基于SBAS-InSAR技术的大坝形变探测与监测

针对大坝安全运营的形变监测问题,研究基于多基线干涉合成孔径雷达（SBAS-InSAR）技术的大坝形变探测与监测方法。设置时间基线阈值,生成大坝差分干涉相位图;利用改进的戈尔茨坦滤波（Goldstein）算法,滤波处理大坝差分干涉相位图;采用最小不连续的区域增长解缠算法,相位解缠大坝差分干涉相位图;通过相干系数阈值法,在大坝相位解缠图内选取高相干点;建立大坝形变探测与监测的高程测量估计数学模型;通过奇异值分解法,求解数学模型,实现大坝探测与监测结果。实验证明：该方法可有效生成大坝差分干涉图,并去除大坝差分干涉图的内部噪声;可有效探测与监测大坝内各监测点的形变量。     

相位补偿SAR差分干涉提取山区DEM算法及精度分析

首先,将去平干涉相位和外部DEM模拟的地形相位作差分,以降低干涉图的条纹率。然后,采用模拟的地形相位对差分干涉图的解缠相位进行补偿得到去平干涉图的解缠相位,并用此相位进行基线精化和高程提取。实验结果表明,该算法可得到高程精度更高的山区DEM。与常规干涉算法相比,它不仅可改善解缠精度,还可得到更加真实且相干性明显改善的相干图,减少因相干性低于解缠时设定的相干性阈值而产生的高程空洞区。相比于＂高程补偿＂算法,其可更有效地削弱残余系统相位以及解缠和外部DEM引入的随机相位误差的影响。     

多波段InSAR差分滤波相位解缠方法

依据干涉图零中频矢量滤波经验,设计了多波段InSAR干涉图的差分滤波相位解缠方法。该方法将较短波长干涉图与较长波长干涉图的解缠结果进行差分处理,以降低干涉条纹频率,提高滤波效果和相位解缠性能,从而以较长波长干涉图的解缠结果指导较短波长干涉图的相位解缠。充分利用不同波段干涉图之间的互补相位信息,提高相位解缠的可靠性和解缠精度。采用由DEM仿真的多波段干涉图进行了相位解缠试验,得到了满意的解缠结果,验证了该解缠方法的有效性。     

提升小波变换的部分残差相位模拟与去除

为了修正轨道残留误差和大气误差的线性趋势项部分,有效改善解缠相位图的质量,该文根据小波变换可以实现分频这一重要特征,将其引入到合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术相位分离中;利用提升机制二维小波变换方法将解缠后的残余相位进行分解,并将低频部分在小波域内进行提取并估计修正,继而将纠正后的低频相位与高频相位进行重组。结果表明:针对解缠相位轨道残留误差和大气残留误差的线性趋势项部分,可以采用提升二维小波变换方法进行模拟和修正,该方法可以去除大量残差点,有效改善解缠相位图的质量。     

基于相干点目标的多基线D-InSAR技术与地表形变监测

失相干（Decorrelation）与大气波动是影响重复轨差分干涉测量（D-InSAR）进行地表形变信息提取的主要因素。相干性降低使得干涉纹图在空间上表现为不连续,难以完成相位解缠。重复观测时大气波动引起的相位延迟在空间域上的不均一分布则降低了D-InSAR提取形变信息,特别是空间范围覆盖较大的形变场的精度。介绍了一种基于相干目标的多基线D-InSAR数据处理算法。该算法根据少量SAR数据构成多基线干涉纹图集,分别利用点目标检测算法和相干系数均值作为相干目标提取的测度;利用相位回归分析模型对干涉相位进行时间域迭代处理,从干涉相位中提取线性形变速率和DEM误差改正,通过迭代处理补偿高程误差,解算线性地表形变速率。该算法提高了D-InSAR形变监测的时间采样率,能准确获取每个观测时刻的形变累积量。以沧州地区2004—2005年的SAR数据为例,获取了该地区地表沉降线性速率及其演变状况。     

利用最小二乘的雷达干涉PS相位解缠方法

常规DInSAR技术中,时空失相关及大气延迟等因素的影响限制了相位解缠结果的精度。永久散射体(PS)InSAR方法间接克服了常规雷达干涉中的时空失相关问题,单独对PS这种高相干目标进行相位解缠可以避免失相关噪声对解缠结果的影响。本文在已有相位解缠方法的基础上,提出基于最小二乘的稀疏PS点相位解缠方法,陈述了相应的建模思想及相关数据处理方法;分别基于模拟数据和真实数据(日本ALOS卫星获取的PALSAR L波段数据)对所提方法进行了实验验证。结果表明,该方法能够有效地对PS数据集进行相位解缠。     

InSAR生成DEM中WRF大气校正

利用星载重复轨道合成孔径雷达干涉测量InSAR技术获取数字高程模型(DEM),无法避免大气延迟效应的影响。InSAR大气校正的方法很多,但在DEM获取方面的大气校正研究却非常少见。本文研究星载重轨InSAR生产DEM时利用大气数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)得到的水汽结果进行大气校正的问题,重点讨论大气校正的策略,包括WRF模式设置和大气校正时机的选择,简要介绍了基于WRF运算结果的大气校正方法。利用Terra SAR-X数据进行实验,检验了所提出方法的有效性,证明了在干涉相位解缠前进行大气校正,比在相位解缠后进行的效果更好。将所提出方法应用于多基线、多波段InSAR干涉结果融合中,实验结果表明大气校正能够有效降低误差,对于相干性较高的地区效果更好。     

基于精细DEM的InSAR大气相位改正试验研究

大气波动严重地制约了传统D-InSAR技术在缓变形滑坡体形变监测中的应用.为此,针对树坪滑坡区特殊的地理位置、复杂的地形地貌特征以及多雨潮湿的气候条件,通过分析湿延迟相位随高程变化的空间分布特征,分别建立了空间局部区域内大气效应与相应高程之间的最优函数校正模型,将模拟的湿延迟相位从解缠相位中去除,最终恢复出树坪滑坡体的形变场.试验结果表明,该方法显著地降低了干涉图中的湿延迟相位,清楚地框出了树坪滑坡体形变场在11d中的位置、大小及其分布情况,这对三峡库区缓变形滑坡体的全面监测具有重要意义.     

InSAR相位解缠算法的比较

相位解缠作为合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR,Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)中一个关键的步骤,为获取地形高程提供了基础。相位解缠的质量将直接影响着DEM生成的质量。对现有的几类算法进行实验分析,并对解缠结果的质量进行比较,分析其精确性。结果表明:统计耗费网络流算法具有较好的解缠连续性以及较高的精度,可以获得一个较优的全局解。     

时空三维相位解缠算法改进研究

三维相位解缠是时序干涉合成孔径雷达（interferometric synthetic aperture radar，InSAR）技术的关键环节之一，解缠结果直接影响时序InSAR地面沉降监测的精度。针对地面沉降严重、地形坡度变化较大的区域，因相位欠采样引起的整周期解缠误差问题，提出了一种基于频域置信度的加权最小二乘相位解缠算法，并以此替代时空三维相位解缠中空间维以相位梯度为权重的加权最小二乘相位解缠算法。通过提高相位坡度变化估计的准确性，进而提高时空三维相位解缠的精度和稳定性。以北京地区地面沉降监测为例进行了验证，结果表明，与经典的时空三维相位解缠算法相比，改进算法得到的沉降监测结果精度更高，特别是对于坡度变化较大、失相干现象明显的沉降漏斗区，其沉降监测精度有明显改善。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。