．6％,水氡为18．8％,甲烷为46．7％,氦气为46．7％。     

超高阶次Legendre函数的跨阶数递推算法

本文引入了Legendre函数的跨阶数递推算法,并利用该算法在双精度数范围内计算了按间隔为1°余纬从1°变化至89°对应的直到完整的20000阶次的归一化连带Legendre函数的值.为验证计算精度,通过多种途径对该算法的计算结果进行检验,结果表明:该算法算得的每个阶次连带Legendre函数的值至少具有10-10这样的绝对精度.此外还对该算法的计算用时进行了统计,结果为该算法的计算用时大约是Legendre函数计算中常用的按阶数递推算法用时的1.6倍.     

Short‐term versus medium‐term monitoring for detecting gully‐erosion variability in a Mediterranean environment

This study investigates how medium‐term gully‐development data differ from short‐term data, and which factors influence their spatial and temporal variability at nine selected actively retreating bank gullies situated in four Spanish basin landscapes. Small‐format aerial photographs using unmanned, remote‐controlled platforms were taken at the gully sites in short‐term intervals of one to two years over medium‐term periods of seven to 13 years and gully change during each period was determined using stereophotogrammetry and a geographic information system. Results show a high variability of annual gully retreat rates both between gullies and between observation periods. The mean linear headcut retreat rates range between 0·02 and 0·26 m a^–1. Gully area loss was between 0·8 and 22 m² a^–1 and gully volume loss between 0·5 to 100 m³ a^–1, of which sidewall erosion may play a considerable part. A non‐linear relationship between catchment area and medium‐term gully headcut volume change was found for these gullies. The short‐term changes observed at the individual gullies show very high variability: on average, the maximum headcut volume change observed in 7–13 years was 14·3 times larger than the minimum change. Dependency on precipitation varies but is clearly higher for headcuts than sidewalls, especially in smaller and less disturbed catchments. The varying influences of land use and human activities with their positive or negative effects on runoff production and connectivity play a dominant role in these study areas, both for short‐term variability and medium‐term difference in gully development. The study proves the value of capturing spatially continuous, high‐resolution three‐dimensional data using small‐format aerial photography for detailed gully monitoring. Results confirm that short‐term data are not representative of longer‐term gully development and demonstrate the necessity for medium‐ to long‐term monitoring. However, short‐term data are still required to understand the processes – particularly human activity at varying time scales – causing fluctuations in gully erosion rates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Increased eutrophication of the Northern Adriatic sea

The Northern Adriatic is one of the most productive regions of the Mediterranean, primarily due to the eutrophicating influence of Italian rivers, in particular the Po. In June 1977 unusually high phytoplankton standing crops (13 μg Chl a l.^?1) occurred, together with extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations in bottom waters (to 13%) which persisted for 4–6 months. Such conditions were associated with unusual climatic conditions creating increased discharge from the Po.The data indicate long term meteorological changes which may alter the biological characteristics of the region to a degree equal to, or exceeding, those created by anthropomorphic eutrophication.The 1977 data are presented, discussed, and contrasted with a 10 year data series.     

Dry aeolian dust accumulation in rocky deserts: ­a medium‐term field experiment based on short‐term wind tunnel simulations

The spatial pattern of medium‐term (a few months) dry aeolian dust accumulation in rocky deserts is predicted using short‐term deposition and erosion experiments in a wind tunnel. The predictions are tested in a field experiment set up in the northern Negev Desert of Israel. The results show that superimposing wind tunnel deposition and erosion maps usually leads to correct predictions of medium‐term dust accumulation. The predictions are somewhat less confident near the inflection lines of windward hillslopes, where small‐scale irregularities in the local topography make it difficult to locate the exact position of the areas of little accumulation. Elsewhere in the topography predictions are good, and the method works satisfactorily. Highest accumulation occurs on concave windward slopes and, to a lesser extent, on slopes parallel to the wind. Little accumulation occurs on the convex windward slopes and in dust separation bubbles. The smallest accumulation rates are observed immediately upwind of the top of pronounced hills and on leeslopes. The rate of dry dust accumulation measured during the field experiment varied from 17 to 93 g m⁻² a⁻¹, depending on the topographic position of the accumulation plots. For most plots, it was of the order of 30–60 g m⁻² a⁻¹. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘弹性介质单程波法非零偏移距地震数值模拟与偏移

地震资料分辨率降低,得不到深层介质的精确信息实际上是由于大地吸收效应的影响.同时与双程波动方程相比单程波动方程避免了多次波的干扰并且计算效率高、占用内存少.本文首先基于开尔芬粘弹性介质模型将品质因子与单程波分步傅立叶法波场延拓算子相结合,实现了粘弹性介质波场延拓,从而将单程波弹性介质波场延拓推广到了粘弹性介质.然后在定位原理,数学检波器原理以及等时叠加原理的基础之上实现了粘弹性介质非零偏移距叠前正演模拟.最后将数值模拟得到的正演记录进行弹性偏移和粘弹性偏移并进行对比分析.通过数值算例可以看出,粘弹性介质叠前正演深层的反射波能量减弱,同相轴变粗,频带变窄,主频减小,分辨率降低;粘弹性偏移不但实现了振幅的恢复,而且同时偏移剖面的垂向空间分辨率也得到了提高.     

地震观测中数字滤波器的高效算法和低功耗研究

数字滤波器在地震观测中的主要作用是:确保输出数据有较低的本底噪声和较大的动态范围,而不能以牺牲系统功耗为代价。需减小滤波器本身的运算量以节约系统功耗,从而提出滤波器的多级级联设计方案和高效算法,不采用传统的直接算法,可以降低滤波器本身的运算量和系统功耗。     

Pollution of Hong Kong's commercial oyster beds

Oysters are cultivated in Hong Kong by a primitive method of bottom laying in polluted waters. The method of shucking the oysters is also unhygienic. The oysters are faecally contaminated, particularly in the summer months when the rain-bearing south-east monsoon flushes out the rivers, streams and watercourses (drains) into the oyster producing areas. The level of contamination is high and largely comprises effluents derived from the neighbouring agricultural areas of Hong Kong and southern China. Cleansing of the oysters, prior to resale, particularly in summer, is urgently recommended, possibly using ultraviolet light as a necessary exercise in public health. But an ultimate solution to the problem lies in the longer term modernization of the industry.