平面二维水流泥沙数值模拟

基于三角形网格划分,采用有限元方法,建立了河道平面二维水流泥沙数学模型。采用质量集中的简化处理和预估校正的时间推进算法,较好地解决了有限元计算存储量和计算速度问题。以空腔流和突扩段两种情况为例对模型进行了检验计算,结果表明,模型能较好地模拟河道水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,且计算稳定性好、速度快、精度较高。     

小坡度海底土层地震液化诱发滑移分析方法

地震可使海底砂质、粉质土层液化并导致上部土层的滑移。基于有效应力有限元动力分析方法和Newmark刚性滑块理论,提出了一种计算海底小坡度（≤5o）土层地震液化引起侧向滑移的简化方法。该方法将波浪荷载简化为海底恒定的上覆压力和初始孔压,忽略了海水粘性对海底土层地震反应的影响,利用改进的Seed孔压模型进行动力分析和液化判别,用Newmark滑块理论计算了土层侧向滑移。通过算例和对比分析,研究了海水深度和土层坡度对侧向滑移的影响,表明该方法的有效性,可为近海工程场地地震地质灾害评价提供参考数据。     

尖山磷矿区水文地质条件及涌水量预测研究

矿坑涌水量预测是矿山开发建设与安全保证的重要环节,本文以尖山磷矿区详查阶段勘查资料为基础,开展了尖山磷矿区水文地质条件及涌水量预测分析。通过对含水层特征及富水性分析研究,确定了矿区水文地质条件复杂程度,指出了矿井的主要充水因素,矿床充水方式为直接充水,充水水源由地下水涌出形成地下径流与雨季由大气降水形成的地表径流两部分组成;根据建立的数学模型,估算了单日最大降雨形成的地表径流,采用水文地质比拟法估算了1 900 m及1 840 m采段的地下水涌水量,以及“大井法”估算1 840 m采段的地下水涌水量。     

冲刷漏斗纵剖面形态数值模拟技术研究

提出σ坐标系垂向分层的优化方法,较好地解决了传统σ坐标变换用于底孔泄流数值模拟时存在网格边界变化的问题;采用一维水流模型为立面二维模型提供自由水面边界,即"动刚盖法"确定自由表面;根据坝前趋孔水流的流动特性和水下纵坡稳定性受力分析,分别导出σ坐标系下床面泥沙边界条件和底孔泄流初期河床滑塌的判别式。在此基础上建立底孔泄流条件下立面二维水流泥沙数学模型,并将之应用于有刚性护坦条件下冲刷漏斗形成的数值模拟。模拟结果表明,漏斗冲刷平段长度、漏斗纵坡等数值试验结果与水槽试验基本一致,验证了模型的合理性和可靠性。     

黄河冰盖厚度演变数学模型

以物理机制和数学推导为基础,建立了黄河初始冰盖形成后冰盖厚度演变计算的数学模型.利用实测资料率定模型参数,可以应用于黄河不同河段冰盖厚度的计算和预报.     

储层流固耦合的数学模型和非线性有限元方程

根据饱和多孔介质固体骨架的平衡方程和多孔介质中流体的连续性方程,建立了储层流固耦合数学模型。模型中引入了Jaumann应力速率公式描述多孔介质固体骨架的大变形效应,并考虑了地应力、初始孔隙压力、初始流体密度和初始孔隙度对耦合模型的影响。基于与微分方程等价的加权余量公式,在空间域采用有限元离散,对时间域进行隐式差分格式离散,导出了以单元节点位移和单元节点孔隙压力为未知量的储层流固耦合的非线性有限元增量方程。该模型在石油工程中有广泛的应用,为储层流固耦合的数值模拟奠定了理论基础。     

刚性桩复合地基的主动土压力分析

桩足够长、桩间距不大于6倍桩径的刚性桩复合地基中,在桩间土内部的剪切力和桩土间摩擦力共同作用下,桩顶段桩间土压力仅在一定深度范围内有所增加,且随深度迅速衰减,而桩顶段桩身轴力随深度增加。基于刚性桩复合地基的这一特点,紧邻刚性桩复合地基开挖基坑且基坑底高于刚性桩桩底时,得出刚性桩复合地基上的附加荷载作用在支护结构上的主动土压力可以简化为倒三角形,最大主动土压力作用在刚性桩桩顶平面与支护结构相交处,随深度增加,主动土压力迅速衰减至0。实践表明该计算方法比较符合工程实际。     

锚索桩设计计算的几个力学问题及有关概念探讨

分析探讨了锚索桩设计计算的几个力学问题及有关概念。传统上对于桩身嵌入段的计算,须根据桩身与桩周岩土的相对刚度划分为刚性桩和弹性桩两种不同的计算模型,并各自对应不同的算法及计算公式,通过对两种模型计算式的数学极限分析表明,刚性桩模型算式仅为弹性桩计算法中将嵌入段的桩身刚度取很大值下的特例,两种模型算法在力学本质上是统一的。由锚索桩嵌入段分别按弹、刚性桩模型算式的位移、转角的对比分析可知,基于弹性桩模型计算出的锚索受力大于按刚性桩模型,以弹性桩模型进行锚索设计偏于安全,而嵌入段的换算长度取1.3（“m法”）或0.8（“常数法”）,从工程设计角度方可作为刚/弹性桩模型的划分判据,此时两种模型的最大位移或转角差别才小于5 %。桩上锚索倾角的力学效应除矢量分解作用影响水平锚拉力大小外,更重要的是将影响锚拉点处的水平约束刚度,进而改变锚索桩超静定结构的受力分担,因此锚索最优倾角的选取可使较好地控制桩身位移且降低锚索初拉力得以兼顾。力图令桩身正负弯矩峰值大致相等的所谓“平衡设计原则”实际上具有较强条件性,须依赖于锚索既要初拉力合适又能在正常工作状态下具备足够大的锚拉力。     

沉降反演分析在储油罐基础纠偏中的应用

依托某一储油罐具体工程实例,利用传统的分层总和法和最小二乘法原理,建立了一个沉降反演分析数学模型。根据充水试验获得的地层沉降变形参数和所建立的数学模型对地层的相关参数进行了反演分析,得出了地层的当量模量、压缩模量以及基础的最终沉降量和倾斜量,为储油罐基础纠偏方案的制定提供了参考依据。提出的方法原理清晰,模型简单,计算方便,对其他相似工程有参考价值和指导作用。     

考虑负摩阻力的刚性桩复合地基工作性状分析

以带褥垫层的刚性桩复合地基为研究对象,在考虑桩体负摩阻力作用的条件下,讨论了桩身侧摩阻力分布状况,建议了侧摩阻力线性简化计算模型。分析了带褥垫层刚性桩复合地基桩体与褥垫层的相互作用,计算了桩顶对褥垫层的刺入量。推导了桩体位移微分方程,并根据方程,同时结合中性面的定义,给出了求解中性面深度比的计算方法,讨论了其影响因素及取值范围。算例显示,按该方法计算的结果符合工程经验。     

The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions

A series of calculations have been carried out to evaluate the effect on cumulus mineral compositions of solidification of trapped intercumulus liquid in orthocumulates. The calculation assumes local equilibrium between phases, and that the system remains chemically closed during crystallization of the trapped liquid. The latter assumption is held to be valid on a scale of tens to hundreds of centimeters. It is not necessary to know the composition of the trapped liquid, as the calculation only requires an estimate of FeO content and trapping temperature.The change in composition of a mineral from that of the initially precipitated cumulus crystals to the final composition after complete solidification is termed the trapped liquid shift. Its magnitude depends on the modal proportions of cumulus phases and the initial porosity, and is only weakly dependent on initial phase compositions. Trapped liquid shifts are significant when compared with mineral composition changes occurring during fractional crystallization. Crystallization of 30% trapped liquid gives rise to shifts of up to 10 mol. percent in Mg number of olivine or pyroxene. The size of the shift becomes greater when the initial cumulus assemblage has a lower total FeO+MgO content, and vice versa.As a result of the relationship between trapped liquid shift and cumulus mode, mineral composition variations and trends may be generated in sequences of cumulates which originally had constant compositions of cumulus minerals. For example, in a cyclic unit grading from a pyroxenitic base to an anorthositic top, crystallization of a uniform proportion of trapped liquid will result in an apparent iron enrichment trend from bottom to top of the cycle, as has been observed in the Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex.     

DEM assessment of impact forces of dry granular masses on rigid barriers

In the design of sheltering structures/embankments for the mitigation of the risk due to rapid and long spreading landslides, a crucial role is generally played by the assessment of the impact force exerted by the flowing mass on the artificial obstacle. This paper is focused on this issue and in particular on the evaluation of the maximum impact force on the basis of the results obtained by performing an extensive numerical campaign by means of a 3D discrete element code, in which a dry granular mass is schematised as a random distribution of rigid spherical particles. The granular mass is generated just in front of the obstacle: its initial volume, velocity distribution, height, length and porosity are arbitrarily assigned, and the impact process is exclusively analysed. The initial conditions are varied to take a large variety of geometrical/mechanical factors, such as the initial front inclination, its height, the initial void ratio, the length of the impacting mass and the inter-particle friction angle, into consideration. A design formula is also proposed on the base of the obtained results and critically compared with the literature data.     

逆做法刚性桩复合地基的作用原理与应用研究

深入分析了逆做法施工刚性桩复合地基在封桩前后的承载特性,推导出桩土应力比和桩身中性点深度计算公式。分析表明,对于逆做法刚性桩复合地基,调节桩土应力比（或桩土荷载分担比）可通过控制桩土间的沉降差（即封桩时 间）、置换率及桩长来实现。进行复合地基设计时应由变形控制。由一工程实例的实测结果验证,计算值与实测值吻合程度很高。     

基于数值计算的测斜仪监测误差分析

测斜仪在边坡深部位移监测中应用比较广泛,但其监测结果存在一定误差。已有测斜仪监测误差研究多是针对系统误差进行,缺少针对测斜仪监测数据计算原理引起的误差进行的研究。基于测斜仪监测数据计算方法原理与数值分析中常微分方程Euler解法的一致性,讨论了造成测斜仪监测误差的原因。分析结果表明:测斜仪监测误差与测斜仪监测初始值、测量分段长度和位移变形曲线形状有关;测斜仪监测初始值变化将给监测带来误差;测斜仪测量段长与监测误差呈线性关系,误差随测量段长减小而变小;当位移变形曲线为直线时,误差为0;当位移变形曲线为单-凸曲线或凹曲线时,监测误差随曲线变形程度和孔口变形位移增大而变大;测斜仪位移变形监测误差为累积误差,孔口误差大于孔底误差。在使用测斜仪监测时,为了减少监测误差,建议将每次监测初始值设为固定值,并尽可能减少测量段长。     

Influence of initial density of cohesionless soil on evolution of passive earth pressure

This paper focuses on the influence of the initial void ratio on the evolution of the passive earth pressure and the formation of shear zones in a dry sand body behind a retaining wall. For the numerical simulation a rigid and very rough retaining wall undergoing a horizontal translation against the backfill is considered. The essential mechanical properties of cohesionless granular soil are described with a micro-polar hypoplastic model which takes into account stresses and couple stresses, pressure dependent limit void ratios and the mean grain size as a characteristic length. Numerical investigations are carried out with an initially medium dense and initially loose sand using a homogeneous and random distribution of the initial void ratio. The geometry of calculated shear zones is discussed and compared with a corresponding laboratory model test.     

刚性承台下考虑有效桩长的柔性桩复合地基沉降计算方法研究

试验研究和理论分析表明,柔性桩存在有效桩长。考虑刚性基础对桩顶部桩-土相对位移的限制,假定桩侧摩阻力为双折线三角形分布,根据桩-土协调变形,推导出复合地基中柔性桩的有效桩长,并在此基础上提出将柔性桩复合地基压缩层分为三层进行沉降计算。通过实例验证该方法是有效且可行的。     

Prediction of the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient

Our aim is to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow that is crucial in the assessment, prevention and control of the debris flow hazard. Based on the variation characteristic of debris flow velocity in the alluvial fan, this paper proposes the calculation method of the velocity attenuation coefficient of the debris flow. By defining the velocity attenuation coefficient and deducing its calculating formula, this paper puts forward a new method to determine the run-out distance of the debris flow based on the velocity attenuation coefficient, and Gangou debris flow in Luding County, Sichuan Province is selected as a case for calculation and verification. Having 10 m as its measuring spacing, this paper measured 19 sections at the alluvial fan of the Gangou debris flow (among them, 11 sets of data are valid). And based on the measurement, this paper analyzes the characteristic of the velocity attenuation and calculates its velocity attenuation coefficient after the 2005 debris flow. The study indicates that when the velocity of Gangou debris flow at the alluvial fan is greater than 12 % of the initial velocity (at the mouth of gully), the attenuation is quite remarkable. But when the velocity at the alluvial fan is less than 12 % of the initial velocity, the attenuation is quite slow. Besides, when Gangou debris flow rushes out of the gully mouth (the initial velocity is 10 m/s) and when it attenuates to the 32 time, its velocity is less than 0.1 m/s, the debris flow is considered to stop flowing, and the run-out distance of Gangou debris flow is calculated to be 320 m. But the present alluvial fan of Gangou debris flow is measured to be 285 m in length, and the calculated run-out distance is 320 m, which is 35 m longer than its present length. This means when the debris flow runs out in 2005, it blocked up the main river (Dadu River) in some extent. And this finding is generally in accordance with that from the field survey. The findings can be of theoretical and practical significance in the debris flow hazard assessment, as well as its prevention and mitigation.     

黏弹性地基板在矩形变速荷载作用下的振动分析

利用双重Fourier变换方法,首先推导得到了黏弹性地基板在多个矩形变速移动荷载作用下的动力响应一般解。然后以实际刚性路面为算例,采用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)方法对匀变速荷载作用下的板的动挠度进行了数值求解。与经典解进行了比较,显示出了较好的一致性。利用数值结果重点分析了矩形移动荷载的加速度、减速度以及初速度对板的动态挠度的影响,发现移动荷载加速度、减速度及初速度对黏弹性地基板动力响应的影响十分明显,随着加速度（减速度）和初速度的增大,板的动挠度在关键速度时明显减小;板的动挠度出现峰值的位置对应着不同的加速度（减速度）和初速度,但却对应着相同的关键速度。     

基于数值模拟的湿润锋前进法测量精度分析

非饱和土的渗透系数函数测量难度大、耗时长,湿润锋前法(WFM)可在短时间内测得渗透系数函数(HF),但依赖肉眼识别的湿润锋,存在一定的局限性,且该方法的测量精度尚不明确,有待验证。文中针对湿润锋前进法进行研究,探讨初始含水率、湿润锋阀值、降雨入渗速率、传感器位置等因素对湿润锋前进法的测量精度的影响。采用Seep/W软件模拟均质土柱的入渗过程,分析湿润锋前进法数据,计算土体的渗透系数,将其和输入的渗透系数（可认为是真实解）进行比较,对湿润锋前进法的计算精度进行评估,并讨论误差的来源。分析结果表明,湿润锋前进法能够获得比较精确的计算结果;使用湿润锋特征含水率计算湿润锋前进速率,突破了原始湿润锋前进法存在“肉眼观察”的局限性,大大拓展了该方法的适用性;传感器间距对湿润锋前进法渗透系数函数计算精度没有直接影响;初始含水率越低,降雨入渗速率越大,渗透系数函数范围跨度越大。基于文中的分析结果,对湿润锋前进法的试验设计时,建议采用30～50 cm的土柱进行试验,传感器的数量建议为3～4,可以采用任意初始含水率进行试验接近干燥更好,为避免表面积水,建议降雨强度小于饱和渗透系数。